1

UNIT 6 - IMPORTANT INFORMATION PART II

ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS, FORMATION BONDS & HESS'S LAW

{tf"ALPY OF REACTIONS

0 The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is called the enthalpy of reaction or heat of reaction

0 Abbreviated Llll,..... ; amount of heat generated or absorbed depends on the amounts of reactants reacted.

0 The magnitude of LUl,.xn reflects the the stoichiometric amounts of reactants and products for the reactions AS
WRITTEN :jf- un,ts = KI/ r
1/mo rxn
o.....- JI l
1/mo r-xn
Let's look at the combustion of propane as an example:

C3Hs(g) + 5 Oz(g) -+ 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H20 (g) MI.x.,=-2044kJ /

/"10
Il')(n
-20'/4, 11....T
The equation tells us several things: AH-ncn ',,,?r I l'I\O l Cg Hi
• I rnol CaH8
5 l"'t\O \ 0 2-
.--------
bmol 02.
3mo\ co-,_
1,..,o\
-2044 KT
3rr:J.. lOz.
-2.!)'-l-c../ "°"
•_, MO \CO2. • ( me,\ C3 µ.g Sm.f 02- •'/1n,,.,f__ I../, O
Lfm.l l-1-2..0 4 mJ_ f-12-0 . -201.f'-/ -2.0'-l't !Lr
On the AP Chemisny exam, you'll often see the expression "per mole of reaction" or kJ/mol,.,..,

A 1- 2B > 3C
For- +his rea.c.·h'on, t'\ee.,d I mJ. A-, 2 me-l Md ..I: rx"
PtD du_c.l 3 ( C. .
Example 1: How muc@ t (in kl}Jiust be asso~ ated witll. the complete combustio!\of 882 g of propane (~l H8)?
B~ rv,-8'{ ~l"IC~ (k:l) HM=- '+--rJJ
982-3~ x 1~ ,c -2044{ 1<-r [4~n2 _q~
~!1~
Example 2: How many grams o@nust have been consumed i~ Q3 kl were ce)8 s:lfromthe combustion of
propane (C 3HJ? ~ember : ,.,..J,_ 2,. ', - 2.0 tf4. /<.1

v 3 2.0.9 02- -=
1~02-
 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Ammonia reacts with oxygen according to the equation:

4 NH3(g) + 502 (g) ----+ 4 NO(g) + 6 Hp(g) Mlrxn = -906 kJ/mo1=,

Calculate the heat (in kJ) associated with the complete reaction of 155 g of NH3

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2 r-c..te."-~d.) 6>

What mass of butanet in e.rams, is necessary to eroduce 1.5 x 103 kJ of heat? What mass of CO 2 is produced?
Ml-(s- 58-J~ .
2 C 4H 11l(g) + 13 0 2(g) ----+ 8 C02(g) + 10 Hp(g) Ml.x,, = -5316 kJ/mo1=,
.

- 1- '5 x 10 kT X. 2 mcJ. ~1-',o -

O &:./ LL I
. ~ . MD1es t3'"'8 "
5 c..
a "CltHrD
A -5 3 )l.o "-T I rn.e~H,..
1
321
O. 5t>4 ~eafiT x 8 "'..i CO2. ::. 2. 251,, mJ CDi_ x
._.. ID

• !l fulli•

~':::1! ~ycled ~ m= m~ :y~~ting Ole m~ ro evapo,ate &;:fa,vJ;~

a. Calculate the amount of heat needed to purify 1.00 mole of Al originally at 298 K by melting it. The melting point
of Al is 933 K. The molar heat capacity of Al is 24 J/(mol·K), and the heat of fusion of Al is 10.7 kJ/mol.

b. The equation for the overall process of extracting Al from Alp3 is shown below. Which requires less energy,
recycling existing Al or extracting Al from Alp 3? Justify your answer with a calculation.

Afl0 = 1675 kJ/mo1=,

 e~y a
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4 (Don't forget J,jmjtipg Reactant!) / e) 1 prod~c,-
2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g)-> 2 Hp(l) + 2 SO2(g) ~H° = -~ ·c..

-
~ed on the reaction represented by the chemical equation shown above, what is the amount of heat released when

-
4.00 mol of H2S(g) reacts with 9.00 mol of Oi(g)?

a 21-k,O t 2so2 r 1r20~

- -
A. -560 kJ
+ 04 0 o 0
'f.OOm~
B. -1120kJ
-J.{,00 -q,o 22 Q

/
D. -3360kJ

L.IMti '~ Rei:utx.n.r-

-
c.hoor-e Iowes+ l'l'l() l~J
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
of- ~cw..c.-+-
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)-> MgCli(aq) + H2(g) °?' ) a , . i e ~ ~ y
The chemical equation shown above represents the reaction between Mg(s) and HCl(aq). When 12.15 g of Mg(s) is
added to 500.0mL of 4.0M HCl(aq), 95 kJ of heat is released. The experiment is repeated with 24.30 g of Mg(s) and
500.0 mL of 4.0M HCl(aq). Which of the following gives the correct value for the amount of heat relea~ed by the
•·?
~ :non.

A. 380 kJ
B. 190kJ
C. 95 kJ
D. 48kJ

SAMPLE PROBLEM 6*

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)-> NaCl(aq) + Hp(l) ~H 0 = - 57.1 kJ/mo1=

The chemical equation above represents the reaction between HCI(aq) and NaOH(aq). When equal volumes of LOOM
HCl(aq) and LOOM NaOH(aq) are mixed, 57.1 kJ of heat is released. If the experiment is repeated with 2.00M
HCl(aq), how much heat would be released?

~C\ -f- NaOft =;, NaCl + 1-1-29 -,- 57.I

1-ot:1 ..___ 2 .OJJ\
A. 28.6 kJ

c. 85.7kJ
-- - '---- - '~o/

l+C( «. (;-f:s
D. 114 kJ
et! L,R
L,'rrun~ feadztnt--
 4

MEASURING ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS - COFFEE CUP CALORIMETRY & HEAT OF SOLUTION

0 The calorimeter consists of two Styrofoam coffee cups, one inserted into the other (provides insulation from the

•
tAiaboratory environment.)
•

0 Reaction occurs in ~ ecifically measured _quantity of solution within the calorimeter, so that the mass of the
solution is known. (msolrt) and masssolut< + masssolv<nt = masssolulion , , As~ +he densii-y
of +he Soh,d,·Vt)
0 During the reaction, the heat evolved (or absorbed) causes a ,·s I .o !J/ml/'
temperature change in the solution, which the thermometer
measures. (L\T) The Coffee-Cup Calorimeter

0 If we know the specific heat capacity of the solution,(c,, so1n)

normally assumed to be that of water, we can calculate <I.o1n, the heat :- - Thermometer
absorbed by or lost from the solution (which is acting as the
surroundings) using the equation:

.9....1n = msoln x c., solo x L\T

I Glass stirrer ·

0 The insulated calorimeter prevents heat from escaping, so we _1_ Cork lid (loose fi tting)
assume that the heat gained by the solution equals that lost by the
reaction (or vice versa): - - - - Two nested
Styrofoam• cups
contai ning reactants
9rxn =..=!Loin
in solution
A We express enthalpy of reactions, l\11,,.,,, in kJ/mol - so often we
• have tlo divide the q= by the moles of reactants.

l\11,,.,, - q,.,,,
- moles,eoctan,

SAMPLE PROBLEM 7

In an experiment, a student added 1.01 grams of lithium bromide, LiBr, to 12.21 grams of water at 20.1°C. After
stirring for awhile, the temperature of the mixture rose to 31.3°C. Calculate the molar heat of solution, LlH5010 for
lithium bromide.
 5

SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A calorimeter was used to determine the molar enthalpy of a solution of A1Cl 3. When a sample of AIC13 was dissolved
in water the following data were collected.
M=- / 33, BL{ !J/J
Final Temperature (°C

-
Volume of Hp (mL) Initial Temperature ( C)
0
Mass of AlCl 1 (g)

1
-- 250.0 20.0

' ,
Determine the enthalpy of solution, llHso,n in kJ/mol for AIC13, '-f, 18'-f %
c
0

e
- Qso\" =-fV\.soln · C · 6T 2c..1•c.
-(2r,o.o,)C lf.lt'f r/1c) (-4~.3 - 20.ouc,)
n=,i -1~"/0.1'12.
= ,~"4~..l-::;0.07'/f'lm H \, .Gsoln I
-:-\ooo 28.bl
_-2$,<elfQ; -~Of 5
1
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9 ~f\ :::;. .~1
~tsnru..f<. - 0
.07u1a
• '~IJ ._., •
Magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the balanced equation:

Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq)-+ MgCli(aq) + Hi(g)

Lil-tn4'\ -- IV'O\.. t>(' mol ttt(
f'~

In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for this reaction{ 0.158 g of Mtjnetal is combined with enough
HCl to make 100.0 mL of solution in a coffee-cup calorimeter. The HCl is sufficiently concentrated so that the Mg
rnmpletely reacts. The temperature of the solution rises from 25.6 °C to 32.8 °C as a result of the reaction. Find ll~
.the reaction as written. illse 1.00 g(mL as the density of the solution and c., soln = 4.18 J/g °C as the specific heat

;~p{ c~~ :o;:.f th~}tlution.)

LJrrff,¥\ m -=- ma.ss~ . =- 0 6) .,_ J OO.O Ja.\ J
n,olt.S14J _ (J D\¾c..., -a. -Jf •ikf M '½_O
~11; -m CbT ryi;: 1oo. l sg--.5
_ O,158'~ ., Oii!F ~(X), IS')) ("1,1 t~) (1,2 '9 C :a 4, 18 J/g •c
'J.J·f.'~j/,,_t I( :: 30 l'f. Lf 1=- Tr-- T2 328°C- -25.'1~
1 AU - 30 Ii '{ J -'1"3 751 ir_- 7.2 •C
SAMPLEPROBLEM10 LJnl')(t\: 0,001,,,~ ;a-=- I ' .eels Jit>f··· r"-"ex:o~--
The addition of hydrochloric acid to a silver nitrate solution precipitates silver chloride according to the reaction:

AgNOiaq) + HCl(aq)-+ AgCl(s) + HNOiaq)

When 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3 is combined with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the
temperature changes from 23.40 °C to 24.21 °C. Calculate ll~ for the reaction as written. (Use 1.00 g/mL as the
density of the solution and C,, soln = 4.18 J/g °C as the specific heat capacity of the solution.)
 Br~i! A Bald - Need Nf!.~ -@6
BOND ENTHALPIES M~~e A Bond - let(~ NR.C.. -9
Bond Energy - the enrgy of a chemical bond !;quired to break 1 mole of the bonds in the gas phase.

·~pie 1: The bond energy of the CI-Cl bond in Cl2 is 243 kJ/mol.
r~u.cres 2l/ 3 ILT
Cli{g) -+ 2 Cl(g) LlH = +243 kJ/mol .-for e ~
Cf-C.{ Cl CI / mo/ Cl~ .
Example 2: The bond energy of HCI is 431 kJ/mol

HCl(g)-+ H(g) + Cl(g) LlH = +431 kJ/mol

_,.n(l\~
RECALL-TRENDS IN BOND ENERGY (MORE ENERGY~ S1RONGER THE ~OND) nPWJV'
· . . · . Ch,eher -rne. e. -·:rU
• MULTIPLE BONDS - the higher the bf nd order the ceq,wr:es N'\0(-( enet:0Y
.9~ N2,. s1'':!i~, doublt 1 -lriplt.
H : u=<) :N =N~ ( 2. •
• SIZE OF ATOMS - the smaller the atomic size the +kJ~ f'b.0 -er\errJ'{ ~Y((I ,
~etyw•c-tlf to "1-~IL ) Re\eQS-eJ to mAlt.t A.. bot\d

-
FOR CHEMIS1RY

B REAK A BOND - REQUIRES ENERGY (POSITIVE)

MAKE A BOND - RELEASES ENERGY (NEGATIVE)

HCI(g) -+

H(g) + Cl(g) -
H(g) + Cl(g)

HCI(g)
LlH = +431 kJ/mol \

LlH = -431 kJ/m~~ V, ff2.

TIIROWBACK QUESTION
If the Potential Energy Diagram below shows the Bond Energy Diagram for H2, what would be the Bond Energy
Diagram for CJ,? N,? • Pu+hh4 fhL
)A~+ - · f-.{~~~ bo~. leel wergy)
Cl 2. ~.fm\ . .

:CI- c:, ! ••

N2..
f':N~t.J:
&"cl~ 0 X
Internuclear Distance
is ? 1-12.
 7

Using Average Bond Energies to Estimate Enthalpy Changes for Reactions

TABLE 9 . 3 Average Bond Energies

~-
H-H 436 N-N 163 Br-F
414 N=N 418 Br-Cl 218
H-C - ----
H-N 389 N==N 946 Br-Br 193
H-0 464 N-0 222 I-Cl 208
H-S 368 N=0 590 I-Br 175
H-F 565 N-F 272 1-1 151
H-CI 431 N-CI 200 Si-H 323
H-Br 364 N-Br 243 Si-Si 226
H-1 297 N-1 159 Si-C 301
-
-265
-

c-c 347 0-0 142 S-0

---- - -
C=C 611 0=O 498 Si=O 368
C==C 837 0-F 190 S=0 523
- - 203 / _5i-CI 464
C-N 305 0-CI
C=N 615 0-1 234 S=S 418
C==N 891 F-F 159 • S-F 327
C-0 "360 CI-F 253 - S-CI 253
C=O 736* Cl-Cl 243 S-Br 218
C=O 1072
--- - s-s . 266
- -- ·,
C-CI 339- -
• .. '" ~-:: ~MNI" - 8ol'\Os~
•J ,{~~?~
-~\:-~._. AH= - L(AH's bon; broken) + L (AH's bonds formed) 0- '1:"'/:i.
' ~,i_Y
Positive
t
Negative __,.,..,
~~'V--
(e;
~~o9 f;~

Lets look at an example:

Bonds Broken Bonds Formed H

r
~-C-C\ + H-C.l
I L._J L..J
mat.e l'hQ ~t
H c,. . c.,, µ-c.,1
bont\ -,'oor;,~·
C-4 C-C\ 3.3a, t.V'nv-K
 8
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
Hydrogen gas, a potential fuel, can be made by the reaction of methane gas and steam.

•· CHig) + 2 Hp(g) -+ 4 Hi(g) + COi(g)

Use bond energies to calculate for this reaction.

- SAMPLE PROBLEM 12

,~-~
H H-
,
Use bond energies to calculate ~Hrxn for this reaction: Ni(g) + 3 Hi(g)-+ 2 NHig).

\
+ tt ..... N - ,-t \-1 / N -- H
8',oµ 14- - \..\
NS N
l+- 14 MtA.de. '1/1-~
Bn>ltl
I+- r\
L).t+f'>Cn
/4
=-'3~ +- 3 • ~3',; - ( '1 • 38'f):\
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13 - WHAT IF WE KNOW Mf..x..?

Ml 298 = - 264 kJ mol- 1;

Average Bond Enthalpy

Bond
(kJ mol- 1)

N-N 946
N-F 272
F-F ?

Use both the thermochemical reaction and the table of average bond enthalpies above to calculate the average
enthalpy of the F - F bond.
 9
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION

0 Another way to calculate L\Hrxn is by using data tabulated for standard enthalpy of formations ·( lllf'/)
e:i Ll8= is a change in enthalpy between products and reactants (the path on how it gets there does not matter)

Three things to consider for this calculation:

1. Standard States (KNOW TIIIS FOR REST OF YEAR!)

0-~~
y o

o
Gas - Pressure is 1 - {')
Solid or Vquid - 1 atm and temperature of interest (usually 25"C) "2. ({ S, jL
o Aqueous Solution - 1 Molar concentration (1 M)
2. Standard Enthalpy Change ( sfu..ff r\'\ sfwl,~d ~-K _$
o The change in enthalpy for a process when all reactants and products are in their standard states. The
degree sign indicates standard states.

3. Standard Enthalpy of Formation( lllf'/) (also known as Standard Heat of Formation)

E.qr a Pure Gawrorrad· The change in enthalpy when l m ol of the compoun~ forms from its ..
•
o
constituent elements in their standard states. l-t{Jpf3rJ:N ( f d I;:-•C .

- ~
0

mo/l!iw~ :if 1+
2
- 6Hf ::: 0 j
Example 1: Heat of Formation, lllf'/ , of methane gas, CH at 25°C
4 is - 74.6 kJ/mol

c(s1

Example 2: Heat of Formation, lllf'/, of ethanol, C• HpH

2
• •
at 25°C is -277.6 kJ/mol

2 C(s) + 3 1-12.Cg)
 IO

TABLE 6 . 5 Standard Enthalpies (or Heats) of Formation, .l.Hi, at 298 K

Formula - ., AH,(kJfrool) ' Formula . . aHHkJ/mol) Formula . .l.Hj(kJ/mol) .

• mine C3H8 0(1, isopropanol) - 318.1 Oxygen

tlr(g) 111.9 C6 H6 (1) 49.1 0 2(g) 0

Br2(I) 0 CsH12 0 6 (s, glucose) - 1273.3 03{g) 142,7

HBr(g) - 36.3 C,2H220 11(s , sucrose) - 2226.1 H20(g) - 241.8

Calcium Chlorine H20 !I) - 285.8

Ca(s) 0 Cl(g) 121.3 Sliver

CaO(s) ~34.9 Cl 2(g) 0 Ag(s ) 0

CaC03(S) - 1207 .6 HCl(g) - 92 .3 AgCl(S) - 127.0

Carbon Fluorine Sodium

C(s, graphite) 0 F(g) 79.38 Na(s) 0

C(s, diamond) 1.88 ~ (g ) 0 Na(g) 107.5

CO(g) - 110.5 HF(g) - 273.3 NaCl(s ) - 411 .2

C02(g) - 393.5 Hydrogen Na2C03(S) - 1130.7

CH 4(g) - 74 .6 H(g) 218.0 NaHC03(S) -950.8

CH 30H(I) - 238.6 H, (g) 0 Sulfur

C2 H2(g) 227.4 Nitrogen Sai s. rt1omblc) 0

C2 H4 (g) 52 .4 N2(g) 0 Ss(s. monoclinic) 0 .3

, ,Hs(g) - 84 .68 NH3(g) - 45.9 S02(g) - 296 .8

i HsOH(I) - 277.6 NH4N03(S) - 365.6 S03(g) - 395.7

C3He(g) - 103.85 NO(g) 91.3 H2S04(/) - 8 14.0

C3H6 0(1. acetone) - 248.4 N20(g) 81. 6

SAMPLE PROBLEM 14
Write equations for the formation of (a) MgCO 3(s) and (b) C6H,Pis) from their respective elements in their standard
states. Include the value of Af-Ir for each equation.
 11
Calculating the Standard Enthalpy Change for a Reaction (SO IMPORTANT!)

To calculate L\H 0 " " ' ' subtract the enthalpies of formation of the reactants multiplied by their stoichiometric
-fficients from the enthalpies of formation of the products multiplied by their stoichiometric coefficients
~\}.~
-If t:.H;xn = ~npt:.Hr(products) - ~n,t:.Ht(reactants) ,~\),.~
Given on AP GXAH
Example: Use the standard enthalpies of formation to determine L1H 0 rxn for the reaction:
~&datJ~ ~d.u,cl-s
4 NH 3(g) + 5 O 2(g) ---+ 4 NO(g) +-6-Hp(g) + C,f 02. k.J \

bl+~ "' ( l/•b.f+}No + b •Mf~0- (i·DHftJ 11/

== ( lf • qi, 35 {:,. -v-11,85) -( q. -«1s.1:5)

-- (- 102s . ~s) + (+,~3.io S)
= -qo2-
SAMPLE PROBLEM 15 - i>.\-w"
The thermite reaction, in which powdered aluminum reacts with iron oxide, is highly exothermic.

Use standard enthalpies of formation to determine L1H 0 rm for the thermite reaction. •

bt\of ::. O ((.t J LM ll<f\ = "- bl-I+f"' - v. Nfi,..,,

&~l)L. . ;\
@'
A\ m
fF "" - 82 'f. (:_ + t,ft"f""" -
eJJ~ '2~ +tff! '\
~~bH f
~-
0

l<lz.~
- I 075.7 ~J r
~.
~o,,/
A.UV ~/ IJ D~~-:;: ( -1~15,l~J+(+n,t.~
j_jl If pt,~ 0 /M~ ;:; - f5f. 5 Kr/l'f11 /
 12

SAMPLE PROBLEM 16

.1H°298 = 92 kJ/mo1=

According to the information above, what is the standard enthalpy of formation, Aft/ , for NHig) at 298 K ?

A. -92 kJ/mol
B. -46 kJ/mol
C. 46 kJ/mol
D. 92 kJ/mol
E. 184 kJ/mol

SAMPLE PROBLEM 17

What is the standard enthalphy change .1H0 , for the reaction represented above?

( lllf', of C2Hi{g) is 230 kJ mol-1)

(Aft/of C6H 6(g) is 83 kJ mol-1)

A. -607 kJ
B. -147 kJ
C. -19 kJ
D. +19 kJ
E. +773 kJ

SAMPLE PROBLEM 18

If the standard molar heats of formation of ammonia, NH3(g), and gaseous water, Hp(g), ·are -46 kJ/mol and
-242 kJ/mol, respectively, what is the value of .1H 0 298 for the reaction represented above?

.B. A. -190 kJ/mo1=

-290 kJ/mp1=,
C. -580 kJ/mo1=,
D. -1,270 kJ/molrxn
E. -1,640 kJ/molrxn
 13
SAMPLE PROBLEM 19 - AP CHEMISTRY FRQ-2014 EXAM
A student places a mixture of plastic beads consisting of polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in a 1.0 L
beaker containing distilled water. After stirring the contents of the beaker vigorously, the student observes that the
• s of one type of plastic sink to the bottom of the beaker and the beads of the other type of plastic float on the

Iii lit
. \r. The chemical structures of PP and PVC are represented by the diagrams below, which show segments of each
polymer.

I I I I I I I I
1-1 l·II I III I
1-1
II 11 ~
-C- l' 11
C-(' C- l'II - -c-c l' - (' c-c-
1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I
H C' HJ H ('H.1 l·I CH_. H Cl H Cl H Cl
II II

l'I' PVC

PP is synthesized from propene, C3H6, and PVC is synthesized from vinyl chloride, C2H3Cl. The structures of the
molecules are shown below.
H
"
/
CH 1
.
H
\:=c/
Cl

/ C=C".
H H H/ " H
l'ropcnt: Vinyl C'hloritlc (chloroclhcnc)

a. The boiling point of liquid propene (226 K) is lower than the boiling point of liquid vinyl chloride (260 K). Account
for this difference in terms of the types and strengths of intermolecular forces present in each liquid.

b. In a separate experiment, the student measures the enthalpies of combustion of propene and vinyl chloride. The
student determines that the combustion of 2.00 mol of vinyl chloride releases 2300 kJ of energy, according to the
equation below.

/lli° = -2300 kJ/molrxn

Using the table of standard enthalpies of formation below, determine whether the combustion of 2.00 mol of
propene releases more, less, or the same amount of energy that 2.00 mol of vinyl chloride releases. Justify your
answer with a calculation. The balanced equation for the combustion of 2.00 mol of propene is :

Substance C 2H3Cl(g) ½H6(g) COz(g) H2O(g) HCl(g) Oi(g)

Standard Enthalpy of
Formation (kJ/mol)
37 21 -394 -242 -92 0

•
 u
HESS'S LAW AND Ml.m
0 Remember: LUI= is a change in enthalpy between
products and reactants (the path on how it gets there Hess's Law
The change in enthalpy for a stepwise process is the
does not matter) sum of the enthalpy changes of the steps.

0 The change in enthalpy for a reaction is always C

associated with a particular reaction.

0 If we change the reaction in well-defined ways, then

LlHrxn also changes in well-defined ways. Enthalpy A+ 2B /1/-12

0 There are three quantitative relationshigs between a

chemical equation and LlHrxn. i. 2D

THREE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS OF~ (REMEMBER FOR UNIT 7!)

1. If a chemical equation is multiplied by some factor, then L\8= is also multiplied by the same factor.

?,f- f A + 28-C

i 2A + 4 8 - 2 C

t,xample of Multiplying by a Factor:

2 NHig) -> 3 Hi{g) + Ni(g) \ LlH° 298 = 92 kJ/mo1=, \ X(o

-,<\o (
12NH,(g)~1811,(g) + 6 N,(g) it. LlH
0
298 = +552 Sln
2. If a chemical equation is reversed, then L\8= changes sign.

A+ 28 - C tl./-11

C - A + 28 tl./-12 = - tJ.J-1,

Examples of Reversing an Equation:

LlH° 298 = 92 kJ/mo1=,

4tvhat if I did this?

LlHO 298 = - - - ' - - ~ -

 15
3. If a chemical equation can be expressed as the sum of a series of steps, then '18m, for the overall equation is the
sum of the heats of reaction for each step.

- e
A+ 28
e - - 20
Kine:lic.,S
A+2B - 2D

Example of Multiple Steps with 4H.n,

What if I wanted the 4H.n, for this reaction:

C(s) + Hp(g)---+ CO(g) + H 2(g) LlHrxn =?

And I had the 4H.n, for these reactions:

C(s) + O 2(g)---+ COi(g) LlH = -393.5 kJ

2 CO(g) + O 2(g)---+ 2 COi(g) LlH = -566.0 kJ

2 H 2(g) + O 2(g) ---+ 2 Hp(g) LlH = -483.6 kJ

 16
SAMPLE PROBLEM 20 - Finding 4ff..x.. from Multiple Steps

Find JlH,,01 fo r the reaction:

Use these reactions with known JlH's:

C 3 H 11(g) + 5 0 2(g) - 3 C02(g) + 4 H20(g) il.H = - 2043 kJ
C(s) + 0 2 (g) - COi{g) liH = - 393.5 kJ
2 H 2(.g) + Oz(.~) - 2 H20W il.H = - 483 .6 kJ

aMPLE PROBLEM 21 - Finding 4ff..x.. from Multiple Steps

~d LHI= for the reaction:

Use these reactions with known ~H's:

2 NO(g) + 0 2(g) - 2 NOi{g) ~H == -113.1 kJ

N 2(g) + 0 2(g) - 2 NO(g) ~H == +182.6 kJ

2 N 20(g) - 2 N2(g) + 0 2(g) ~H == -163.2 kJ

 SAMPLE CALCULATION
CALCULATING ENTHALPY OF REACTION FROM CALORIMETRY

• /vt -,.Vu~ =--r,J_, s

AT~ / C, 0
{.OM t o:t>'ISL a ~
A.,..--~( l.l NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2O(L)

A student mixes a 45.0 mL sample of 1.0 M NaOH(aq) with a 45.0 mL sample of 1.0 M
HCl(aq) in a polystyrene container. The temperature of the solutions before mixing was
20.0°C. If the final temperature of the mixture is 32.0°C, what is the experimental value
of Enthalpy, L\Hrxn i mo nm • t the solution m · ture has a s ecific heat
of 4.2 J/ •K and a densi ,Ap EXA-M M\AG--E H- INT /
4,2. J(q'C Ml-: !j

mNAOtt -;c L/S:J M lie.( = 4-63 ~d

Q,1n==-~ '-. __ __ _ / C=-4:23.
-----::--:6--,--.....--'---
tna'.S~Sbl~bVl = qo3 6,-=-
.::
•F - Tx:-rt •c
32 -2~ 2,

(9. -;:. M CDT