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IS 3824-2 (1983): Method of Evaluating Dynamic Load Ratings

of Rolling Berrings, Part 2: Radial Roller Bearings [PGD
13: Bearing]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS: 3824(Pait 2).1983
m 62 ._%22*84 : ~0.172.21
1 First Reprint AUGUST 19& ) (( Reaffirmed
R&a&hncd 2001
1990’)
)

Indian Standard

METHODS OF EVALUATING DYNAMIC

LOAD RATINGS OF ROLLING BEARINGS
PART 2 RADIAL ROLLER BEARINGS

( First Revision j

I. Scope - Covers the methods for calculating the basic dynamic load ratings and rating life of
radial roller bearings.

1.1 The standard also specifies methods of calculation of adjusted ratings life to take into acc<)unt
various reliabilities, materials and operating conditions.
i
1.2 This standard is not applicabt&o design where the rolling elements operate directly on a
shaft or housing surface, unless that surface is equivalent in all respects to the bearing rings ( or
washers) raceway it replace.
*
2. Definitions

2.1 Life - For an individual rolling bearing, the numb& of revolutions which one of the bearing rings
( or washers ) makes in relation to the other rings ( or washers ) under the prevailing working condi-
tions before the first evidence of fatigue develops in the material of one of the ri:lgs ( or washers )
or rolling elements.

2.2 Reliability ( In the context of bearing life ) - For a group of apparently identical rolling bearings,
operating under the same conditions, the percentagd of the group that is expected to attain or exceed
a specified life.

2.2.1 The reliability of an individual rolling bearing is the probability that the bearing will attain or
exceed a specified life.

2.3 Basic Rating Life - For an individual rolling bearing, or a group of apparently identical rolling
bearings operating under the same conditions, the life associated with 90 percent reliability.

2.4 Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating - That constant stationary radial load which a rolling bearing
can theoretically endure for a basic rating’ life of one million revolutions. In the case of a single row
angular contact bearing, the radial load rating refers to the radial component of that load which
causes a purely radial displacement of the bearing rings in relation to each other.

2.5 Basic Dynamic Axial Load Rating - That constant centric axial load which a rolling bearing can
theoretically endure for a basic rating life of one million revolutions.

2.6 Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load - That constant stationary radial fOa$ under the influence of
which a rolling bearing would have the same life as it will attain under the actual load conditions.

2.7 Dynamic Equilialent Axial Load - That constant centric axial load under the influence of which
a rolling bearing would have the same life as it will attain under the actual load conditions.

2.6 Roller Diamefkr Applicable in the Calculation of Load Ratings - The diameter at the middle of the
roller.

Note 1 --ior q iapered roller this is equal to the mean value of the diameters at the theoretical sharp corners
at the large enpart! the small end of the roller.

Note 2 - for’an asymmetrical convex roller this is an approximation for the diameter at the point of .contact
between the railer and the ribless raceway at zero load.

Adopted 24 June 1983 @ October 1983,BIS Or3

I I
_- ._._.._. -2. __ ~___
BUREAU OF. lND,IAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
 iS : 3824 ( Part 2 ) - 1983

2.9 Roller Length Applicable in the Calculation of Load Ratings - The theoretical maximum length of
contact between a roller and that raceway where the contact is short&t.
Note - This is normally taken to be either the distance between the theoretical sharp corners of the roller
minus the roller chamfers or the raceway width excluding the grinding undercuts, whichever is the smaller.

2.10 Nominal Contact Angle ----The angle between a plane perpendicular to the bearing axis and the
nominal line of action of the resultant of the forces transmitted by a bearing ring to a rolling element.

3. Symbols - For the purpose of this standard, the following symbols shall apply:

Cr - Basic dynamic radial load rating, newtons

Ca = Basic dynamic axial load rating, newtons
D.re = Roller diameter applicable in the calculation of load ratings, millimetres
Dpr = Pitch diameter of roller set, millimetres
Fr = Bearing radial load = radial component of actual bearing load, newtons

Fa = Bearing axial load = axial component of actual bearing load, newtons

Lxl = Basic rating life, million revolutions
Ln = Adjusted rating life for a reliability of ( 100 -n ) percent, million revolutions
where n = Adjusted rating life
L101)= Adjusted rating life for IIOn-COnVentiOnal material and operating conditions, million
. revolutions
L,. = Adjusted rating life for non-conventional material and operating conditions and for a
relidbJ&ty of ( 100 -n ) percent, milliqn revolutions
L“B = Rolf&‘length applicable in the calculation of load ratings, millimetres
pr = Dynamic equivalent radial load, newtons
Pa = Dynamic equivalent‘axial load, newtons

X S Radial load factor

Y = Axial load factor

Z- Number of balls or rollers in a single row bearing, number per row of a multi-row
bearing with equal number of rollers per row
al = Life adjustment factor for a reliability other than 90 percent
ar = Life adjustment factor for non-conventional material

a3 = Life adjustment factor for non-conventional operating conditions

e = Limit value of Fa/Fr for the applicability of different values of factors X and Y
fc = A factor which depends on the geometry of the bearing components, the accuracy to
which the various components are made and material
i = Number of rows of rollers in a bearing
cx = Nominal contact angle of a bearing, degrees

4. Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating - The basic dynamic radial load rating for radial roller
bearings shall’be given by:

C2 = f. ( i Lwe cos a )“9 23” Dne2g’2’

Values of factor fc shall be as given in Table 1. They are maximum values, only applicable
to roller bearings in which, under a bearing load, the material stress is substantially uniform along
the most heavily loaded roller/raceway contact.

Smaller values of factor fc than those given in Table 1 shall be used if, under load, an accen-
tuated stress concentration is present in some part of the roller/raceway contact. Such stress
concentrations must be expected, for example, at the centre of nominal point contacts, at the
extremities of line contacts, in bearings where the rollers are not accurately guided and in bear-
ings with rollers longer than 2’5 times the roller diameter.

2
 IS : 3824 ( Part 2 ) - 1983

i
TABLE 1 VALUES OF FACTOR fc FOR RADiAL ROLLER BEARINGS

( Clause 4 )

Owe cos u
fc
OR,

0.01 52’1
0’02 60’8
0’03 66.5

0’04 70.7
0’05 74.1
0’06 76’9

0’07 79.2
0.08 81.2
0’09 82.8

0.10
0’12 E.:
0’14 87’7

0’16 88’5
0.18 88’8
020 88.7

0.22 88.2
0’24 87.5
0’26 86’4

O-28 85.2
0.30 83.8

Dwe cos 01
Note - Values of fc for intermediate value of are
DPW
obtained by linear interpolation.

4.1. When calculating the basic radial load rating for two similar single row roller bearings mounted
side by side on the same shaft such that they operate as a unit ( paired mounting ) in ‘ back-to-
back ’ or 1 face-to-face ’ arrangement, the pair is considered as one double row bearing.

If for some technical reason the bearing arrangement is regarded as two bearings which are
replaceable independently of each other, the above paragraph does not apply.

4.2 The basic radial load rating for two or more similar single row roller bearings mounted side by
side on the same shaft such that they operate as a unit ( paired or stack mounting ) in ‘tandem t
arrangement, properly manufactured and mounted for equal load distribution, is the number of
bearings to the 7/9 power times the rating of one single row bearing.

If for some technical reason the bearing arrangement is regarded as a number of single row
bearings which are replaceable indempendently of each other, the above paragraph does not apply.

5. Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load - The equivalent radial load for radial rot& bearings with
a # O”, under constant radial and axial joads, shall be given as:
& =XFr +.YF,,
Values of fact0rs.X and Y shall be as given in Table 2.

The equivalent radial load for radial roller bearings with a = O”, and subjected to radial load only, is
\
Pr = Fr

Note - The ability of radial roller bearings with CL= O”, to support axial loads varies considerably with bearing
design and execution. The bearing user should, therefore, consult the bearing manufacturer for recommendations
ragarding the evaluation of equivalent load and life in cases where bearings with CL= 0’ are subjected to axial load.

3
lS:3824(Part2)-1983

TABLE 2 VALUES OF FACTORS X AND Y FOR’RADIAL ROLLER BEARINGS

( Clauses 5, 5.1, 5.2 and 0.1 )

Bearing Type i e
X Y i x Y
--

Single row,
a#O 1 0 0.4 0’4 cot a I.5 tan a

Double row,
a#0 1 0’45 cot a 0.67 0’67 cot u l-5 tan a

5.1 When calculating the equivalent radial load for two similar single row angular contact roller
bearings mounted side by side on the same shaft such that they operate as a unit ( paired mounting )
in ‘ back-to-back ’ or ‘ face-to-face ’ arrangement, and which according to 4.1, is considered as one
double row bearing, the X and Y factors for double row bearings in Table 2 are used.

5.2 When calculating the equivalent radial load for two or more similar single row angular contact
roller bearings mounted side by side on the same shaft such that they operate as a unit ( paired or
stack mounting ) in ‘ tandem ’ arrangement, the X and Y factors for single row bearings in Table 2
are used.

6. Basic Rating Life -- The basic rating life for radial roller bearings shall be given as:

c 1013
LlO -
( > -L
P*
The values of Cr and P, are calculated in accordance with S,l and 5.2.
6.1 This life formula is also used for the evaluation of the life of two or more single ‘row bearings
operating as a unit, as referred to in 4.1 and 4.2. In this case the load rating Cr is calculated for
the complete bearing arrangement and the equivalent load P, is calculated for the total loads
acting on the arrangement, using the values of X and Y indicated in 5.1 and 5.2.

6.2 The life formula gives satisfactory results for a broad range of bearing loads. However, extra
heavy load may cause accentuated stress concentrations in some part of the roller/raceway
‘contacts. The user shall, therefore, consult the bearing manufacturer to establish the applicability
of the life formula in case where P, exceeds 0’5 Cr.

7. Adjusted Rating Life

7.1 General

7.1 .I Reliability level - The normal criterion of bearing performance is the basic rating life
calculated according to this standard and this life is associated with 90 percent ‘reliability. How-
ever, for certain applications it may be desirable to calculate the life for other reliability levels.

The adjusted rating life for a reliability, of ( 100 - n ) percent’shall be

Ll = a1 Lo

Values of factor al are given in 7.2.

7.1.2 Material and operating conditions - It is recognised that the properties of the material
and the operating conditions have an influence on bearing life. The basic rating life calculated
according to this standard is associated with conventional material ( good quality, hardened steel )
and conventional ope ting conditions ( a bearing properly mounted, -adequately lubricated,
protected from foreign 3 atter, conventionally loaded and not exposed to extreme temperature ).

4
 IS : 3824 ( Part 2 ) - 1983

In certain cases the bearing material characteristics and/or operating conditions deviate
from the conventional in such a way that it is justified to take their influence into special
consideration.
The adjusted rating life for non-conventional material and operating conditions shall be given
as:
Los = a2id 10

The adjusted rating life for non-conventional material and operating conditions and for a
reliability of (loo- n ) percent shall be given as:
Lna - a1a2aeL10

For values of factors a2 and a3 see 7.3 and 7.4.

7.1.3 Limifafions -- In addition to t’he required fatigue life, other factors such as maximum
permissible bearing deflection and minimum shaft and housing strength, shall be given due consi-
deration when selecting the size of bearings for a given application. Particular discretion shall
be exercised when utilizing adjusted rating life values which are greater than LIO.

7.2 Life Adjustment Factor for Reliability - The adjusted rating life for a reliability of ( 100 - n ) per-
cent shall be calculated in accordance with 7.1.1. Values of the pertinent adjustment factor al
shall be as given in Table 3.

TABLE 3 LIFE ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR RELIABILITY, 01

R;liadi;y Ln as

90 .Lio 1

95 L6 O-62

96 L4 0.53

97 L3 0.44

98 L, 0’33

99 L1 0.21

7.3 Life Adjusfmenf Factor for Maferial- Currently the selection of a8 values cannot be based on
quantifiable.material characteristics but only on test results and other experience made with bear-
ings. Values of a2 shall, therefore, be obtained from the bearing manufacturer,

The use of a certain steel analysis and/or process as such is ndt sufficient justification for the
use of an a2 value other than 1. Values of a2 greater than 1 may, ‘however, be applicable to bearings
made of steel of particularly low impurity content or of special analysis.

Bearing manufacturing processes affecting the properties of the material in a bearing are also
to be considered in the selection of an a2 value If, for example, a reduced life is expected because
of a hardness reduction caused by special heat treatment, this should consequently be considered
by the manufacturer’s selection of a correspondingly reduced a2 value.

It may not be assumed that the use of an improved material will overcome a deficiency in
lubrication. Values of a2 greater than 1 should, therefore, normally not be applied where factor a3 is
less than 1 because of such deficiency.

7.4 Life Adjustment Factor for Operafing Conditions - Of the operating conditions directly influen-
cing bearing life, the magnitude and direction of the load are considered in the calculation of the
equivalent load ( 5 of Part 1 ) and deviations from normal load distribution have been
explained in the Explanatory Note.

5
/ :r
D _‘.

IS : 3824 ( Pae 2) - 1983

Operating conditions which remain to be taken into account here are the adequacy of the
lubrication ( at the operating speed alid temperature ) and conditions causing changes in material
properties ( for example high tcimperature causing reduced hardness ). The influence on bearing
/ life of such conditions may be considered by the application of a life adjustment factor aa.

The calculation of basic dynamic lozd rating and basic rating life in this standard assumes
that bearing life is limited principally by sub-surface fatigue, that is, that the rolling elements and
the rings ( washers ) raceways are sufficiently separated by a lubricant to make the probability of
failures caused by surface distress negligible. Where this requirement is fulfilled as = 1, provided
a lower value does not apply, for example because of a change in material propenies caused
by the operating conditions.

Reduction of as values should be considered, for example, where the viscosity of the lubricant
is less than 20 mm*/s ( 1 mrn”/s,= 1 cSt ) for roller bearings at the operating temperature where the
rotational speed is exceptionally low ( revolutions per minute multiplied by Dpa less than 10000 ).
Values of as greater than 1 may be considered only whtre the lubrication conditions are particularly
favourable.

It may not be assumed that a deficiency in lubrication can be overcome by using an improved
material. Where factor as is less than I, due to inadequate lubrication, values of a2 greater than I
should, therefore, normally not be used.

EXPLtNATORY NOTE

This standard was earlier published in 1936. This standard is being revised to align it with
IS0 281 /I -1977, ‘Roiling bearing - Dynamic load ratings and rating life - Part 1 Calculation
methods ‘. In this revision, adjusted ratin% life of bearings has been included.
This standard consists of the following parts:
IS : 3824 ( Part 1 )-1983 ‘ Methods of evaluating dynamic load ratings of rolling bearings:
Part 1 Radial ball bearings (first revision ) ’
IS : 3324 ( Part 2 )-I983 ‘Methods of evaluating dynamic load ratings of rolling bearings: r;
Part 2 Radial roller bearings ( first revision ) ’ _-
IS : 3824 ( Part 3 )-I983 ‘ Methods of evaluating dynamic load ratings of roller bearings:
Part 3 Thrust ball bearings ( first revision ) ’
IS : 3824 ( Part 4 )-I983 ‘ Methods of evaluating dynamic load ratings of roller bearings:
Part 4 Thrust roller bearings ( first revision ) ’

Ball and roller bearings, collectively known as rolling bearings are being used in all modern
.machines. This specification is included to help manufacturers in the proper design of these
bearings.

It is often impractical to establish the suitability of a bearing related for a specific applica-
tion by testing a sufficient number of bearings in that application. Other methods are, therefore,
required to establish this suitability.

A reliable life calculation is considered to be a suitable and advantageous substitute for

testing.

Calculation according to this standard do not yield satisfactory results for bearings subjec-
ted to such application condition and/or of such internal design which results in considerable
truncation of the area of contact between the rolling elements and the ring raceways. Unmodified
calculation results are thus not applicable, for example, to groove ball bearings with filling slots
which project substantially into a ball/raceway contact area when the bearing is subjected to load
in application.

Calculations according to this standard do not yield satisfactory r2suIts for bearings subjected
to such application conditionswhich cause deviations from a normal lo ,d distcibution in the bearing,
for example, misalignment, having shaft deflection, rolling element centrifugal forces or other high
speed effects, and preload or extra large clearance in radial bearings. Where there is reason to
assume that such conditions prevail, the user should consult the bearing manufacturer for
recommendations and evaluation of equivalent load and life.

6
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