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Place of Articulation

The document discusses voiced and voiceless sounds, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. It provides examples of different types of consonant sounds in English based on these categories, such as bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal sounds. It also covers stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides as manners of articulation.

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23 views3 pages

Place of Articulation

The document discusses voiced and voiceless sounds, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. It provides examples of different types of consonant sounds in English based on these categories, such as bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal sounds. It also covers stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides as manners of articulation.

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Mohammed can
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© © All Rights Reserved
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I)VOICED VS VOICELESS SOUNDS

Voiced sounds are made with the vibration of the vocal cords. When the vocal cords are brought
together, the glottis is closed so the air stream can’t flow freely, it forces its way through causing the
vibration of the vocal cords.

a-Voiceless consonants = [ p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, ʈʃ, h, ʔ ]

b-Voiced consonants = [ b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w]

II) PLACE OF ARTICULATION

It indicates where the sound is produced in the vocal tract .


1)Bilabial sounds= They are made with both lips. In English such sounds are [p, b, m, w] as in the
words : pet, bet, met, wet.

2) labiodental sounds = They are made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth: [ f, v] as in the
words: fat and vat.

3) Interdental sounds = They are made with the tip of the tongue between the front teeth (upper and
lower front teeth): [ θ, ð] as in the words: thin, then.

4) Alveolar sounds = In the roof of the mouth just behind the front upper teeth is the alveolar ridge.
Alveolars are produced with the tip of the tongue raised to the alveolar ridge. [t,d,s,z,n ,l,r ]as in the
words: two, do, so, zoo, new.

5) Palato-alveolar / Post-alveolar sounds = They are produced with the blade of the tongue raised to
the part of the roof of the mouth which is the end of the alveolar ridge and the beginning of the hard
palate. These sounds are [ʃ, ʒ, ʈʃ, dʒ] as in the words: she, measure, church, judge.

6) Palatal sounds = They are made with the front part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
[ j] as in the word ‘yet’.
7) Velar sounds = They are made by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e., the velum.
[k, g, ŋ] as in the words: kill, gill, sing.

8)Glottal sounds =They are made at the glottis, which is the space or opening between the vocal cords.
English has 2 glottal sounds: [ h, ʔ] as in the words: high, button.

The glottal stop [ ʔ] is made by closing and opening the glottis. The glottal stop is heard in the
Cockney accent (accent of working- class Londoners (East part of London). This sound is used
sometimes instead of [ t] in words like: button, don’t, can’t, etc.

III) Manner of articulation

Besides describing whether the sound is voiced or voiceless and giving its place of
articulation, it is necessary to describe the sound’s manner of articulation, that is, how the
airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound.
The manner of articulation of a sound depends on the degree of closure of the
articulators,i.e., how close together or far apart they are:

a) Complete closure  The air stream is stopped (obstructed)


b) Partial closure  The air stream is not completely stopped. There is a narrowing
through which the air flows causing friction.

1)STOPS = They are sounds made with a complete obstruction of the air because the
articulators are close together: p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ

2)FRICATIVES (continuants) = They are sounds made with a partial closure of the
articulators, that is, the air stream is not completely stopped but rather continues to flow
freely through a narrowing producing friction.These sounds are called continuants or
fricatives : f, v θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h

3)AFFRICATES = They are made by briefly stopping the air stream completely and then
releasing the articulators slowly so that friction is produced.In other words, affricates start
as stops and are released as fricatives. tʃ, dʒ

4) NASALS= They are produced with the velum (soft palate) lowered so that the
airstream flows freely through the nasal cavity. The sounds m, n, ŋ are called “nasal
stops”.

5) LIQUIDS = The sounds [ l, r] are both alveolar liquids . [ l] is produced with the tip of
the tongue against the alveolar ridge but the airstream escapes around the sides of the
tongue .Thus [ l] is a voiced lateral liquid and [ r] is a voiced non-lateral liquid.

6) GLIDES= [j, w] transcribed also as [y, w] are semi vowels.

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