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RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VIS

VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL New Scheme Based On AICTE

Flexible Curricula Computer Science and Engineering,

VIII-Semester
Semester CS801 - Internet of Things Scan it YouTube

Unit I
Define IoT

IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send
and receive data.

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and
vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and
exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating
opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.

Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the Internet, as of now. In the near future, this
number is expected to rise to a whopping 20 billion.

Characteristics of IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized

rized by the following key features:

Connectivity – Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be connected to
the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be guaranteed at all times.
tim For example,
connection between people through internet devices like mobile phones ,and other gadgets, also connection between
Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.

Intelligence and Identity – The extraction

action of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, a
sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity.
identity
This identification is helpful in tracking the equi
equipment and at times for querying its status.

Scalability – The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup should be
capable of handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled
appropriately.

Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity) – IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts
and scenarios. Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different conditions
c and
different light situations (morning, afternoon, night).

Architecture – IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different
manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by aanyone
nyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality
when multiple domains come together.

Safety – There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised when all his/her devices
are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge. Besides, the
equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at the risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

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Self Configuring – This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to upgrade their software
in accordance with requirements with a minimum of user participation. Additionally, they can set up the network,
allowing for the addition of new devices to an already-existing network.

Interoperability: IoT devices use standardized protocols and technologies to ensure that they can communicate with
each other and with other systems. Interoperability is one of the key characteristics of the Internet of Things (IoT).

Explain IoT conceptual and architectural framework ?

IoT Conceptual Framework:

1. Devices and Sensors: These are physical objects that are embedded with sensors and communication technology to
collect data and transmit it to other devices or systems. Examples of devices and sensors include smart thermostats,
wearable health monitors, industrial sensors, and smart home appliances.
2. Connectivity: The devices and sensors must be connected to a network to transmit data. This can be done through wired
or wireless connections. Examples of connectivity technologies include Wi-Fi, cellular networks, Bluetooth, and Zigbee.
3. Data Processing: Once the data is collected, it must be processed to extract useful information. This can be done using
various algorithms and analytics tools, such as machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and predictive
analytics models.
4. Applications: The insights gained from the data can be used to develop applications that can be used to control and
manage the devices, or provide value-added services to users. Examples of applications include smart home automation
systems, asset tracking systems, and predictive maintenance systems.

IoT Architectural Framework:

1. Perception Layer: This layer includes the devices and sensors that collect data from the physical world. The devices and
sensors in this layer can be categorized into three types:
 Actuators: Devices that can receive instructions from the network and act on them. Examples include smart light bulbs,
smart locks, and smart thermostats.
 Sensors: Devices that can sense physical phenomena, such as temperature, humidity, or motion. Examples include
temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and motion sensors.
 Gateways: Devices that act as intermediaries between the devices and sensors in the perception layer and the network
layer. Gateways can perform data aggregation, filtering, and analysis before transmitting data to the cloud.
2. Network Layer: This layer includes the connectivity technologies that enable the devices to communicate with each
other and with the cloud. The network layer can be divided into two parts:
 Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects the devices and sensors in a limited geographic area, such as a home
or an office.
 Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that connects devices and sensors over a larger geographic area, such as a city or
a country. Examples of WAN technologies include cellular networks, satellite networks, and Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN).
3. Platform Layer: This layer includes the cloud infrastructure that processes and stores the data, as well as the tools and
frameworks used to develop applications. The platform layer can be divided into three parts:
 Cloud Services: These are the services provided by cloud service providers, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. Cloud services include storage, computing, analytics, and machine learning services.
 IoT Platforms: These are platforms that provide specific IoT capabilities, such as device management, data processing,
and analytics. Examples of IoT platforms include AWS IoT, Microsoft Azure IoT, and Google Cloud IoT.
 Application Development Frameworks: These are frameworks that provide developers with tools and libraries to build
IoT applications. Examples of application development frameworks include Node-RED, Apache Kafka, and Kubernetes.

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4. Application Layer: This layer includes the applications that provide value to users or automate processes. The
applications can be categorized into two types:
 User Applications: These are applications that are used by end-users
users to control and manage the devices, or to access the
insights gained from the data. Examples of user applications include smart home automation systems, health monitoring
apps, and asset tracking apps.
 Enterprise Applications: These are applicatio
applications
ns that are used by organizations to automate processes, improve
efficiency, and reduce costs. Examples of enterprise applications include predictive maintenance systems, supply chain
management systems, and energy management systems.

What are the Components of IOT ?

Things or Device :These

These are fitted with sensors and actuators. Sensors collect data from the environment and give to
gateway where as actuators performs the action (as directed after processing of data).

Gateway : The sensors give data to o Gateway and here some kind of pre
pre-processing
processing of data is even done. It also acts as a
level of security for the network and for the transmitted data.

Cloud : The data after being collected is uploaded to cloud. Cloud in simple terms is basically a set of servers connected
to internet 24*7.

Analytics :The
The data after being received in the cloud processing is done . Various algorithms are applied here for proper
analysis of data (techniques like Machine Learning etc are even applied).

User Interface :User

User end application where user can monitor or control the data.

Physical and logical design of IoT

The physical and logical design of IoT systems involves the inte
integration
gration of various hardware, software, and
communication technologies to create a network of interconnected devices and sensors that can collect,
process, and transmit data.

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Physical Design : The physical design of an IoT system includes the physical components that make up the
system. This includes devices, sensors, gateways, and other hardware that are used to collect and transmit data.
The physical design must take into account factors such as power consumption, communication range, and
environmental conditions.

Some of the key components of an IoT system include:

1. Devices: IoT devices are the physical objects that are connected to the internet and can collect data. These
devices can include sensors, actuators, cameras, and other types of equipment.
2. Gateways: Gateways are devices that connect IoT devices to the internet or a local network. They serve as a
bridge between the IoT devices and the cloud or a local server.
3. Cloud or Server: The cloud or a local server is where the data collected by the IoT devices is stored, processed,
and analyzed.

Logical Design:

The logical design of an IoT system includes the software and communication protocols that allow the system
to function. This includes the application layer, network layer, and transport layer protocols.

Some of the key components of the logical design of an IoT system include:

1. Application Layer: The application layer is responsible for managing the data collected by the IoT devices. It
includes software applications that can be used to analyze the data and trigger actions based on the results.
2. Network Layer: The network layer is responsible for managing the communication between the IoT devices
and the cloud or local server. It includes protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and other wireless
communication standards.
3. Transport Layer: The transport layer is responsible for ensuring that data is transmitted reliably and securely. It
includes protocols such as TCP/IP, MQTT, CoAP, and other transport layer protocols.

In summary, the physical and logical design of an IoT system involves the integration of various hardware,
software, and communication technologies to create a network of interconnected devices and sensors that can
collect, process, and transmit data.

IoT enablers

IoT enablers are the technologies, tools, and platforms that make it possible to build and deploy IoT solutions.
These enablers provide the necessary infrastructure and capabilities for IoT devices to communicate, process
data, and perform tasks.

Here are some examples of IoT enablers:

1. Connectivity Technologies: IoT devices need a way to connect to the internet or to other devices.
Connectivity technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, cellular networks, and satellite communication
provide the means for IoT devices to communicate with each other and with the cloud.

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2. Sensors and Actuators: IoT devices rely on sensors to collect data from the environment and actuators to
perform actions. Sensors can measure temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical parameters.
Actuators can be used to control motors, switches, and other devices.
3. Edge Computing: Edge computing allows data processing and analysis to be performed at the edge of the
network, closer to the source of data. This can help reduce latency and bandwidth requirements, and enable
real-time decision-making.
4. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing provides a scalable and flexible infrastructure for storing, processing, and
analyzing large amounts of data generated by IoT devices. Cloud platforms such as AWS IoT, Azure IoT, and
Google Cloud IoT provide tools and services for managing IoT deployments.
5. Analytics and Machine Learning: IoT generates massive amounts of data that can be analyzed to gain
insights and improve operations. Analytics and machine learning tools can be used to extract patterns and
insights from IoT data, and enable predictive maintenance and other applications.
6. Security: IoT devices and networks are vulnerable to cyber threats and attacks. Security enablers such as
encryption, authentication, access control, and firewalls are essential to protect IoT deployments.

Modern day IoT

IoT (Internet of Things) is a rapidly growing field that involves connecting a wide range of devices and sensors
to the internet and enabling them to communicate with each other and with cloud-based applications. Here
are some examples of modern-day IoT applications:

1. Smart Homes: IoT-enabled devices such as smart thermostats, lighting systems, security cameras, and voice
assistants can be used to control and automate various aspects of the home. Homeowners can remotely
control their appliances, turn off lights, and adjust the temperature using their smartphones.
2. Industrial Automation: IoT can be used to monitor and control industrial processes, reduce downtime, and
improve efficiency. For example, sensors can be used to monitor the performance of machines and predict
maintenance needs. This can help reduce repair costs and increase uptime.
3. Smart Cities: IoT can be used to manage traffic flow, reduce energy consumption, and improve public safety.
For example, sensors can be used to detect air quality, noise levels, and temperature, and adjust lighting and
heating accordingly. This can help reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of life in urban areas.
4. Healthcare: IoT can be used to monitor patients remotely, improve medication adherence, and enable
telemedicine. For example, wearable devices can be used to monitor vital signs and alert healthcare providers
in case of any abnormalities. This can help reduce hospital readmissions and improve patient outcomes.
5. Agriculture: IoT can be used to monitor crops, soil moisture, and temperature. This can help farmers optimize
irrigation and fertilizer usage, and increase crop yields.
6. Retail: IoT can be used to improve the customer experience by providing personalized recommendations and
offers. For example, beacons can be used to track customers' location within a store and provide targeted
offers based on their purchase history.
M2M (Machine-to-Machine

M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication refers to direct communication between two or more devices
without human intervention. In M2M communication, devices are connected to each other and can share data
and information automatically, enabling them to work together to perform a task or accomplish a goal.
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M2M communication is commonly used in industries such as transportation, logistics, and manufacturing,
where it is used to track and monitor assets, manage inventory, and automate processes. Some examples of
M2M communication include:

1. Fleet Management: M2M communication can be used to track and monitor vehicles, enabling fleet managers
to optimize routes, reduce fuel consumption, and improve driver safety.
2. Smart Grids: M2M communication can be used to monitor and control power generation and distribution,
improving efficiency and reducing downtime.
3. Industrial Automation: M2M communication can be used to automate manufacturing processes, reducing costs
and improving efficiency.
4. Healthcare: M2M communication can be used to monitor patient health, enabling healthcare providers to
remotely monitor patients and respond to emergencies quickly.
5. Environmental Monitoring: M2M communication can be used to monitor environmental conditions, such as air
quality, water quality, and weather conditions, enabling organizations to respond to natural disasters and
environmental events quickly.

IoT vs M2M
IoT (Internet of Things) and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication are related concepts, but they are not
interchangeable.

IoT refers to the concept of connecting everyday devices and objects to the internet, enabling them to send
and receive data and interact with each other and with humans. IoT devices are often equipped with sensors
and can be remotely controlled, making them useful for a wide range of applications, from smart homes to
industrial automation.

M2M communication, on the other hand, refers specifically to the direct communication between two or more
devices without human intervention. M2M communication is often used in industrial and enterprise
applications, where it is used to automate processes, monitor and control equipment, and track assets.

While M2M communication is a subset of IoT, IoT encompasses a broader range of devices and applications
beyond just M2M communication. IoT devices can communicate with each other and with humans, using a
range of communication protocols, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. In contrast, M2M
communication relies solely on direct communication between devices.

IoT vs WoT
IoT (Internet of Things) and WoT (Web of Things) are related but distinct concepts.

IoT refers to the ecosystem of devices and applications that are connected to the internet, enabling them to
send and receive data and interact with each other and with humans. IoT devices are often equipped with
sensors and can be remotely controlled, making them useful for a wide range of applications, from smart
homes to industrial automation.

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WoT, on the other hand, is an extension of IoT that seeks to standardize the way devices are connected and
interact with each other on the web. The goal of WoT is to make it easier for developers to build applications
that can access and control devices across different platforms and vendors. WoT uses web technologies, such
as RESTful APIs and HTTP, to provide a common language for devices to communicate with each other.

While both IoT and WoT are focused on connecting devices to the internet, WoT is more focused on
standardization and interoperability, while IoT is more focused on the broad ecosystem of connected devices
and applications

IoT reference architecture

IoT (Internet of Things) reference architecture is a blueprint or framework that defines the building blocks,
components, and principles of a typical IoT system. The reference architecture provides a high-level overview of
the IoT system and serves as a guide for designing and implementing IoT solutions.

There are several IoT reference architectures available, but they typically include the following components:

1. Things: Devices or objects that are connected to the internet and can collect and transmit data.
2. Connectivity: The network infrastructure that connects the things to the internet, including protocols such as
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks.
3. Data processing and analytics: The software and hardware infrastructure that processes the data collected by
the things and provides analytics and insights.
4. Applications and services: The user-facing applications and services that enable humans to interact with the
things and the data they collect.
5. Security and privacy: The measures and protocols that ensure the security and privacy of the data collected by
the things and transmitted over the network.
6. Management and orchestration: The tools and processes for managing and monitoring the IoT system,
including device management, software updates, and performance monitoring.

These components are often represented as layers in an IoT reference architecture diagram, with the things at
the bottom layer and the applications and services at the top layer. The connectivity, data processing and
analytics, security and privacy, and management and orchestration layers are typically in between.

Overall, IoT reference architecture provides a standardized framework for designing, implementing, and
managing IoT systems, ensuring interoperability, scalability, and reliability.

IoT Network configurations, IoT LAN, IoT WAN, IoT Node, IoT Gateway, IoT Proxy
IoT (Internet of Things) networks can be configured in a variety of ways, depending on the specific application
requirements and the physical constraints of the environment. Here are some common configurations and
components of an IoT network:

1. IoT LAN (Local Area Network): This is a network that connects IoT devices within a limited physical area, such as
a home, office, or factory. In an IoT LAN, devices typically communicate using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee
protocols.

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2. IoT WAN (Wide Area Network): This is a network that connects IoT devices across larger geographical areas,
such as cities, countries, or even continents. In an IoT WAN, devices typically communicate using cellular or
satellite networks.
3. IoT Node: This is a device or sensor that is part of an IoT network and is capable of collecting and transmitting
data. Examples of IoT nodes include smart sensors, smart meters, and connected appliances.
4. IoT Gateway: This is a device that acts as a bridge between the IoT nodes and the cloud or other back-end
systems. The gateway can perform data filtering, aggregation, and pre-processing before transmitting the data
to the cloud. The gateway can also provide security and manageability features for the IoT network.
5. IoT Proxy: This is a device that acts as a middleman between the IoT nodes and the cloud or other back-end
systems. The proxy can provide caching, load balancing, and other performance optimization features for the
IoT network.

IoT Network configurations, IoT LAN, IoT WAN, IoT Node, IoT Gateway, IoT Proxy
IoT (Internet of Things) networks can be configured in a variety of ways, depending on the specific application
requirements and the physical constraints of the environment. Here are some common configurations and
components of an IoT network:

1. IoT LAN (Local Area Network): This is a type of network that connects IoT devices within a limited physical
area, such as a home, office, or factory. In an IoT LAN, devices typically communicate using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
Zigbee protocols. Wi-Fi is a popular choice for IoT LANs because it provides high bandwidth and a wide range
of coverage. Bluetooth is another popular protocol for IoT LANs because it is low-power and can be used to
connect to smartphones and other devices. Zigbee is a low-power wireless protocol that is designed for low-
data-rate applications, such as smart home automation and industrial control.
2. IoT WAN (Wide Area Network): This is a type of network that connects IoT devices across larger
geographical areas, such as cities, countries, or even continents. In an IoT WAN, devices typically communicate
using cellular or satellite networks. Cellular networks, such as 3G, 4G, and 5G, provide high-speed data transfer
and wide coverage, making them suitable for IoT applications that require real-time data and remote
monitoring. Satellite networks are another option for IoT WANs, especially for applications that require
coverage in remote or isolated areas.
3. IoT Node: This is a device or sensor that is part of an IoT network and is capable of collecting and transmitting
data. Examples of IoT nodes include smart sensors, smart meters, and connected appliances. IoT nodes can be
powered by batteries, solar panels, or other power sources, depending on the specific application
requirements. They can also communicate using a variety of wireless protocols, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, or LoRaWAN.
4. IoT Gateway: This is a device that acts as a bridge between the IoT nodes and the cloud or other back-end
systems. The gateway can perform data filtering, aggregation, and pre-processing before transmitting the data
to the cloud. The gateway can also provide security and manageability features for the IoT network. IoT
gateways can be either hardware or software-based, and can be deployed on-premises or in the cloud.
5. IoT Proxy: This is a device that acts as a middleman between the IoT nodes and the cloud or other back-end
systems. The proxy can provide caching, load balancing, and other performance optimization features for the
IoT network. IoT proxies can be either hardware or software-based, and can be deployed on-premises or in the
cloud

Basic Microcontrollers and interfacing.

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Sure, I'd be happy to provide a review of basic microcontrollers and interfacing.

Microcontrollers are small, self-contained computer systems that are designed to control devices or perform
specific tasks. They typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals, all on a single chip.
Microcontrollers are used in a wide range of applications, including robotics, automation, and consumer
electronics.

One of the key features of microcontrollers is their ability to interface with other electronic components and
devices. This allows them to control motors, read sensors, and interact with other hardware components.

To interface with other components, microcontrollers typically use digital I/O pins, analog-to-digital converters
(ADCs), and serial communication protocols. Digital I/O pins can be configured as inputs or outputs, and can
be used to control LEDs, relays, and other digital devices. ADCs are used to convert analog signals, such as
those from temperature sensors or potentiometers, into digital signals that can be processed by the
microcontroller. Serial communication protocols, such as SPI, I2C, and UART, allow the microcontroller to
communicate with other devices, such as displays, sensors, and wireless modules.

In order to program a microcontroller, a programmer or development board is typically used. The programmer
or board is connected to the microcontroller and allows the user to write code, upload it to the microcontroller,
and debug it. Development boards often include additional components, such as LEDs, buttons, and sensors,
which can be used to test and experiment with different applications.

Overall, microcontrollers and interfacing are an essential part of modern electronics and can be used to create
a wide range of devices and applications. As with any technology, there is a learning curve involved in getting
started with microcontrollers, but there are many resources available online and in print to help beginners get
started.

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