Module-1

• What is IoT?
• IoT Network Architecture and Design
 Chapter-1
What is IoT?
• If we imagine a world where anything can be online and
communicating to other things and people in order to enable new
services that enhance our lives.

• From self-driving drones delivering your grocery order to sensors

in your clothing monitoring your health, the world you know is set
to undergo a major technological shift forward. This shift is
known collectively as the Internet of Things (IoT).
• The basic premise and goal of IoT is to
“connect the unconnected.”

• This means that objects that are not currently joined to a computer
network, namely the Internet, will be connected so that they can
communicate and interact with people and other objects.
 Internet of Things

 System of interrelated
computing devices,
mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the
ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring
human-to-human or human-
to-computer interaction.
 Genesis of IoT

 IoT and Digitization

 IoT Impact

 Convergence of IT and OT

 IoT Challenges
 Genesis of IoT

• The age of IoT is often said to have started between the years
2008 and 2009.During this time period, the number of devices
connected to the Internet eclipsed the world’s population.

• With more “things” connected to the Internet than people in the

world, a new age was upon us, and the Internet of Things was
born.

• The person credited with the creation of the term “Internet of

Things” is Kevin Ashton.
Genesis of IoT

Figure 1.1 : Evolutionary Phases of the Internet

 Evolutionary phases of the Internet
Internet Phase Definition
Connectivity This phase connected people to email, web services and search
(Digitize access) so that information is easily accessed.

Networked Economy This phase enabled e-commerce and supply chain

(Digitized business ) enhancements along with collaborative engagement to drive
increased effectively in business processes

Immersive Experiences This phase extended the internet experience to encompass

(Digitize interaction) widespread video and social media while always being
connected through mobility. More and more applications are
moved into the cloud.

Internet of Things This phase is adding connectivity to objects and machines in the
(Digitize the world) world around us to enable new services and experiences.it is
connecting the unconnected.
 IoT and Digitization

 IoT focuses on connecting

“things,”
 objects and machines, to a
computer network,
 such as the Internet.

 digitization
 Digitization, as defined in its simplest form, is the conversion of
information into a digital format.

 Examples:
 The digitization of photography has completely changed our
experience when it comes to capturing images.

 digitization include the video rental industry and transportation.

 The transportation industry is currently undergoing digitization in

the area of taxi services
IoT Impact

• Projections on the potential impact of IoT are impressive.

About 14 billion, or just 0.06%, of “things” are connected to
the Internet today.

• Cisco Systems predicts that by 2020, this number will reach

50 billion. A UK government report speculates that this
number could be even higher, in the range of 100 billion
objects connected
IoT Impact

Figure 1.2 : The Rapid Growth in the Number of Devices Connected to the Internet
 Illustration of IoT Use cases

 Connected Roadways

 Connected Factory

 Smart Connected Buildings

 Smart Creatures
 Illustration of IoT Use cases

 Connected Roadways

• People have been fantasizing about the self-driving car, or

autonomous vehicle, in literature and film for decades.

• While this fantasy is now becoming a reality with well-known

projects like Google’s self-driving car, IoT is also a necessary
component for implementing a fully connected transportation
infrastructure.

• IoT is going to allow self-driving vehicles to better interact with the

 transportation system around them through bidirectional data
 exchanges while also providing important data to the riders
Figure 1.3 : Google’s Self-Driving Car
Current challenges being addressed
Challenge by Connected
Supporting Data Roadways

• challenges
Safety canIoTbeand
classified into theofthree
the enablement categories
connected vehicle technologies will
empower drivers with the tools they need to anticipate potential
crashes and significantly reduce the no of lives lost each year.

Mobility More than a billion cars are on the roads worldwide. Connected
vehicle mobility applications can enable system operators and drivers
to make informed decisions, which can, in turn, reduce travel delays.
In addition, communication between mass transit, emergency response
vehicles and traffic management infrastructures help optimizing
routing of vehicles, further reducing potential delays.

Environment Connected vehicle environmental applications will give all travellers

the real-time information they need to make “green” transportation
choices

Table 1.2: Current Challenges Being Addressed by Connected Roadways

 connected roadways will bring many benefits to society.

 reduced traffic jams

 Urban congestion
 decreased casualties and fatalities
 increased response time for emergency vehicles
 reduced vehicle emissions.
 IoT-Connected Roadways : Intersection Movement Assist
(IMA)

• This application warns a driver (or triggers the appropriate

response in a self-driving car) when it is not safe to enter an
intersection due to a high probability of a collision—perhaps
because another car has run a stop sign or strayed into the wrong
lane.

• Figure 1.4 shows a graphical representation of IMA. IMA is one

of many possible roadway solutions that emerge when we start to
integrate IoT with both traditional and self-driving vehicles.

 .
Figure 1.4: Application of Intersection Movement Assist
 Other solutions: Connected Roadways

 Automated Vehicle Tracking

 Cargo management
 Road weather communications
• With automated vehicle tracking, a vehicle’s location is used for
notification of arrival times, theft prevention, or highway assistance.

• Cargo management provides precise positioning of cargo as it is en

route so that notification alerts can be sent to a dispatcher and routes
can be optimized for congestion and weather.

• Road weather communications use sensors and data from satellites,

 roads, and bridges to warn vehicles of dangerous conditions or
 inclement weather on the current route.
• As cars continue to become more connected and capable of
generating continuous data streams related to location,
performance, driver behaviour, and much more, the data
generation potential of a single car is staggering.

• It is estimated that a fully connected car will generate more than

25 gigabytes of data per hour, much of which will be sent to the
cloud.

• Figure 1.5 provides an overview of the sort of sensors and

connectivity that you will find in a connected car.
Figure 1.5 : The Connected Car
 Third Parties accessing the data generated by Car

• Another area where connected roadways are undergoing

massive disruption is in how the data generated by a car will
be used by third parties.

• Automobile data is extremely useful to a wide range of

interested parties.

• For ex : tire companies can collect data related to use and

durability of their products in a range of environments in real
time.
 In the future, car sensors will be able to interact with third-party
applications

 such as GPS/maps, to enable dynamic rerouting to avoid traffic,

accidents, and other hazards
Connected Factory
2.

 Main challenges facing manufacturing in a factory

environment

 Accelerating new product and service introductions to meet

customer and market opportunities.
 Increasing quality and uptime while decreasing cost.
 Securing factories from cyber threats.
 Decreasing high cabling and re-cabling costs.
 Improving worker productivity and safety.
• A convergence of factory-based operational technologies and
architectures with global IT networks is starting to occur, and this
is referred to as the connected factory.

• With IoT, a large number of sensors deployed in the factory floors

has not only become more advanced but has also attained a new
level of connectivity.

• They are smarter and gain the ability to communicate, mainly

using the Internet Protocol (IP) over an Ethernet
infrastructure.
In the 1800s, water- and steam-powered machines were developed to
aid workers. As production capabilities increased, business also grew
from individual cottage owners taking care of their own — and maybe
their neighbors’ — needs to organizations with owners, managers and
employees serving customers.
By the beginning of the 20th century, electricity became the primary
source of power. It was easier to use than water and steam and enabled
businesses to concentrate power sources to individual machines.
Eventually machines were designed with their own power sources,
making them more portable
 In the last few decades of the 20th century, the invention and
manufacture of electronic devices, such as the transistor and, later,
integrated circuit chips, made it possible to more fully automate
individual machines to supplement or replace operators
In the 21st century, Industry 4.0 connects the internet of things (IOT)
with manufacturing techniques to enable systems to share information,
analyze it and use it to guide intelligent actions.
Deploy a Connected Factory Network with the Internet of
Everything
 Smart Connected Buildings
3. Smart Connected Buildings
 sensors are often used to control the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning(HVAC) system.

 Temperature sensors are spread throughout the

building and are used to influence the building
management system’s control of air flow into a room.

 interesting aspect of the smart building is that it makes

them easier and cheaper to manage
 communication protocol responsible for building
automation is known as BACnet.

 the BACnet protocol defines a set of services that allow

Ethernet based communication between building devices
 such as HVAC, lighting, access control, and fire
detection systems.
 The same building Ethernet switches used for IT may also be
used for BACnet.

 BACnet/IP has been defined to allow the “things” in the building

network to communicate over IP, thus allowing closer
consolidation of the building management system on a single
network.
Digital ceiling

The digital ceiling is more than just a lighting control

system.

 This technology encompasses several of the

building’s different networks—including
 Lighting
 HVAC
 CCTV
 security systems
• In a digital ceiling environment, every luminaire or lighting
fixture is directly network-attached, providing control and power
over the same infrastructure.

• This transition to LED lighting means that a single converged

network is now able to encompasses luminaires that are part of
consolidated building management as well as elements managed
by the IT network, supporting voice, video, and other data
applications.
• For ex : most modern LED ceiling fixtures support occupancy
sensors.

• Unlike traditional sensors that use rudimentary motion detection,

modern lighting sensors integrate a variety of occupancy-sensing
technologies, including Bluetooth low energy (BLE) and Wi-Fi.

• Figure 1.9 shows an example of an occupancy sensor in a digital

ceiling light.
 Smart Creatures

• When we think about IoT, we probably picture only

inanimate objects and machines being connected.

• However, IoT also provides the ability to connect living

things to the Internet.

• Sensors can be placed on animals and even insects just as

easily as on machines, and the benefits can be just as
impressive.
• One of the most well-known applications of IoT with respect
to animals focuses on what is often referred to as the
“connected cow”. Sparked, a Dutch company, developed a
sensor that is placed in a cow’s ear.

• The sensor monitors various health aspects of the cow as well

as its location and transmits the data wirelessly for analysis by
the farmer.
• The data from each of these sensors is approximately
200 MB per year.

• obviously need a network infrastructure to make the

connection with the sensors and store the information.

• Once the data is being collected, however, you get a

complete view of the herd, with statistics on every
cow.
 We can learn how environmental factors may be affecting the herd
as a whole and about changes in diet.

 This enables early detection of disease as cows tend to eat less

days before they show symptoms
• Another application of IoT to organisms involves the
placement of sensors on roaches.

• the potential benefits of IoT-enabled roaches could

make a life-saving difference in disaster situations
 Figure 1.10 : IoT-Enabled Roach can assist in finding survivors
after a disaster
 The little electronic backpack fitted onto the Madagascar hissing
cockroaches and featuring a microcontroller interacts with the
insects' antennae and cerci (sensory organs on their abdomens)
to direct their movement.

• The electronic backpack uses wireless communication to a

controller and can be “driven” remotely.

• A fleet of these roaches can be used in a disaster scenario, such

as searching for survivors in a collapsed building after an
earthquake
Convergence of IT and OT
 IT supports connections to the Internet along with
related data and technology systems and is focused on
the secure flow of data across an organization.

 OT monitors and controls devices and processes on

physical operational systems.
 These systems include assembly lines, utility distribution
networks, production facilities, roadway systems, and many
more.
 Specifically, the IT organization is responsible for the
information systems of a business, such as email, file and print
services, databases, and so on.

 OT is responsible for the devices and processes acting on

industrial equipment, such as factory machines, meters,
actuators, electrical distribution automation devices, SCADA
(supervisory control and data acquisition) systems, and so on
• Traditionally, OT has used dedicated networks with specialized
communications protocols to connect these devices, and these
networks have run completely separately from the IT networks.

• Management of OT is tied to the lifeblood of a company.

• For ex :
 If the network connecting the machines in a factory fails, the
machines cannot function, and production may come to a
standstill, negatively impacting business on the order of
millions of dollars.
 On the other hand, if the email server (run by the IT
department) fails for a few hours, it may irritate
people, but it is unlikely to impact business at
anywhere near the same level.
• Table 1.3 highlights some of the differences between IT and OT
networks and their various challenges.

Criterion Industrial OT Network Enterprise IT Network

Operational Keep the business operating 24x7 Manage the computers, data and
Focus employee communication system
in a secure way
Priorities 1. Availability 2. Integrity 3. Security 1. Security 2. Integrity 3.
Availability
Types of data Monitoring, control and supervisory Voice, video, transactional and
data bulk data
Security Controlled physical access to devices Devices and users authenticated to
the network

Manoj T, Dept. of CSE, SMVITM 61 18-03-2020

Implication of OT network disruption directly Can be business impacting,
failure impacts business depending on industry, but
workarounds may be possible
Network Only during operational maintenance Often requires an outage window
Upgrades(soft windows when workers are not onsite;
ware/hardwar impact can be mitigated
e)
Security Low: OT networks are isolated and High: continual patching of hosts
Vulnerability often use proprietary protocols is required and the network is
connected to Internet and requires
vigilant protection
Table 1.3: Comparing Operational Technology(OT) and Information Technology(IT)
 IoT Challenges

 the most significant challenges and problems that IoT is

currently facing.





Challenge Description
Scale While scale of IT networks can be large, the scale of OT can be several
orders of magnitude larger
For ex : one large electrical utility in Asia recently began deploying IPv6-
based smart meters on its electrical grid. While this utility company has
tens of thousands of employees(which can be considered IP nodes in the
network), the number of meters in the service area is tens of millions. This
means the scale of the network the utility is managing has increased by
more than 1,000 fold.
Security With more “things” becoming connected with other “things” and people
security is an increasingly complex issue for IoT. The threat surface has
now been greatly expanded and if a device gets hacked, its connectivity is
a major concern. A compromised device can serve as a launching point to
attack other devices and systems.
Privacy As sensors become more prolific in our everyday lives, much of the data
they gather will be specific to individuals and their activities. This data can
range from health information to shopping patterns and transactions at a
retail establishment. For businesses, this data has monetary value.
Organizations are now discussing who owns this data and how individuals
can control whether it is shared and with whom.
Big data and IoT and its large number of sensors is going to trigger a deluge of data that
data analytics must be handled. This data will provide critical information and insights if
it can be processed in a efficient manner. The challenge, however is
evaluating a massive amounts of data arriving from different sources in
various forms and doing so in timely manner.
Interoperabilit As with any other nascent technology, various protocols and architectures
y are jockeying for market share and standardization within IoT. Some of
these protocols and architectures are based on proprietary elements and
others are open. Recent IoT standards are helping minimize this problem,
but there are often various protocols and implementations available for IoT
networks.

Table 1.4 : IoT Challenges