MMW FINALS  Ratio Scale. This is an extension of an interval scale.

It also
 Descriptive Statistics- basically deals with analysis of data, then pertains with measurement data but ratio’s point of view is about
descriptive statistics part of the general field is about “describing” absolute value.
data in symbolic forms and abbreviated fashions.
 Inferential statistics- has the ability to “infer” and to generalize Key Concepts in Statistics
and it offers the right tool to predict values that are not really  Population. A population can be defined as an entire group
known. people, things, or events having at least one trait in common
Measurement  Parameter. In gauging the entire population, any measure
Two types of quantitative informations: obtained is called a parameter. Referring to the size of the entire
 Variable is something that can be measured and observed to vary. population.
Constant is something that does not vary, and it only maintains a  Sample. The small number of observation taken from the total
single value. number making up a population is called a sample
Scales of Measurement  Statistic. In gauging the sample, any measure obtained from the
- Nominal Scale : Categorical Data sample is called a statistic.
- Ordinal Scale : Ranked Data Graphical representation
- Interval/Ratio Scale : Measurement Data  Graphs. It is another way to visually show the behavior of data. To
MEASUREMENT create a graph, distribution of scores must be organized
 To quantify an observation, it is necessary to identify its scale of  Score distribution when we arrange the scores from highest to
measurement, it is known as level of measurement. lowest
 Scale of measurement is the gateway to the fascinating world of  Frequency distribution provides information about raw scores,
statistics. Without sufficient knowledge of it, all our statistical and the frequency of occurrences.
learnings lead to nowhere. MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
 Nominal Scale. It concerns with categorical data. It simply means Mean ( x∨X ). Most widely used measure of the central tendency. It
using numbers to label categories. is the arithmetic average of all the scores. The mean can be
 Ordinal Scale: It concerns with ranked data. There are instances determined by adding all the scores together and then by dividing by
wherein comparison is necessary and cannot be avoided the total number of scores.
 Interval Scale: It deals with measurement data. In the nominal
scale, we use numbers to label categories while in the ordinal
scale we use numbers to merely provide information regarding
greater than or less than.
Median is the point that separates the upper half from the lower half
of the distribution. It is the middle point or midpoint of any
distribution. Arranging scores to form a distribution means listing
them sequentially either highest to lowest or lowest to highest

LINEAR CORRELATION PEARSON R

The Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient or Pearson r is an
Mode it is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution statistical tool that can determine the linear association between two
distributions or groups.

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
There are three measures of variability: the range, the standard CORRELATION BETWEEN HOURS OF STUDY AND GRADES OF
deviation and the variance. STUDENTS
Range. The range, symbolized by R, describes the variability of scores
by merely providing the width of the entire distribution.

Standard Deviation. The standard deviation (SD) is the life-blood of

the variability concept.

Variance is another technique for assessing disparity in a distribution.

In the simplest sense, variance is the square of the standard deviation.
 Now let us predict the grade of students who spent the following
LEAST SQUARE REGRESSION LINE weekly study hours: 37, 22, and 8. The predicted grade of students is
around 1.17 for the student who spends 37 hours of study, 2.12 for
the one spending 22 hours of study, and just a passing grade of 3.0 for
the one engaged for eight hours of study.

LOGIC STATEMENTS
statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but
not both true and false.
simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea.
compound is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.
NOTATIONS

Negation of p, is denoted by ̴p, (read as “not p”)

 Truth value of disconjunction (OR ˅)- if at least one is true the
statement is true.

Quantifiers and their Negation

Existential Quantifiers. These are used as prefixes to assert the
existence of something. These include the word some, and the
phrases there exists and at least one. Truth Value of the Conditional (if..then ) The conditional statement
Universal Quantifiers. These are used as prefixes to assert that every is false if is true and is false. It is true in all other cases. 1 F is F
element of a given set satisfies some conditions or to deny the
existence of something. These include the words all, every, none, and
no.
Negation of statement involving Quantifiers

Truth Value of the Biconditional (if and only if ) Both true is true,
both false is true, if is false and true it is false.

TRUTH TABLE
Truth value of conjunction (AND ^)- if at least one is false the
statement is false.

TRUTH TABLE
LOGIC GATES

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION