MATTER AND MATERIALS

GRADE 9
Learner Guide
 MATTER AND MATERIALS
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

A COMPOUND
(a) A chemical compound is a chemical combination (bonding) of two or more atoms from
different elements.
(b) A compound can be composed of many identical molecules.
EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS

ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND
Complete the table below:
Name of the compound Elements in the compound Chemical formula
A. Water
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Ammonia
D. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
E. Glucose (C6H12O6)
F. Table salt
G. Baking soda / Calcium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3)

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NAMING A CHEMICAL COMPOUND

(a) There are mostly two part words in the name of a compound, e.g. MgO.
(b) The first part in the name is for the first element in the compound, e.g. CO2 – Carbon
dioxide.
(c) The second part in the name is for the second element in the compound and the number
of the elements in that compound e.g. CO2 Carbon dioxide i.e. two oxygen’s.
(d) The following words are used in the naming to indicate the number of atoms “di” for
two, “tri” for three, “tetra” for four, “penta” for five, “hexa” for six, “hepta” for 7, “octa”
for 8, “nona” for nine and “deca” for 10.
(e) The first element is named as it is whereas the second element is slightly changed, e.g.
NaCl becomes sodium chloride.
(f) If a metal reacts with a non-metal, the metal comes first and the non-metal second, e.g.
MgO, the name would be Magnesium oxide (Magnesium is a metal and it comes first
XDSWand Oxygen is a nonmetal and it comes second) e.g. SiO2 – silicon dioxide, NaCl –
sodium chloride, NaI – sodium iodide, NaF – sodium fluoride, CuO – Copper oxide, Fe2O3
– iron oxide, MgO – magnesium dioxide.
(g) If the compound has two non-metals, e.g. CO2 the first part is for the element that is
more to the left, in this case C or the one lying higher than the other and the ending
changes to –ide, e.g. CO2 - carbon dioxide, SO2 sulfur dioxide, SO3 - sulfur trioxide, etc.
(h) If a metal reacts with two non-metals and one of them is oxygen the suffix (last part)
becomes –ate, e.g. KNO3 is potassium nitrate, Na2CO3 is sodium carbonate.
(i) Another rule concerns transitional elements which have more than one ion, so that has
to be indicated in the name, e.g. Iron (II) oxide or Iron (III) oxide.
(j) Some compounds have polyatomic ions.

Polyatomic ion Formula Example Name of the compound

Sulfate SO42- MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate

Nitrate NO-3 KNO3 Potassium nitrate
Phosphate PO3-4 (NH4)3PO4 Ammonium phosphate
Carbonate CO2-3 CaCO3 Carbon carbonate
Ammonium NH4+ NH4Cl Ammonium Chloride

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Answer the following questions:
1. In the compound MgO what are the two elements?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the name of the compound MgO?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Which element is a metal and which one is a non-metal in the compound MgO?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the meaning if the words “di”, “tri”, “tetra”, “penta”, “hexa”, “hepta”, “octa”,
“nona” and “deca” in the naming of compounds.
5. What is the name of the compound NaCl?
_______________________________________________________________________

6. What do we observe in the name of the compound NaCl?

_______________________________________________________________________
7. What is the name of the compound MgCl2?
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Which rule is observed in the naming of a compound if the compound has two non-
metals?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. What are the names of the following compounds; NaCl, CuO, MgO, NaF, Si2O and SO2?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. Are the elements in the compounds: NaCl, CuO, MgO, NaF, Si2O and SO2 metals or non-
metals?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. What happens to the name if the compound has a metal reacting with two non-metals
and one of them is oxygen?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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12. What are the names of the compounds: KNO3 and Na2CO3?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. Complete the table below:
Polyatomic ion Formula Example Name of the compound

Sulfate SO42- MgSO4

Nitrate NO-3 KNO3
Phosphate PO3-4 (NH4)3PO4
Carbonate CO2-3 CaCO3
Ammonium NH4+ NH4Cl

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THE PERIODIC TABLE
1. What is the periodic table?
 It is a chart that organizes the elements by their increasing atomic numbers as well
as by their physical and chemical properties.
2. Who invented the modern periodic table?
 A Russian chemist and inventor named Dmitri Mendeleev created the modern
periodic table in 1869.
3. What ability did the periodic table have?
 The periodic table was designed to make room for and predict the existence of
elements that had not yet been discovered.

INFORMATION ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

4. How is each element represented on the periodic table?
 Each element is represented by a chemical symbol (which is a capital letter or a
capital letter and a small letter) with; the name of the element, the atomic number,
the mass number and the physical state of the element.

1. Complete The Periodic Table below by writing only the outstanding elements using a
pencil without referring to the periodic table.
2. Use the mnemonic to help you remember the elements.
A. Hi! He Lies Because Boys Can Not Operate Firearms.
B. New Nation Might Sign Peace Security Clause.
C. Arthur Kisses Carol.

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Complete the following Periodic Table

Periodic Table of the Elements

1 Fill in the blanks with the atomic symbols of the first 2
20 elements. And then write the element names in
the blanks below. Key:
3 4 Element name
5 6 7 8 9 10
Atomic number
symbol
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron Cobalt nickel 28 copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Ni
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co 58.6934 Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
44.95591 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.93805 55.845 58.9332 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.798
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium Rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Rh 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 I 54
102.9055 126.9045
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe
85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.225 92.90638 95.94 [98] 101.07 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 131.293

(1) __________________ (6) __________________ (11) __________________ (16) __________________

(2) __________________ (7) __________________ (12) __________________ (17) __________________

(3) __________________ (8) __________________ (13) __________________ (18) __________________

(4) __________________ (9) __________________ (14) __________________ (19) __________________

(5) __________________ (10) __________________ (15) __________________ (20) __________________

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ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
(a) The elements in The Periodic Table are arranged according to their increasing atomic
numbers.
(b) There are 18 groups (columns) and 7 periods (rows).
(c) Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital
(valence electrons).
(d) Elements in the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals.
Uses of some elements:
1. Hydrogen - a primary constituent of water
2. Helium - many high-tech solutions, balloons for all sectors
3. Lithium - constituent of thermonuclear weapons;
4. Beryllium - many high-tech uses. Non-sparking drill bits/saw blades. Poisonous.
Constituent in nuclear weapons.
5. Boron - cleaning material
6. Carbon - charcoal, everyday fuel; graphite (pencils) and diamonds (best friends).
7. Nitrogen - keeps oxygen from burning the world up. Found in fertilizers, most
explosives, rocket fuels.
8. Oxygen - vital constituent of the air we breathe, component of fire, etc.
9. Fluorine – tooth pastes
10. Neon - used in signage
11. Sodium – in table salt, necessary to the body for nerve operation;
12. Magnesium - alloy component;
13. Aluminum - widely used for light metal structures.
14. Silicon – in almost all electronics
15. Phosphorous - proteins and in dna itself, matches, etc.
16. Sulfur – in many explosives, for growth fertilizer;
17. Chlorine - bleaching/oxidization agent, disinfecting water or killing
microorganisms in water, etc.
18. Argon - component of the atmosphere;
19. Potassium - vital to nervous system function; important mineral for good plant
growth.
20. Calcium - component of most all plasters, animal bones, teeth and eggshells.

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Answer the following questions:
1. How many elements are there in the Periodic Table of Elements?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How are the elements in The Periodic Table of Elements arranged?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. How many groups and periods are in the periodic table?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What do elements in the same group have in common?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. What is the relationship between elements in the same period?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Mention one us of helium.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Where is nitrogen used?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. What is the importance of fluorine in dentistry?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Discuss the importance of calcium.
_____________________________________________________________________

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS TO REPRESENT REACTIONS
 When we represent a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulae (symbols), it is
called a chemical equation. C + O2 CO2
(a) Chemical reactions are usually represented with symbols:
(b) What is a chemical reaction? A reaction or chemical reaction is a chemical change
which results in the formation of new substances.

(c) When a chemical equation is expressed in words, it is called a word equation.

(d) When an equation is expressed using pictures or even models, it is a picture
equation.
(e) When symbols are used to represent chemical reaction, it is known as symbol
equation.

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Answer the following questions:

1. In the diagram above, what type of equations are represented by A, B and C?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. In equation B, how many oxygen atoms are shown on the left of the equation?
________________________________________________________________________
3. How many carbon atoms (C) are on the right of the equation?
________________________________________________________________________
4. Write a word equation for: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
_______________________________________________________________________________

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BALANCING EQUATIONS

 According to the law of conservation of matter,"matter is neither created nor

destroyed." As a result a chemical equation must have equal numbers of atoms of the
same kind on both sides of the equation.

Answer the following questions:

1. A ________________ ________________ tells the story of a chemical

reaction. ________________ are the starting substances in the reaction
while ________________ are the new substances that are formed.
2. The large numbers in front of some of the formulas are called ______________.
These numbers are used to ________________ the equation because
chemical reactions must obey the Law of _______________________ of Matter.
3. State the law of conservation of matter.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. The number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation must
be__________ because matter cannot be ____________ or ___________.
5. When balancing equations, the only numbers that can be changed are
________________; remember that ________________ must never be changed in
order to balance an equation.

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 IDENTIFYING THE ATOMS
 Let us take note of the atoms in each of the following:

CuCO3
 Cu (Copper)
 C (Carbon) and
 (Oxygen)

2(NH4)2CO3
 N (Nitrogen)
 H(Hydrogen)
 C (Carbon) and
 (Oxygen)

2CaCO3
 Ca (Calcium)
 C (Carbon) and
 (Oxygen)

CALCULATING THE NUMBERS

CuCO3
 Cu = 1 Cu
 C = 1 C and
 3xO=3O

2(NH4)2CO3
 2 x 2 x N = 4N
 2 x 2 x 4 x H = 16H ,
 2 x C = 2 and
 2x3xO=6O

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 2CaCO3
 2 x Ca = 2 Ca
 2 x C = 2 C and
 2x3xO=6O

ACTIVITY
Calculate the atoms in the following compounds:
(a) 3CaCO3
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) 3(NH4)2CO3
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) 2CuCO3
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(d) ZnSO4
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 BALANCING A GIVEN CHEMICAL EQUATION
H2 + Cl2 HCl

Identify the atoms in the equation and write them in the table
On the left How many? On the right How many?
H 2 H 1
Cl 2 Cl 1
(a) A balanced equation must have the same number of atoms on the left and on the
right. When balancin g a chemical equation, you can ONLY change the coefficient and
not the bonding ratio.
(b) What is a co-efficient? It is a the number that comes before a variable in
Mathematics.
(c) In chemistry a coefficient is a number that comes before a reactant(s) or produt(s).

On the left How many? On the right How many?

H 2 H 2
Cl 2 Cl 2

(d) There must be two hydrogens on the right, put a cofficient of 2 before the HCl to
make it 2HCl.
(e) Now looking at the table, the equation is balanced because it has the same number of
atoms on the left and right.
(f) Now the equation is balanced.
Balanced chemical equations:
 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 (Brown rusty coating)
 2Mg + O2 2MgO (White powder)
 Cu + O2 CuO (Black solid)

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 Simple rules to remember when balancing equations:
1. Law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed
during a chemical reaction but can change from one form to another.
2. Write the correct chemical equation.
3. Identify the atoms or ions on both sides (left and right) of the equation.
4. After identifying, count how many of each on both sides of the equation.
5. If you have polyatomic ions that are the same on both sides, count them as a single
unit, e.g. H2SO4, CaCO3 etc.
6. Balance those that are not balanced by using a coefficient.
7. Oxygen and hydrogen can be balanced later.
8. Keep the coefficient at its lowest possible whole number ratio.

Balance the following equations:

1. H2 + O2 H2O __________________________________________________
2. Al + O2 Al2O3 ___________________________________________________________________________
3. C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O ____________________________________________
4. Al(NO3)3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + NaNO3 _________________________________________________
5. N2 + H2 (g) NH3 _________________________________________________________________________
6. K2O + H2O (g) KOH _____________________________________________
7. H2O2(g) H2O + O2 ______________________________________________________________________
8. Fe + O2 Fe2O3 ________________________________________________
9. Mg + O2 MgO _______________________________________________
10. Cu + O2 CuO _______________________________________________

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 REACTIONS OF METALS WITH OXYGEN
THE GENERAL REACTION OF METALS WITH OXYGEN

(a) Some metals burn in the presence of oxygen.

(b) When a metal reacts with oxygen, it forms a metal oxide.
(c) The general equation for the reaction between a metal and oxygen is always:
metal + oxygen metal oxide
(d) The name of a metal oxide consists of the name of the metal reacting with oxygen
followed by the word "oxide."
(e) Let us look at some examples:
Potassium oxide: Metal is potassium followed by the word “oxide.”
Calcium oxide: Metal is calcium followed by the word “oxide.”
(f) When a metal iron reacts with oxygen it forms an iron oxide.
iron + oxygen iron oxide
Fe + O2 Fe2O3
(g) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
Mg + O2 MgO

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the product formed when metals react with oxygen?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What is the general equation for the reaction of a metal with oxygen?
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Give a word equation for the reaction of iron with oxygen.

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Give a symbol equation / chemical equation for the reaction of iron with oxygen.

_____________________________________________________________________

5. Write a word equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen.

_____________________________________________________________________

6. Give a chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium with oxygen.

_____________________________________________________________________

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 7. What are the metals in the following compound?
(a) Iron oxide: __________________________________________________
(b) Lithium oxide: _______________________________________________
(c) Magnesium oxide: ____________________________________________
(d) Sodium oxide:
8. What does the name of the metal oxide tell us about the reactants?
__________________________________________________________________
9. Metal + oxygen _____________________________________________
10. _____________ + ____________ Magnesium oxide
11. Iron + oxygen ______________
12. What is steel wool mainly made of? _________________
13. During the reaction of metals with oxygen, the oxygen gas can / cannot ________be
seen.
14. What do we call reactions where a substance burns in air? ___________________
15. The product of magnesium + oxygen is (soft / hard) ____________ in a form of a
(liquid / solid / gas) and is (white / black / yellow) _____________ in colour.

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 FORMATION OF RUST

(a) Rust is a form of iron oxide that forms when iron and materials made from iron are
exposed to air.
(b) Rust forms on iron and steel when exposed to water and oxygen.
(c) Both water and oxygen are needed for rust to occur.
(d) Sea water corrodes metals about five times faster than fresh water.
(e) Electrolyses reactions due to the salty water and high oxygen content cause metals to
corrode even faster.
(f) The product forming on iron will be iron oxide.
(g) Rust weakens equipment and structures.

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the two requirements for rust to occur? ________________________________

2. Explain how different conditions contribute towards the formation of rust by referring to
the diagram.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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3. What do you think is the use of the drying agent?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Why does rust occur more in salt water? _______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. JP noticed that cars in the coastal areas (near the sea) rust faster than in the inland.
Explain the possible reason for that.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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WAYS TO PREVENT RUSTING
There are two ways of preventing rust:
(a) Physical protection
(b) Chemical protection

Some of the methods used:

(a) Keeping away from moisture.
(b) Painting and cleaning of the material.
(c) Protective coating with thin layer of chromium (steel and iron)
 This is done by putting the metal completely in a solution of chromium salts
dissolved in water to plate the metals.
Or
 By passing electric current through a chromium solution resulting in chromium
coating the metals.
Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss some of the methods listed that you know about.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the effects of rust by mentioning the economic and the material effect on
materials.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Galvanized pipes are steel pipes dipped in a protective zinc coating to prevent
corrosion and rust. Galvanized piping was commonly installed in homes built before
1960. When it was invented, galvanized pipe was an alternative to lead pipe for
water supply lines. Today, however, we have learned that decades of exposure to
water will cause galvanized pipes to corrode and rust on the inside.

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 3.1 What are galvanized pipes?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3.2 Elaborate whether galvanized pipes corrode or not.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. Qhawe and Karen conducted an investigation over a week and recorded their findings
in the table below:
Conducted over a period of one week

Material used Conditions Observation

(a) Iron metal A Normal air Some rust
(b) Iron metal B Air and no water No rust
(c) Iron metal C Water and dissolved air Rusty
(d) Iron metal D Water but no air No rust
(e) Iron metal E Water, air and salt Very rusty

4.1 What conclusion can be drawn from their findings?

_________________________________________________________________________

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REACTIONS OF NON-METALS WITH OXYGEN
The general reaction of non-metals with oxygen
(a) Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides.
(b) The name of the product will have the non metal name and the word “oxide”, e.g.
carbon dioxide.
(c) When a non-metal burns in excess oxygen or react with oxygen, the general equation is
always: non-metal + oxygen non-metal oxide
(d) Carbon (sometimes in a form of coal) and sulphur are some of the non-metals reacting
with oxygen.
(e) Coal is a form of carbon used as fuel for energy and is one of the primary fossil fuels that
humans use to generate electricity.
coal + oxygen carbon dioxide
C + O2 CO2

(f) Sulfur is burned to produce sulphur compounds such as SO2 and SO3 used to produce
sulphuric acid, fertilizers and to control pests, fungi and mould.
Sulphur + oxygen sulphur dioxide
S + O2 SO2

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Write the chemical equations for:
1. carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
________________________________________________________________________
2. sulphur + oxygen sulphur dioxide
________________________________________________________________________
3. Balance the following equation: P + O2 P2O5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. When a non-metal reacts with oxygen the product of the reaction is a

____________________________________________________________________

5. For the reaction between oxygen and carbon:

(a) Write the word equation
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Draw the picture equation
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Write the chemical equation
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between sulphur and oxygen.
____________________________________________________________________

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ACIDS & BASES, AND pH VALUE

The concept of pH value

(a) pH is a measure of acidity of basicity of a substance.

(b) pH stands for power of hydrogen which is the concentration of hydrogen in a solution.
(c) pH ranges from 0 – 14 with acids ranging from 0
to 7 and bases from 7 to 14.
(d) A strong acid has a low pH value and a strong
base has a high pH value.
(e) Neutral substances have a pH of 7.
(f) Indicators are substances that change colour in a base or acid.
(g) Chemical indicators such as universal indicator, litmus paper, red cabbage water,
turmeric water, bromothymol blue, phenolphthalein are used as indicators.
(h) A universal indicator displays colour which can be compared to a color chart or scale to
determine the approximate pH of the solution.
(i) A universal indicator contains a mixture of several different pH indicators, such as
phenolphthalein, methyl orange, bromothymol blue and thymol blue.
(j) Acids colour change is towards yellow in the universal indicator and for bases it is
towards blue and purple.
(k) Neutral substances change universal indicator to green.
Answer the following questions:

1. What is pH?
________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the pH range?

________________________________________________________________________

3. How does the acid range in the pH scale compare to the base range?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is an indicator?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Mention three indicators that you know.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Discuss the advantage of using a universal indicator.
___________________________________________________________________________

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Do the following pH Worksheet:

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 REACTIONS OF ACIDS WITH BASES: PART I
NEUTRALISATION AND pH

(a) The reaction between a base and an acid is known as neutralisation reaction.
(b) Since acids have a pH of less than 7 and bases of greater than 7, reacting a base and
an acid brings the pH closer to 7 which is neutral that is why it is called neutralisation.
(c) Reacting a base with an acidic solution makes it less acidic and vice versa.
(d) The pH, in neutralisation reactions, is influenced by the strength of the base or acid
used.
(e) This implies that when a strong acid reacts with a weak base the solution is likely to
be acidic and vice versa.
(f) Non-metal oxides such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide carbon
dioxide are normally acidic or have a low pH value.
(a) The following compounds have a basic pH or pH greater than 7:
1. Metal oxides such as Iron oxide (Fe2O3), Magnesium oxide MgO, etc.),
The name has the name of the metal and the word “oxide”.
2. Metal hydroxide such as Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Calcium hydroxide (CaOH,
etc.
The name has the name of the metal and the word “hydroxide”
3. Metal carbonates such as Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Sodium carbonate
(NaCO3, etc.
The name has the name of the metal and the word “carbonate”.

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Answer the following questions:

1. What do we call the reaction between a base and an acid?

____________________________________________________________________
2. Karen wanted to observe the change in pH in a reaction between vinegar and baking
soda (sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Which one between the two reactants is an acid
and which one is a base?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Maria observed that the pH of the two substances decreased as she kept on adding
vinegar. Discuss why this is the case.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. If we add a base to an acid, what will happen to the pH of the mixture?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What does it mean when the pH increases or decreases?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Which substances you have studied in this section have a low pH value?
_____________________________________________________________________

7. What are those substances with a low pH value?

_____________________________________________________________________

8. Give two examples of metal oxides.

_____________________________________________________________________

9. Mention two examples of metal hydroxides.

_____________________________________________________________________

10. Give two examples of metal carbonates.

_____________________________________________________________________

11. Which compounds in this section have a pH of greater than 7?

_____________________________________________________________________

12. What does the name of a metal oxide tell you?

_____________________________________________________________________
13. What information can be deduced from the name of a metal hydroxide?
_____________________________________________________________________
14. What explanation can be given about the name of a metal carbonate?
_____________________________________________________________________

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Reactions of acids with bases: Part II
The general reaction of an acid with a metal oxide (base)

1. Acids react with metal oxides (base) to produce salt and water.
2. The type of salt depends on the acid and metal oxide used.
3. The general eqation is always: Acid + metal oxide salt + water.

Hydrochloric acid + magnesium oxide magnesium chloride + water

2HCl + MgO MgCl2 + H 2O

Acid Metal oxide Salt Water

Application:
(a) Sulfur dioxide gas released when burning coal and oil for energy production, sulphur
dioxide is also released into the atmosphere.
(b) In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphurous acid.
(c) The acid reacts with oxygen form sulphuric acid which is eventually deposited on the
Earth surface as acid rain.
(SO2 + H2O H2SO3)
(d) Acid rain affect water in rivers, dams, for instance and affect plants, animals,
buildings, etc.
(e) Farmers use limestone (CaCO3) to neutralise an acidic soil.

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Answer the following questions:

1. Which two products are formed from the reaction of a metal oxide with an acid?
________________________________________________________________________
2. Which factors determine the type of salt formed?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Give the general equation for the reaction of an acid with a metal oxide.
________________________________________________________________________
4. What causes the emission the gas sulphur dioxide in industries?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Briefly explain how acid rain is formed.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. How does acid rain affect our water?
________________________________________________________________________
7. How are animals and other organisms living in the water affected by acid rain?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Discuss why farmers use Limestone (CaCO3) to neutralise acidic soil.
________________________________________________________________________
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NS Grade 9 Term 2 Learner Guide 30 Djac

THE GENERAL REACTION OF AN ACID WITH A METAL HYDROXIDE (BASE)

(a) Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides such as calcium hydroxide, sodium
hydroxides etc.
(b) The hydroxides formed when metals react with water a basic.
(c) When a metal hydroxide, which is a base, react with an acid it forms salt and water.
(d) The type of salt formed depends on the metal hydroxide and the acid used.
(e) The general equation is: acid + metal hydroxide salt + water
(f) Example: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide (base) sodium chloride +
water

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Acid Metal hydroxide Salt Water

Answer the following questions:

1. Give two examples of metal hydroxides.

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2. What kind of hydroxides are formed when metals react with water?
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3. What are the two products formed when a metal hydroxide reacts with an acid?
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4. What is the general equation for the reaction of metal hydroxide with an acid?
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5. Write an equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
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6. In the equation below, identify the acid, base and salt.

H2SO4 + KOH K2SO4 + H 2O

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NS Grade 9 Term 2 Learner Guide 31 Djac