Section 1.

2 Solutions and Initial Value Problems 13

Example 8 For the initial value problem

dy
(11) 3 ! x2 " xy3 , y(1) ! 6 ,
dx
does Theorem 1 imply the existence of a unique solution?
Solution Dividing by 3 to conform to the statement of the theorem, we identify f A x, y B as A x2 " xy3 B /3
and 0f / 0y as "xy2. Both of these functions are continuous in any rectangle containing the
point (1, 6), so the hypotheses of Theorem 1 are satisfied. It then follows from the theorem
that the initial value problem (11) has a unique solution in an interval about x ! 1 of the form
A 1 " d,1 # d B , where d is some positive number. ◆

Example 9 For the initial value problem

dy
(12) ! 3y 2/3 , y A2B ! 0 ,
dx
does Theorem 1 imply the existence of a unique solution?

Solution Here f A x, y B ! 3y 2/3 and 0f / 0y ! 2y "1/3. Unfortunately 0f / 0y is not continuous or even defined
when y ! 0. Consequently, there is no rectangle containing A 2, 0 B in which both f and 0f / 0y are
continuous. Because the hypotheses of Theorem 1 do not hold, we cannot use Theorem 1 to
determine whether the initial value problem does or does not have a unique solution. It turns out
that this initial value problem has more than one solution. We refer you to Problem 29 and
Group Project G of Chapter 2 for the details. ◆

In Example 9 suppose the initial condition is changed to y A 2 B ! 1 . Then, since f and 0f / 0y

are continuous in any rectangle that contains the point A 2, 1 B but does not intersect the x-axis—
say, R ! E A x, y B : 0 6 x 6 10, 0 6 y 6 5F—it follows from Theorem 1 that this new initial
value problem has a unique solution in some interval about x ! 2.

1.2 EXERCISES
1. (a) Show that y 2 # x " 3 ! 0 is an implicit solution (c) Show that f A x B ! x 2 " x "1 is an explicit solu-
to dy / dx ! "1 / A 2y B on the interval A "q, 3 B . tion to x 2d 2y / dx 2 ! 2y on the interval A 0, q B .
(b) Show that xy 3 " xy 3 sin x = 1 is an implicit solu-
tion to In Problems 3–8, determine whether the given function is
dy A x cos x # sin x " 1 B y a solution to the given differential equation.
!
dx 3 A x " x sin x B 3. x ! 2 cos t " 3 sin t , x – # x ! 0
on the interval A 0, p / 2 B . d 2y
4. y ! sin x # x 2 , # y ! x2 # 2
2. (a) Show that f A x B ! x 2 is an explicit solution to dx 2
dy dx
x ! 2y 5. x ! cos 2t , # tx ! sin 2t
dx dt
on the interval A "q, q B . d 2u du
6. u ! 2e 3t " e 2t , "u # 3u ! "2e 2t
(b) Show that f A x B ! e x " x is an explicit solution to dt 2 dt
dy 7. y ! 3 sin 2x # e "x , y– # 4y ! 5e "x
# y 2 ! e 2x # A 1 " 2x B e x # x 2 " 1
dx d 2y dy
8. y ! e 2x " 3e "x , " " 2y ! 0
on the interval A "q, q B . dx 2
dx
14 Chapter 1 Introduction

In Problems 9–13, determine whether the given relation interval can be quite small (if c is small) or quite
is an implicit solution to the given differential equation. large (if c is large). Notice also that there is no clue
Assume that the relationship does define y implicitly as a from the equation dy / dx ! 2xy 2 itself, or from the
function of x and use implicit differentiation. initial value, that the solution will “blow up” at
dy 2xy x ! $c.
9. y " ln y ! x 2 # 1 , !
dx y"1 19. Show that the equation A dy / dx B 2 # y2 # 4 ! 0 has
dy x no (real-valued) solution.
10. x 2 # y 2 ! 4 , ! 20. Determine for which values of m the function
dx y
dy e "xy " y f A x B ! e mx is a solution to the given equation.
11. e xy # y ! x " 1 , ! "xy d 2y dy
dx e #x
(a) #6 # 5y ! 0
dy dx 2 dx
12. x 2 " sin A x # y B ! 1 , ! 2x sec A x # y B " 1
dx d 3y d 2y dy
3
13. sin y # xy " x ! 2 , (b) 3
#3 2
#2 !0
dx dx dx
6xy¿ # A y¿ B 3sin y " 2 A y¿ B 2 21. Determine for which values of m the function
y– !
3x 2 " y f A x B ! x m is a solution to the given equation.
14. Show that f A x B ! c1 sin x # c2 cos x is a solution to d 2y dy
(a) 3x 2 # 11x " 3y ! 0
d 2y / dx 2 # y ! 0 for any choice of the constants c1 dx 2
dx
and c2. Thus, c1 sin x # c2 cos x is a two-parameter d 2ydy
family of solutions to the differential equation. (b) x 2 " x " 5y ! 0
dx 2 dx
15. Verify that f A x B ! 2 / A 1 " ce x B , where c is an arbi-
trary constant, is a one-parameter family of solutions to 22. Verify that the function f A x B ! c1e x # c2e "2x is a
solution to the linear equation
dy y A y " 2B
! . d 2y dy
dx 2 # " 2y ! 0
dx 2 dx
Graph the solution curves corresponding to c ! 0,
$1, $2 using the same coordinate axes. for any choice of the constants c1 and c2. Determine
16. Verify that x 2 # cy 2 ! 1, where c is an arbitrary c1 and c2 so that each of the following initial condi-
nonzero constant, is a one-parameter family of tions is satisfied.
implicit solutions to (a) y A 0 B ! 2 , y¿ A 0 B ! 1
(b) y A 1 B ! 1 , y¿ A 1 B ! 0
dy xy
! 2
dx x "1
In Problems 23–28, determine whether Theorem 1 implies
and graph several of the solution curves using the that the given initial value problem has a unique solution.
same coordinate axes.
dy
17. Show that f A x B ! Ce 3x # 1 is a solution to 23. ! y4 " x4 , y A0B ! 7
dx
dy / dx " 3y ! "3 for any choice of the constant C.
Thus, Ce3x # 1 is a one-parameter family of solu- dy
24. " ty ! sin2t , y A pB ! 5
tions to the differential equation. Graph several dt
of the solution curves using the same coordinate dx
axes. 25. 3x # 4t ! 0 , x A 2 B ! "p
dt
18. Let c 7 0. Show that the function f A x B !
(c2 " x 2)"1 is a solution to the initial value prob- dx
26. # cos x ! sin t , x A pB ! 0
lem dy / dx ! 2xy 2 , y(0) ! 1 / c2 , on the interval dt
"c 6 x 6 c. Note that this solution becomes dy
27. y !x , y A1B ! 0
unbounded as x approaches $c. Thus, the solution dx
exists on the interval ("d, d) with d ! c, but not for dy 3
larger d. This illustrates that in Theorem 1 the existence 28. ! 3x " 2 y"1 , y A2B ! 1
dx