Scribd
Upload
24 views9 pages

1 3 3-Principal-Stress

This document discusses principal stress, which involves transforming a stress tensor into a new coordinate system where the shear stress components are zero, resulting in three normal stress components known as the principal stresses. It explains how to calculate principal stresses through solving an eigenvalue problem and how principal stresses can indicate material failure conditions.

Uploaded by

Klaus Mikealson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views9 pages

1 3 3-Principal-Stress

This document discusses principal stress, which involves transforming a stress tensor into a new coordinate system where the shear stress components are zero, resulting in three normal stress components known as the principal stresses. It explains how to calculate principal stresses through solving an eigenvalue problem and how principal stresses can indicate material failure conditions.

Uploaded by

Klaus Mikealson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

• DECEMBER 2019

Principal Stress

Stress and Local Equilibrium – Lesson 3


Principal Stress: Coordinate Transformation

The nine values of a stress tensor are not absolute. With a different coordinate system, the values are
different, but they can still represent the same stress status.

Round bar section under torsion load


• If we set an infinitesimal cube as position a, the stress status will be pure shear.
• If we rotate the cube by 45°, the internal force will be transformed to normal force.
• These two represent the same stress state with different tensor expressions.
Coordinate system of the two tensors are different:

J is the polar moment of inertia of cross section area


C is the distance from the center to the material point
Principal Stress: Coordinate Transformation (cont.)

Why is coordinate transformation needed?


Round bar section under torsion load
• For a ductile material, e.g., metal, engineers are interested in the shear stress value of the material, because ductile material
fails when the shear stress reaches a certain value.
• For a brittle material, e.g., ceramic, engineers are looking at the normal stress value, because ceramic materials usually fail
due to normal stresses.

Ductile material: T’
fails at max shear A
T

Brittle material:
B
fails at max normal
Principal Stress

The principal stresses are the components of the stress tensor when the basis is changed in such a way that
the shear stress components become zero.

1 Sum up the three vectors on top surface, we have a new vector 𝜎𝑝

2 This 𝜎𝑝 can replace the original 𝜎𝑧𝑧, 𝜎𝑧𝑥 and 𝜎𝑧𝑦 to represent the stress on face z.

3 If we decompose 𝜎𝑝 to the x, y, z axes of the coordinate system, we will get the original
three components.
Principal Stress (cont.)

4 Rotate the infinitesimal cube to a position where the face is normal to 𝜎𝑝

5 Identify a new coordinate system x’, y’, z’

6 In this new coordinate system, 𝜎𝑝 only has values on z’ axis. This 𝜎𝑝 is a principal stress of the original stress state.

7 Similarly, we can explain principal stress on the other two faces. Indices 1, 2 and 3 are used to denote the principal stress
Principal Stress (cont.)
• We start with a cube with nine stress components and rotate this to a cube with three stress components.
• For the principal stress, the three components are on the diagonal of the tensor.
• Although they look very different, these two stress expressions represent exactly the same stress component.
• The reason they look different is that they are written in different coordinate systems.

Original Coordinates System Principal Coordinates System


Principal Stress: An Eigenvalue Problem
We have learned from the physical interpretation of principal stress that we can find three surfaces
where only normal stresses exist. However, to find the principal stress for a stress tensor, we cannot
rotate the face to do tests and trials. Mathematically, principal stresses are the eigenvalues of a stress
tensor.
• Principal stresses are solved as eigenvalue λ of the stress tensor
Eigenvalue λ

Find mathematic derivation


Square matrix A Eigenvector X of eigenvalue problem from
here.
Principal Stress: Material Failure
Principal stress can be used to determine material failure.

• Engineers are interested in principal stress because principal stress can be an indicator to
determine if the material has failed or not.
• Maximum normal stress failure criteria:

𝜎1 ≥ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 Ultimate tensile strength


or
𝜎3 ≥ 𝑆𝑢𝑐 Ultimate compression strength

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy