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Lecture 2: Course Instructor: Md. Safiqul Islam Md. Safiqul Islam

This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on digital signal processing and transmission methods, including: 1) Baseband transmission requires a channel with very wide bandwidth, while broadband transmission requires first converting a digital signal to analog for transmission over a bandpass channel. 2) Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing an analog signal based on digital data and includes techniques like binary frequency shift keying and phase shift keying. 3) Analog-to-digital conversion represents analog information as digital data using pulse code modulation, sampling the signal according to the Nyquist rate. 4) Data transmission can be parallel, sending multiple bits at once, or serial using asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous

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44 views40 pages

Lecture 2: Course Instructor: Md. Safiqul Islam Md. Safiqul Islam

This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on digital signal processing and transmission methods, including: 1) Baseband transmission requires a channel with very wide bandwidth, while broadband transmission requires first converting a digital signal to analog for transmission over a bandpass channel. 2) Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing an analog signal based on digital data and includes techniques like binary frequency shift keying and phase shift keying. 3) Analog-to-digital conversion represents analog information as digital data using pulse code modulation, sampling the signal according to the Nyquist rate. 4) Data transmission can be parallel, sending multiple bits at once, or serial using asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous

Uploaded by

Md Atiqur Rahman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Lecture2 Lecture 2

CourseInstructor: Md.Safiqul Md. Safiqul Islam

Bandwidthsoftwolowpasschannels

BasebandTransmission Baseband Transmission


Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital signal is possible only if we have a lowpass channel with an infinite or very wide bandwidth.

Md.Safiqul islam

BroadbandTransmission Broadband Transmission


If the available channel is a bandpass channel, channel we cannot send the digital signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before transmission.

Md.Safiqul islam

DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of Digital-tochanging one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data. data.

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Digital to analog Digital-to-analog conversion

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Types of digital-to-analog conversion digital to analog

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Types of digital-to-analog conversion digital to analog

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DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Bitrate
th thenumberofbitspersecond. b f bit d

Baudrate
thenumberofsignalelementspersecond.

Intheanalogtransmissionofdigitaldata,the baudrateislessthanorequaltothebitrate.
Md.Safiqul islam 9

DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit rate. Solution In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from

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DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

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Binary frequency shift keying

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Figure 5.9 Bi 5 9 Binary phase shift keying h hift k i

5.13

Figure 5.12 C 5 12 Concept of a constellation diagram t f t ll ti di

Figure 5.13 Th constellation diagrams 5 13 Three t ll ti di

Quadrature amplitudemodulationisa combinationofASKandPSK. combination of ASK and PSK

5.16

Figure 5.14 The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations

ANALOG-TOANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Analog-to-analog conversion Analog-to the representation of analog i f h i f l information b an i by analog signal. signal. O may ask why we need t modulate an analog One k h d to d l t l signal; signal; it is already analog. analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to us. us.
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Figure 5.15 T 5 15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation f l t l d l ti

5.19

Figure 5.16 A lit d modulation 5 16 Amplitude d l ti

5.20

Figure 5.17 AM band allocation 5 17 b d ll ti

5.21

Figure 5.18 F 5 18 Frequency modulation d l ti

5.22

Figure 5.19 FM band allocation 5 19 b d ll ti

5.23

ANALOG-TOANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
We have seen in Chapter 3 that a digital signal is p g g superior to an analog signal. The tendency today is to signal. change an analog signal to digital data. data.

Topicsdiscussedinthissection:
PulseCodeModulation(PCM)

4.24

Figure4.21ComponentsofPCMencoder Figure 4 21 C t f PCM d

4.25

Figure4.22ThreedifferentsamplingmethodsforPCM

4.26

Note

According to the Nyquist theorem, the A di t th N i t th th sampling rate must be at least 2 ti tl t times th highest frequency the hi h t f contained in the signal.

4.27

Figure4.26Quantizationandencodingofasampledsignal

4.28

4.29

Figure4.23Nyquistsamplingrateforlowpassandbandpasssignals Figure 4 23 N i t li t f l db d i l

4.30

4-3 TRANSMISSION MODES


The transmission of binary data across a link can be f y accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. In mode. parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock tick. tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick. tick. While there is only one way to send parallel data, there are three subclasses of serial transmission: transmission: asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous. isochronous. Topicsdiscussedinthissection:
ParallelTransmission SerialTransmission Serial Transmission
4.31

Figure4.31Datatransmissionandmodes Figure 4 31 D t t i i d d

4.32

Figure4.32Paralleltransmission Figure 4 32 P ll l t i i

4.33

Figure4.33Serialtransmission Figure 4 33 S i l t i i

4.34

Note

In I asynchronous transmission, we send h t i i d 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1 ) at th end of each t bit (1s) t the d f h byte. There may be a gap between each byte. hb t

4.35

Note

Asynchronous here means A h h asynchronous at the byte level, but th bit b t the bits are still synchronized; till h i d their durations are the same.

4.36

Figure4.34Asynchronoustransmission Figure 4 34 A h t i i

4.37

Note

In I synchronous transmission, we send h t i i d bits one after another without start or stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility t bit i th ibilit of the receiver to group the bits.

4.38

Figure4.35Synchronoustransmission Figure 4 35 S h t i i

4.39

Reading Instructions
Section 4.2 and 4.3 Ch Chapter 5

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