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International

Handbook of

Earthquake

Engineering
International
Handbook of
Earthquake
Engineering
(odes~ Programs~

and Examples

edited by Mario Paz

Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Louisville, Kentucky

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV
The computer programs developed to implement the seismic codes for the various countries included in this handbook are
available, separately directly from the contributors, or as a complete set from MICROTEXT, P.O. Box 35101, Louisville,
Kentucky 40232, USA. Technical questions, corrections, and requests for additional information should be directed to this
address or directly to the corresponding contributor.
Extreme care has been taken in preparing the programs used in this handbook. Extensive testing and checking have been
performed to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the computer solutions. However, neither the editor, nor the authors,
nor the publisher shall be held responsible or liable for any damage arising from the use of any of the programs in this
handbook.

Cover photo: Earthquake in Guatemala City, M.Sgt. Cari D. Martin, US Army

Cover design: Trudi Gershenov

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Chapman & Hali, Inc. in 1994
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 18t edition 1994

Ali rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or by an information
storage or retrieval system, without permis sion in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Paz, Mario.
International handbook of earthquake engineering : codes,
programs, and examples / Mario Paz.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5859-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-2069-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2069-6
1. Earthquake resistant design-Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Earthquake engineering-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title.
T A658.44.P395 1994
624.1 ,762-dc20 94-18577
CIP

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available

to her eyes
that are filled
with dewsong
and light
of new morning
to her laughter
which sings sweet notes
ofmoonsong
to her hands
that spill the art
of lines and curves
and all of
God's colors. . .

to Jean

Sylvia T. Weinberg
Contents

Foreword ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Contributors xiv

PART I INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING

Chapter 1 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 3

Mario Paz

Chapter 2 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 10

Farzad Naeim and Mario Paz

Chapter 3 Structures Modeled by Generalized Coordinates 30

Mario Paz

Chapter 4 Structures Modeled as Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems 37

Mario Paz

PART II EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS: COUNTRIES IN SEISMIC

REGIONS

Chapter 5 Algeria 57
Abdenour Sa/hi and Mokhtar Daoudi

Chapter 6 Argentina 65
Fernando A. M. Reyna, Bibiana M. Luccioni and Ricardo D. Ambrosini

vi
 Contents vii

Chapter 7 Australia 84
David B. Crawley and Michael C. Griffith

Chapter 8 Bulgaria 100

Ludmil Tzenov and Elena Vasseva

Chapter 9 Canada 111

David T. Lau and J. L. Humar

Chapter 10 Chile 127

Arturo Cifuentes

Chapter 11 China 143

Ye Yaoxian

Chapter 12 Colombia 156

Luis E. Garcia

Chapter 13 Costa Rica 175

Jose Luis Barzuna de Dna

Chapter 14 Egypt 195

Fouad H. Fouad

Chapter 15 EI Salvador 205

Celso S, Alfaro

Chapter 16 France 215

Auguste Boissonnade

Chapter 17 Greece 232

George C. Manos

Chapter 18 Hungary 249

Gyorgy Vertes

Chapter 19 India 256

Sudhir K. Jain, Brijesh Chandra and D. K. Paul

Chapter 20 Indonesia 277

Suradjin Sutjipto

Chapter 21 Iran 296

J. P. Mohsen

Chapter 22 Israel 307

Jacob Gluck

Chapter 23 Italy 317

Gianmario Benzoni and Carmelo Gentile

Chapter 24 Japan 331

Yoshikazu Kitagawa and Fumio Takino

Chapter 25 Mexico 342

Roberto Villaverde
viii Contents

Chapter 26 New Zealand 361

Thomas Paulay and Athol James Carr

Chapter 27 Peru 377

Gianfranco Ottazzi and Daniel Quiun

Chapter 28 Portugal 389

Joao Azevedo

Chapter 29 Puerto Rico 401

Luis E. Suarez

Chapter 30 Romania 416

Gelu Onu

Chapter 31 Spain 431

Alex H. Barbat and Mario Paz

Chapter 32 Taiwan 447

Yohchia Chen and Julius P. Wong

Chapter 33 Thailand 454

Panitan Lukkunaprasit

Chapter 34 Turkey 462

Turan Durgunoglu

Chapter 35 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

(Currently known as Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS]) 472
Vladimir N. Alekhin

Chapter 36 United States of America (USA) 485

Mario Paz

Chapter 37 Venezuela 515

William Lobo-Quintero and Edward D. Thomson

Chapter 38 (Former) Yugoslavia 528

Dimitar Jurukovski and Pre drag Gavrilovic

Appendix 536

Diskette Order Form 541

Index 543

Note: For more detailed information, see individual chapter outlines at chapter opening.
Foreword

The subject of earthquake engineering has been the focus of my teaching and research for many years. Thus, when
Mario Paz, the editor of this handbook, asked me to write a Foreword, I was interested and honored by his
request.
Worldwide, people are beginning to understand the severity of the danger to present and future generations
caused by the destruction of the environment. Earthquakes pose a similar threat; thus, the proper use of methods
for earthquake-resistant design and construction is vitally important for countries that are at high risk of being
subjected to strong-motion earthquakes. Most seismic activity is the result of tectonic earthquakes. Tectonic
earthquakes are very special events in that, although they occur frequently, their probability of becoming natural
hazards for a specific urban area is very small. When a severe earthquake does occur near an urban area, however,
its consequences are very large in terms of structural destruction and human suffering.
On the average, more than 10,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, of which about 60 are significant or
potentially destructive. Between 1890 and 1993, more than 10,000 people were killed and 500,000 were left
homeless by earthquakes, per year (on a yearly average). Furthermore, the psychological effect on the millions of
people who live through major earthquakes is enormous; the experience inspires a complex fear that lasts for many
years. It is, therefore, very important to investigate the reasons for earthquake disasters and to undertake the
necessary steps to eliminate or mitigate their potentially catastrophic consequences.
Most of the human and economic losses resulting from a severe earthquake are due to failures of human-made
facilities such as buildings and lifelines (dams, bridges, transportation systems, etc.). Although we cannot avert the
occurrence of earthquakes, we can avoid their catastrophic effects.
Four conditions determine the occurrence of an earthquake disaster in a region. The first is the magnitude of the
earthquake: a small earthquake will not induce groundshaking severe enough to produce extensive damage. The
second is the distance between the earthquake source and the urban areas of the region; at large distances the
groundshaking is attenuated to a level that cannot cause serious damage. 1 The third is the size and distribution of
the population and the level of economic development. The fourth condition is the degree of earthquake
preparedness, particularly regarding the methods of design and construction. Clearly, earthquake hazard involves
not only the seismicity of the region, but also the population density, the economic development, and the degree
of preparedness. Obviously, the potential disaster to an urban center increases when the earthquake magnitude is
larger, the earthquake source is closer, the population is larger, the economic development is greater, and the
earthquake preparedness program and its implementation are poorer.

lUnder special conditions, however, earthquake damage can occur at distances greater than 240 km from the source (which has usually been
assumed as the maximum distance to produce damage). For example, the source distance was 400 km in the 1957 and 1985 Mexico earthquakes
and over 900 km in the 1972 Caucete, Argentina earthquake.

ix
x Foreword

Even though seismicity remains constant, the rapid and, in most cases, uncontrolled increases in population,
urbanization, and economic development in urban areas are not being counterbalanced by an adequate increase in
preparedness. 2 There is an urgent need to reduce the seismic risk to urban areas. The solution is to regulate the
built environment because this allows control of the earthquake hazards, which are consequences of the interaction
of seismic activity (which cannot be controlled) with the vulnerability of the human-made environment (which can
be controlled).
An effective approach to mitigate the destructive effects of earthquakes is the proper enforcement of the
knowledge that is currently available for designing, constructing, and maintaining new earthquake-resistant
structures and upgrading existing seismically hazardous structures. In practice, the design and construction of most
earthquake-resistant structures generally follow seismic code provisions. Specific seismic code regulations for
design and construction are different in each country, even though the problems that are created by earthquake
ground motions and the application of basic concepts that govern earthquake-resistant design of structure are the
same around the world. The differences in the seismic codes occur because basic concepts have to be specifically
applied and quantified in each country according to its seismic activity, the education and experience of its
professionals, its level of building technology, and its socio-economic conditions.
Modern seismic codes attempt to implement in relatively simple ways the most recent technological advances;
however, they may actually obscure the limitations implicit in their regulations. It is, therefore, of utmost
importance that structural engineers receive sufficient background in structural dynamics, which governs the
response of structures to earthquake excitations, so that they can judge the limitations of their local code
specifications. However, currently most structural engineers have limited their education in earthquake
engineering to the practice of applying a code in the design of ordinary or standard structures, which compose the
bulk of modern construction.
The International Handbook of Earthquake Engineering: Codes, Programs, and Examples, edited by Mario Paz,
will be of great interest both to engineers practicing in the field of earthquake engineering and to students and
teachers of courses on earthquake-resistant design, because it presents the basic theory of structural dynamics
applied to earthquake-resistant analysis and design. Of equal importance, the information presented about the
seismic codes that are enforced in a large number of countries can be a source for propagating better engineering
methods around the world.
The handbook is well conceived and organized. Part I recapitulates the main theoretical topics in structural
dynamics and earthquake engineering. In Part II, the reader will find 34 chapters corresponding to 34 countries
located in regions with strong seismic activity. In addition to describing and illustrating the uses of the current
seismic codes for each country, each chapter contains illustrative examples of building design that use computer
programs specifically developed to implement the code regulations for that country.
I believe that this handbook will be enthusiastically received by professionals, educators, and students in the
field of earthquake engineering. I congratulate the editor and the authors of the various chapters for their valuable
achievement.

Vitelmo Bertero
Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

2For example, in terms of population and economic development, the disaster potential in California is now at least ten times what it was at
the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
Preface

As a result of my consulting experience with engineers and industry in seismically active areas around the globe, I
learned that much effort has to be devoted to understand, interpret, and properly apply the provisions in a
building code. In some cases, the effort is a result of unfamiliarity with the language in which the code is written;
in other cases, the difficulty is caused by either lack of clarity or lack of sufficient explanations of the code. These
experiences led me to plan a handbook that would describe and implement the provisions of the seismic code for
earthquake-resistant design of buildings for countries in active seismic regions. I conducted a survey of professional
engineers to obtain their opinion of the value of such a handbook. The results of my informal survey encouraged
me to proceed with the preparation of this handbook.
From its inception, I decided that the handbook should contain a chapter for each selected country. Therefore,
my first task was to locate qualified contributors for each country that was to be included in the handbook. Of the
contributors, a few were friends or acquaintances, some were prospective contributors that I contacted after I had
examined papers published in technical journals or proceedings from international conferences on earthquake
engineering, and others were located indirectly through contacts with universities or engineering societies.
The contributors were given general guidelines for the preparation of their chapters. I indicated that the chapter
for each country should contain an introductory paragraph about the pertinent geography and the geology of the
country, a brief regional history of recent strong-motion earthquakes, and a recapitulation of the main
developments in the seismic code. The body of the chapter was to be devoted to a presentation of the provisions of
the code in simple and clear language. This presentation was to include an example of a numerical problem for a
building of four to six stories. Also, I requested that a computer program be developed by the contributor to apply
the provisions of the seismic code in the solution of a sample numerical problem for a larger building.
My next step was to prepare and send a model chapter to the prospective authors so that they could follow a
format that would provide a satisfactory degree of consistency throughout the chapters. However, the reader of
this handbook will notice that diversity exists among the chapters written by the contributing experts. Some
chapters are brief and concise, while others are extended and detailed. There is no doubt that such variations
resulted from differences in the interpretation of the objectives that I sent to each author; I accepted the variations
as an indication of the diversity of viewpoints. My decision was based on the perception that the contributors of
the handbook are highly qualified professionals in their respective countries. The authors are engineers who are
active in seismic-resistant design, many are affiliated with universities; some are also members of committees
responsible for revising or updating their country's seismic code for earthquake-resistant design.
This handbook contains two parts: Part I has four chapters that recapitulate the subjects of structural dynamics
and earthquake engineering; Part II contains 34 chapters that present the design of structures according to the
provisions of the seismic code for each of the 34 countries included in the handbook. Most of the material
presented in Part I can be found in other publications, including the textbook on structural dynamics written by the
editor of this handbook. Part I gives the reader basic information about structural dynamics and earthquake

xi
xii Preface

engineering and provides cross-references to the various chapters of the handbook. In Part II of the handbook, I
have tried to maintain a uniform nomenclature of symbols commonly used in earthquake engineering with the
exception of cases where a differing author's decision was accepted as final.
This handbook includes an appendix on Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquakes. This appendix provides a
readily available reference to the various definitions currently in use in different countries for measuring the
magnitude of an earthquake and the intensity at a given locality.
The computer programs developed to implement the seismic codes for the various countries included in this
handbook, are available, separately, directly from their respective contributors. These programs are also available
from the editor, as a set, which includes all the programs in an interactive menu-driven package. A convenient
form to order the complete set of programs is provided at the end of this handbook.
The editor believes the reader will find that this handbook serves as a major source for seismic-resistant design
for the countries included.
Acknowledgments

I am indebted to many people for their help. First, I extend my thanks to each of the authors, who not only wrote
a chapter and developed a computer program, but also endured my constant pressure to revise, check, and
complete the chapter. I consider each of the authors a close friend even though I personally have not met some of
them. One of these friends, Dr. Farzad Naeim, editor of an excellent handbook on earthquake engineering, joined
me as coauthor of Chapter 2, Seismic Response and Design Spectra. Another friend, Dr. Alex H. Barbat of the
Universidad Politecnica de Catalufi.a, joined me as coauthor of the chapter on Spain. I am most grateful for their
contributions. A special thanks to Dr. Auguste Boissonnade who, in addition to preparing his chapter on France,
took the time to express his philosophical view of the handbook during the preparatory phase of the task. Also, I
give special thanks to Dr. Arturo Cifuentes who prepared the chapter on Chile and provided me with valuable
information about potential authors in a number of Latin American countries. I am indebted to Dean Alberto
Sarria from the Universidad de Los Andes, in Bogota, Colombia. Dean Sarria kindly authorized me to translate
material from his excellent book, Ingenieria Sismica, for inclusion in Appendix, Magnitude and Intensity of
Earthquakes. I also wish to thank Professor Luis Garcia, author of the chapter on Colombia, and Professor
William Lobo-Quintero, author of the chapter on Venezuela, who recently invited me to conduct seminars on
seismic resistant design in their respective countries.
I am most grateful to Mr. Robert D. Anderson and Mr. Joseph P. Colaco, consulting engineers in the states of
California and Texas, respectively, who most diligently reviewed my proposal to the publisher for the preparation
of this handbook; their comments and suggestions were very useful to me.
The work of compiling and editing the numerous chapters of this handbook would not have been possible
without the active support of officials and staff of the University of Louisville. I am grateful to the university
president, Dr. Donald Swain, for instituting a special group of secretaries to assist faculty members in preparing
academic materials; and to Dr. Thomas R. Hanley, dean of the Speed Scientific School, and Dr. Louis F. Cohn,
chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering, for their encouragement and approval of my sabbatical leave so
that I could devote sufficient time to the work of editing and completing this handbook. I am also grateful to the
provost of the university, Dr. Wallace Mann, who formally authorized my sabbatical leave. I also extend my
thanks to my colleague, Dr. Michael Cassaro, for his constructive discussion on a variety of topics in this
handbook; and my special thanks to Mrs. Debbie Jones for her competent typing and patience when revisions
required retyping.
Finally, I thank my wife, Jean, who not only helped me during the process of checking the structure of the
chapters in the handbook, but also most graciously allowed me to devote to this project much of the time that we
normally enjoy together. This book is duly dedicated to her.

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My task of verifying and compiling the contributions of the international group of experts in seismic-resistant
engineering would have been very difficult without the collaboration of my friend, Dr. Edwin A. Tuttle, emeritus
professor of Education, who most kindly helped me from the very beginning of this project. His primary objective
was to achieve an optimal level of readability in each chapter of the handbook; he examined each contribution and
revised the text to improve the clarity of the presentation. Dr. Tuttle met regularly with me to discuss proposed
modifications. Those modifications that increased clarity without diminishing accuracy were adopted.

Mario Paz

xiii
Contributors

-
Vladimir Nickolayevich Alekhin, Ph.D. Jose Luis Barzuna de Ona
Associate Professor Arquitectura e Ingenieria, S.A.
The Urals State Technical University - UPI P.O. Box 4755-1000
Ekaterinburg, Russia 620002 San Jose, Costa Rica
FAX: 7-343-2-441-624 TEL.: 506-21-1932 FAX: 506-22-5397
(Chapter 35: Former USSR) (Chapter 13: COSTA RICA)

Celso S. Alfaro, Gianmario Benzoni, D.E.

Professor Assistant Professor
Central American University - UCA Politecnico Di Milano
Apatado (01) 168 Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32
Autopista Sur, San Salvador, EI Salvador 20133 Milano, Italy
TEL.: 503-79-2550 FAX: 503-78-5153 TEL.: 39-2-2399-4228 FAX: 39-2-2399-4220
(Chapter 15: EL SALVADOR) (Chapter 23: ITALY)

Ricardo D. Ambrosini, M.Eng. Auguste Boissonnade, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor Project Engineer
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Tecnologia Jack R. Benjamin & Associates, Inc.
Universidad Nacional de Tucum{m 444 Castro Street, Suite 501
Lola Mora 380 Mountain View, CA 94041
4000 San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina TEL.: 1-415-969-8212 FAX: 1-415-969-6671
TEL.: 54-81-307403 FAX: 54-81-241338 (Chapter 16: FRANCE)
(Chapter 6: ARGENTINA)
Athol James Carr, Ph.D.
Joao Azevedo, Ph.D. Professor
Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering Department University of Canterbury
Instituto Superior Tecnico Christchurch, New Zealand
A v. Rovisco Pais TEL.: 03-366-7001 FAX: 03-364-2758
1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal (Chapter 26: NEW ZEALAND)
TEL.: 351-1-8473457 FAX: 351-1-8497650
(Chapter28: PORTUGAL) Brijesh Chandra, Ph.D.
Professor
Alex H. Barbat, Ph.D. Department of Earthquake Engineering
Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, University Roorkee
Canales y Puertos de Barcelona Roorkee 247667, India
Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna 08034 Barcelona, (Chapter 19: INDIA)
Spain
TEL.: 34-3-401-6496 FAX: 34-3-401-65 17 Yohchia Chen, Ph.D.
(Chapter 31 : SPAIN) Assistant Professor

xiv
 Contributors xv

School of Science, Engineering Technology Pre drag Gavrilovic, Ph.D.

Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg Professor
Middletown, PA 17057 Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering
TEL.: 717-948-6146 FAX: 717-938-6401 Seismology
(Chapter 32: TAIWAN) University "St. Cyril and Methodius"
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Arturo Cifuentes! Ph.D. FAX: 389-91-11:'-183
Modeling Systems (Chapter 38: Former YUGOSLAVIA)
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
P.O. Box 218 Carmelo Gentile, D.E.
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 Assistant Professor
TEL.: 1-914-945-4131 FAX: 914-945-4203 Politecnico Di Milano
(Chapter 10: CHILE) Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32
20133 Milano, Italy
TEL.: 39-2-2399-4242 FAX: 39-2-2399-4220
David B. Crawley, M.A. (Chapter 23 : ITALY)
Senior Lecturer
Civil Engineering Department Jacob Gluck, D.Sc.
University of Adelaide Professor
Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Department of Civil Engineering
TEL.: 8-272-084 FAX: 8-303-4359 Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
(Chapter 7: AUSTRALIA) Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
FAX: 972-4-293044
(Chaper 22: ISRAEL)
Mokhtar Daoudi, Civil Engineer
Bureau d'etude Sechaud et Metz Michael C. Griffith, Ph.D.
63, Boulevard Reune Senior Lecturer
75014 Paris, France Civil Engineering Department
FAX: 33-14-370-1674 University of Adelaide
(Chapter 5: ALGERIA) Adelaide, South Australia 5000
TEL.: 8-303-5451 FAX: 8-303-4359
Turan Durgunoglu, Ph.D. (Chapter 7: AUSTRALIA)
Professor
Civil Engineering Department J. L. Humar, Ph.D.
Bogazici University Professor
PK2 Bebek Istanbul 80815, Turkey Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
TEL.: 90-1-2658488 FAX: 90-1-2661034 Carleton University
(Chapter 34: TURKEY) Ottawa, Ontario KIS 5B6, Canada
TEL.: 613-788-5784 FAX: 613-788-3951
(Chapter 9: CANADA)
Fouad H. Fouad, Ph.D.
Professor Sudhir K. Jain, Ph.D.
Civil Engineering Department Associate Professor
University of Alabama Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Birmingham, AL 35294 Kanpur 208016, India
TEL. : 205-934-8430 FAX: 205-934-8437 TEL.: 91-512-259583 FAX: 91-512-250260
(Chapter 14: EGYPT) (Chapter 19: INDIA)

Luis E. Garcia, M.S. Dimitar Jurukovski, Ph.D.

Professor Professor
Civil Engineering Department Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering
Universidad de Los Andes Seismology
Carrera la, No. 18A-1O University "St. Cyril and Methodius"
Bogota, Colombia Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
TEL.: 51-1-2350155 FAX: 57-1-212-3507 FAX: 38-91-112-183
(Chapter 12: COLOMBIA) (Chapter 38: Former YUGOSLAVIA)
xvi Contributors

Yoshikazu Kitagawa, Ph.D. Farzad Naeim, Ph.D

Building Research Institute John A. Martin and Associates
Ministry of Construction 1800 Wilshire Blvd.
1 Tatekara, Tsukuba.:shi Los Angeles, CA 90057
Ibraki-ken 305, Japan TEL.: 213-483-6490
FAX: 81-0298-64-2989 (Chapter 2: SEISMIC RESPONSE AND DESIGN
(Chapter 24: JAPAN) SPECTRA)

David T. Lau, Ph.D. Gelu Onu, Ph.D.

Associate Professor Specialist Engineer
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering IPTANA-Sa
Carleton University B-dul Dinicu Golescu 38
Ottawa, Ontario KIS 5B6, Canada Bucharest, Romania
TEL.: 613-788-5784 FAX: 613-788-3951 TEL.: 400-638-5595 FAX: 400-312-14-16
(Chapter 9: CANADA) (Chapter 30: ROMANIA)
William Lobo-Quintero, M.Eng.
Professor, Universidad de Los Andes Gianfranco Ottazzi, Professor
Merida, Venezuela Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica del Peru
TEL.: 74-441042 FAX: 74-402329 Departamento de Ingenieria
(Chapter 37: VENEZUELA) Apartado 1761
Pando, Lima 100, Peru
Bibiana M. Luccioni, Ph.D. FAX: 51-14-611785
Assistant Professor (Chapter 27: PERU)
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Tecnologia
Universidad Nacional de Tucum{m D. K. Paul, Ph.D.
Juan B. Teran 375 Professor
4107 Yerba Buena, Tucuman, Argentina Department of Earthquake Engineering
TEL.: 54-81-352896 FAX: 54-81-241338 University Roorkee
(Chapter 6: ARGENTINA) Roorkee 247667, India
(Chapter 19: INDIA)
Panitan Lukkunaprasit, Ph.D.
Professor Thomas Paulay, Ph.D.
Department of Civil Engineering Professor emeritus
Chulalonghorn University Department of Civil Engineering
Bangkok 10330, Thailand University of Canterbury
TEL.: 66-2-218-6571 FAX: 66-2-252-1513 Christchurch, New Zealand
(Chapter 33: THAILAND) TEL.: 03-366-7001 FAX: 03-364-2758
(Chapter 26: NEW ZEALAND)
George C. Manos, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Mario Paz, Ph.D.
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Professor
Director of Institute of Engineering Seismology and Civil Engineering Department
Earthquake Engineering (ITSAK) Speed Scientific School
Thessaloniki 54006, Greece University of Louisville
TEL.: 3031-992604 FAX: 30-31-99-5769 Louisville, KY 40292
(Chapter 17: GREECE) TEL.: 502-852-6276 FAX: 502-852-8851
(Chapter 31: SPAIN and Chapter 36: USA)
J. P. Mohsen, Ph.D.
Associate Professor Daniel Quiun, Professor
Civil Engineering Department Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica del Peru
Speed Scientific School Departamento de Ingenieria
University of Louisville Apartado 1761
Louisville, KY 40292 Pando, Lima 100, Peru
TEL.: 502-852-6276 FAX: 502-852-8851 FAX: 51-14-611785
(Chapter 21: IRAN) (Chapter 27: PERU)
 Contributors xvii

Fernando A. M. Reyna, Ph.D. Central Laboratory for Seismic Mechanics and

Professor, Laboratorio de Estructuras Earthquake Engineering,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologia Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev str.
Universidad Nacional de Tucuman B1.3
4000, San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
TEL.: 54-51-245831 TEL.: 359-02-713-3338 FAX: 359-02-703-107
(Chapter 6: ARGENTINA) (Chapter 8: BULGARIA)

Abdenour Salhi, Civil Engineer

Elena Vasseva, Ph.D.
Bureau d'Etudes Sechaud et Metz
Associate Professor
55 Boulevard de Charonne
Earthquake Engineering Department
75011 Paris, France
Central Laboratory for Seismic Mechanics and
FAX: 33-14-370-1674
Earthquake Engineering,
(Chapter 5: ALGERIA)
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev str.
B1.3
Alberto Sarria M., Dean
Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
Facultad de Ingenieria
TEL.: 359-02-713-3338 FAX: 359-02-703-107
Universidad de Los Andes
(Chapter 8: BULGARIA)
Bogota, Colombia
TEL.: 57-1-271-7693 FAX: 1-57-284-1570 Gyorgy Vertes, Ph.D.
(Appendix: MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY OF Professor
EARTHQUAKES) Faculty of Civil Engineering
Department of Mechanics
Luis E. Suarez, Ph.D. Technical University of Budapest
Associate Professor H-1521, Budapest XI, Muegyetem
General Engineering Department rkp. 3.k mf.35, Hungary
University of Puerto Rico TEL.: 36-1-650-199 FAX: 36-1-650-199
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 (Chapter 18: HUNGARY)
TEL.: 809-265-3816 FAX: 809-832-0119
(Chapter 29: PUERTO RICO)
Roberto Villaverde, Ph.D.
Suradjin Sutjipto, Ing., M.S. Associate Professor
Lecturer of Earthquake Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering University of California - Irvine
Trisakti University Irvine, CA 92717
Jakarta 11440, Indonesia TEL.: 714-856-5482 FAX: 714-725-2117
TEL.: 62-21-566-3232 FAX: 62-21-549-3895 (Chapter 25: MEXICO)
(Chapter 20: INDONESIA)
Julius P. Wong, Ph.D.
Fumio Takino, President Professor
Kozo System Inc. Department of Mechanical Engineering
4-4-7-105 Honcho University of Louisville
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan Louisville, KY 40292
(Chapter 24: JAPAN) TEL.: 502-852-6335
(Chapter 32: TAIWAN)
Edward D. Thomson, M.Eng.
Professor, Universidad de Los Andes
Merida, Venezuela Ye Yaoxian, Ph.D.
TEL.: 74-441539 FAX: 74-402947 Professor
(Chapter 37: VENEZUELA) China Building Technology Development Center
19 Che Gong Zhuang Street
Ludmil Tzenov, Ph.D., Dr.Sc. Beijing, China 100044
Professor and Chairman, FAX: 01-8328832
Earthquake Engineering Department (Chapter 11: CHINA)
International

Handbook of

Earthquake

Engineering
I
Introduction to Structural
Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering
1
Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-
of-Freedom Systems

Mario Paz

1.1 Introduction F(t) (considered to be a function of time); the

1.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System response is indicated by the lateral displacement y(t)
1.3 Free Vibration of the mass m.
1.3.1 Undamped Free Vibration The structural model shown in Fig. 1.2 is assumed
1.3.2 Damped Free Vibration to be excited by a horizontal acceleration ys(t) at its
1.3.3 Frequency and Period base. In this case, it is convenient to express the
1.4 Response by Direct Integration response by the relative motion u(t) between the
1.5 Response by Duhamel's Integral
Reference ~ v
m
~~~~~~~~-,

1.1 INTRODUCTION ~"-¥-'..."....,'-"-"-'~~ - J

/
In general, the analysis and design of buildings and /
other structures to resist the effect produced by /
I
earthquakes requires conceptual idealizations and sim-
plifying assumptions through which the physical sys-
tem is represented by a new idealized system known as Fig. 1.1. Mathematical model for one-story structure excited by an
the mathematical model. In the mathematical model, external force
the number of independent coordinates used to specify
the position or configuration of the model at any time
is referred to as the number of degrees of freedom. In
,a--t----...... v(t)
principle, structures, being continuous systems, have ~v-l
m
an infinite number of degrees of freedom. However, """"""'~~"'"'~~~ - ..,
-
the process of idealization or selection of an appropri- ~ u~v-vs
ate model permits the reduction of the number of /
degrees of freedom to a discrete number and in some /
/
cases, to just a single degree of freedom. Fig. 1.1 I
shows a one-story building which may be modeled
with one degree of freedom. The model represented in
this figure contains the following elements: (1) the
concentrated mass m, (2) the lateral stiffness indicated
by the coefficient k, (3) the damping in the system Fig. 1.2. Mathematical model for a one-story structure excited at
represented by coefficient c, and (4) the external force its base

3
4 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

displacement y(t) of the mass m and the displacement

of the base yit), that is
k.
u(t) = y(t) - y.(t) (1.1)
~_......F(r)
(a) m
In the next section, it will be shown that the
structure shown in Fig. 1.1 or 1.2 subjected to two
different excitations, a force applied to the mass, or a
vibratory motion at the base, results in the same
mathematical formulation.
..
.... ---
my F(r)

:: .:1-------1
.
1.2 SINGLE·DEGREE·OF·FREEDOM SYSTEM (b) r--~"~

A single-degree-of-freedom system such as the struc-

Fig. 1.3. (a) Simple oscillator excited by an external force, (b)
ture in Fig. 1.1 can conveniently be described with the
Free-body diagram
simple oscillator shown in Fig. 1.3, which has the
following elements: (1) a mass element m representing
the mass and inertial properties of the structure, (2) a FS
spring element k representing the elastic restoring
force and potential energy capacity of the structure,
(3) a damping element c representing the frictional
characteristics and energy losses of the structure, and
(4) an excitation force F(t) representing the external
forces acting on the structure.
In adopting the model shown in Fig. 1.3, it is y
further assumed that the system is linear. That is, the (a)
force-displacement relationship of the restoring force
Fs of the spring and the force-velocity relationship of FD
the damper force FD are linear functions, respectively,
of the displacement y and of the velocity y as shown in
Fig. 1.4. Similarly, the simple oscillator may also be
used to represent a structure excited by a motion at its
base. Fig. 1.5 shows the oscillator excited at its base
by a displacement function yit) , and its response y
indicated by the relative displacement u(t) of the mass. (b)
The equation of motion for a one-degree-of-
freedom system represented by the simple oscillator in Fig. 1.4. (a) Linear force-displacement relationship, (b) Linear
damping force-velocity relationship
Fig. 1.3 or 1.5 may be obtained by the application of
Newton's law by simply equating to zero the sum of
the forces which includes the inertial force my in the
corresponding free-body diagrams shown in these
figures. Thus, from Fig. 1.3(b) k

my+cy+ky = F(t) (1.2) (a)

c m

and from Fig. 1.5(b)

my + c(.Y - Ys) + k(y - Ys) = 0 (1.3)

The substitution in eq.(1.3) of u = y - Ys and its

(b)
derivatives yields

mil + cu + ku = Fer/..t) (1.4)

Fig. 1.5. (a) Simple oscillator excited at its foundation, (b)
where Felf = -mYs(t) is the effective exciting force. Free-body diagram
 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 5

It can be seen that eqs.(1.2) and (1.4) are mathema- 1.3.2 Damped Free Vibration (Fig. 1.6)
tically equivalent. Equation (1.2) gives the response of
the system acted on by the external force F(t) in terms Differential equation:
of the absolute displacement yet), while eq.(1.4) gives
the response in terms of the relative motion u(t) my+cy+ky =0 (1.12)
between the mass and the base for the case in which
Solution:
the excitation is due to the motion applied to the base
of the system.

or alternatively,

1.3 FREE VIBRATION (1.14)

In this section the solution of the differential equation where

of motion is presented for the case of free vibration; c
that is, for the case in which the structure vibrates g= - (damping ratio), (1.15)
Cer
freely under the effect of the initial conditions with no
external excitation applied to the system. The follow- Cer = 2Ykn1 (critical damping coefficient) (1.16)
ing cases of free vibration are considered: undamped
free vibration and damped free vibration. and

WD = w~ (damped frequency) (1.17)

1.3.1 Undamped Free Vibration
The constants of integration C and ex are evaluated
Differential equation: from the initial conditions as
my+ky =0 (1.5)
(1.18)
Solution:
and

-l(
y = C1 cos wt + Cz sin wt (1.6)
ex = tan Vo + yogw ) (1.19)
where w = v' kim is the natural frequency in rad/sec WDYO

and C b C2 are constants of integration. These con- Alternatively, the constants of integration in
stants are determined from knowledge of the initial
conditions, i.e., the initial displacement, Yo and the
initial velocity, vo, at time t = O. The introduction of
initial conditions into eq.(1.6) yields
Vo . m
y = yocoswt+ -Slllwt (1.7) ~-+F(t)
w

which may be written alternatively as

y = Csin(wt+ ex) (1.8) (a)

F(t)
or
y = Ccos(wt- (3) (1.9)

where

C = VYo2 + (voIw)2 (amplitude of motion) (1.10)

and
(b)
Yo
1 volw Fig. 1.6. Oscillator excited by external force F(t) (a) Mathematical
ex = tan- - - f3 = tan- 1 - - (phase) (1.11)
volw ' Yo model, (b) Load function
6 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Table 1.1. Recommended Damping Values [Newmark and Hall (1973)]

Stress Level, Type and Condition of Structure Percentage

Working Stress Damping

Vital piping 1-2

,;;V2 yield point Welded steel, prestressed concrete, reinforced concrete (slight cracking) 2-3
Reinforced concrete (much cracking) 3-5
Bolted or riveted steel or wood structures with nailed or bolted joints 5-7
At just below Vital piping 2-3
yield point Welded steel, prestressed concrete (no complete loss in prestress) 5-7
Prestressed concrete (no prestress left) 7-10
Reinforced concrete 7-10
Bolted or riveted steel or wood structures with nailed or bolted joints 1a-15
Wood structures with nailed joints 15-20

eq.(1.13) may be determined from initial conditions (Hz) or cycles per second (cps). The quantity w is also
and introduced into eq. (1.13) to give referred to as the natural frequency because it differs
from the natural frequency f only by the constant
y(t) = e-!;wt( YocoswDt+ Yo~w sinwDt)
vo+wD (1.20) factor 27T. To distinguish between these two expres-
sions for the natural frequency, w may be called the
A structural system will vibrate with an oscillatory circular or angular natural frequency. Usually, the
motion when initially disturbed if the value of its distinction is understood from the context or from the
damping coefficient is less than the value of the critical units. As indicated, the natural frequency f is meas-
damping Ccr = 2v'km, that is, the damping ratio, ured in cps, while the circular frequency w is measured
~ = clc cr < 1. Normally, structures have values for the
in radians per second (rad/sec).
damping ratio well below the limiting value of ~ = 1.
Depending on the material employed and the con-
struction of the structure, the range of the damping 1.4 RESPONSE BY DIRECT INTEGRATION
ratio in structural systems lies between 2% and 20% of
the critical damping. A summary of recommended The solution of the differential equation of motion for
damping values compiled by Newmark and Hall a structure modeled by the simple oscillator may be
(1973) for different types of structures and different obtained in closed form only for some simple excita-
stress levels is given in Table 1.1 for reference. tion functions. For a general excitation function, it is
necessary to resort to numerical methods of integra-
1.3.3 Frequency and Period tion. These numerical methods generally involve the
use of approximations in the solution.
An examination of eq.(1.6) or (1.7) shows that the The method of solution of the differential equation
motion described by these equations is harmonic (sine of motion presented in this section is exact for an
or cosine function), therefore periodic. It follows that excitation function described by linear segments be-
the period T of the motion may be determined from tween points defining the excitation function. For
convenience, the excitation function is calculated at
wT = 21T equal time intervals Ilt by linear interpolation between
or points defining the excitation. Thus, the time duration
21T of the excitation, including a suitable extension of time
T=- (1.21) after cessation of the excitation, is divided into N
W
equal time intervals of duration Ilt. For each interval
since both functions, sine and cosine, have a period of Ile, the response is calculated by considering the initial
27T. conditions at the beginning of that time interval and
The period is usually expressed in seconds per the linear excitation during the interval. In this case,
cycle, or simply in seconds, with the tacit understand- the initial conditions are the displacement and the
ing that it is "per cycle." The reciprocal of the period velocity at the end of the preceding time interval.
is the natural frequency, i.e., When the excitation function F(t) is approximated by
a piecewise linear function as shown in Fig. 1.7, it may
1 W
be expressed as
f=T=z,;; (1.22)

The natural frequency f is usually expressed in hertz F(t) = t-t.)

(1 - -;;;- Fi +
(-;;;-
t - t· )
Fi+I Ii::::; I::::; Ii+I (1.23)
 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree of-Freedom Systems 7

F(t) where

Fi . !
and Ai, B i , Ci , and Di are constants of integration.
The constants of integration Ai and Bi (correspond-
ing to the steady-state solution) are given by
Fi+1- Fi
Ai= (1.27)
k!:::..t

Fi-cAi
Fig. 1.7. Piecewise linear excitation function Bi= (1.28)
k

~---.y.(t) Knowing the displacement Ui and the velocity Ui at the

initiation of interval i, we find the constants Ci and Di
k after substituting t = ti in eqs.(1.25) and (1.26)
c m
Ci = Ui-Bi (1.29)
and
(1.30)

¥.(t)
(al
The evaluation of eqs.(1.25) and (1.26) at time
ti+1 = ti + Ilt results in the displacement and the
velocity at time ti +1. Namely,

Ui+1 = e-~calt[CiCOSWD!:::..t+DisinwD!:::..t]+Bi+Ai!:::..t (1.31)

and
Ui+l = e-~calt[Di(WD cos WD!:::..t - ~w sin WD!:::..t)

(bl - Ci(~WCOSWD!:::..t+ wDsinwD!:::..t)] +Ai (1.32)

Fig. 1.8. Oscillator excited by support motion of acceleration yet)
Finally, the acceleration at time ti+1 = ti + Ilt is
in which ti = i ·Ilt (for equal intervals of duration Ilt), obtained directly after substituting Ui+1 and Ui+1 from
for i = 1, 2, 3, ... , N -1. The differential equation eqs.(1.3.1) and (1.32) into the differential eq.(1.24)
of motion for the system shown in Fig. 1.8, from and lettmg t = ti + Ilt. Specifically
eq.(1.4), is then given by 1
ai+l =- (Fi+ 1 - CUi+l - kUi+1) (1.33)
ma + cu + ku = ( 1 - -t-- ' P.t-) m
!:::..t '
Example 1.1

(1.24) The tower shown in Fig. 1.9 is subjected to a

constant impulsive acceleration of magnitude
in which Fi is the effective force -mys(ti ) evaluated at
Ys = 0.5 g applied at its foundation during 0.1 second.
time ti . The solution of eq.(1.24), in terms of the Determine the response of the tower in terms of the
displacement and the velocity relative to the motion of
displacement and the velocity, is given by
the foundation. Also determine its maximum absolute
u = e-~w(t-ti)[CiCOSWD(t-tJ acceleration. Assume 20% of the critical damping.

+ Di sin WD(t - tJ] + Bi + Ai(t - ti) (1.25) Solution:

and The differential equation of motion of this structure
(modeled by the simple oscillator) is given, in terms of
U = e-~t-ti)[WDDi-~WCi)COSWD(t-ti) the relative motion, U = Y - Ys, by eq.(1.4) as
- (WDCi + ~WDi) sin WD(t - tJ] + Ai (1.26) a + cu + ku = FeU<t)
8 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

eqs.(1.27) through (1.32). Finally, the relative motion

at time tl = 0.02 sec is as follows:

UI = -0.009 in.
w = 38.6 K UI = -1.783 in.!sec
al = -161.267 in.!sec2
and the absolute acceleration Yl at time t = 0.02 sec is
K = 100 k/in.
YI = al + Ys
YI = -161.267 + 193
YI = 31.733 in.!sec2
----+ Y,
.. The continuation of this process results in the
response shown, up to 0.10 sec, in Table 1.2.
Fig. 1.9. Idealized structure for Example 1.1

1.5 RESPONSE BY DUHAMEL'S INTEGRAL

where the effective force is
The response to earthquakes for structures modeled as
Feff(..t) = -mys = -100 x 0.5 x 386 = -19,300 lb one-degree-of-freedom systems may be obtained
directly from Duhamel's integral. The effective force
For this system, the natural frequency is Feff = -mjisC'T), on an oscillator [Fig. 1.1O(a)] of mass
m excited by an acceleration function jis('T) at its base,
w = Vkim = Ylooo,ooo/loo = 31.62 (rad/sec) is shown in Fig. 1.1O(b). The differential equation of
motion, in terms of the relative displacement
Hence the natural period is u = y - Ys> is given from eq.(1.4) as
21T 21T
T =- = -- = 0.20 sec ma+cu+ku = Fe~T) (1.34)
w 31.62

Recommended practice is to select at ~ TIlO. Speci- where Fen< 'T) = -mjisC'T) is the effective force. The
fically, we select at = 0.02 sec and calculate the fol- impulsive force Fen<'T)d'T at time 'T [Fig. 1.1O(b)]
lowing constants: applied to the mass m of the oscillator results in a
change of velocity dv. This change in the velocity can
C = Ccr ~ = 2Ykrf1 ~ be determined from Newton's law of motion, namely
= 2Y100,000 x 100 x 0.20 = 1265 lb· sec/in. dv
WD = w~ = 31.62Yl - 0.22 = 30.99 rad/sec
m dT = Fe~T)
or
With initial conditions Uo = 0, ito = 0, and the use
of eq.(1.33), iio = Feu(O)/m = -193in.lsec2 . Next the (1.35)
coefficients A o, B o, Co, Do are determined using

Table 1.2. Calculation of the Response for Example 1.1

ti (sec) Ui (in.) Ui (in.lsec) iii (in.lsec2 ) Yi (in.lsec2 ) Feff (lb) Bi Ai Ci Di

0 0 0 -193.000 0 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.19300 0.03940

0.01 -0.009 -1.783 -161.267 31.733 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.19300 0.03940
0.02 -0.034 -3.188 -188.283 74.717 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.18382 -0.02002
0.03 -0.071 -4.129 -69.388 122.612 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.15861 -0.07051
0.04 -0.115 -4.573 -19.839 173.162 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.12162 -0.10843
0.05 -0.161 -4.539 25.671 218.671 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.07769 25.67084
0.06 -0.205 -4.086 63.381 256.381 -19300 0 -0.19300 0.03175 63.38117
0.07 -0.242 -3.306 90.706 283.706 -19300 0 -0.19300 -0.01691 90.70636
0.08 -0.270 -2.311 106.335 299.335 -19300 0 -0.19300 -0.04888 -0.11669
0.09 -0.288 -1.219 110.201 303.201 -19300 0 -0.19300 -0.07099 -0.09033
0.10 -0.295 -0.143 103.342 296.342 -19300 0 -0.19300 -0.09478 -0.05869
 Structures Modeled as Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 9

(a)

F eff (1") =-rnys (1")

(b)

Fig. 1.10. Simple oscillator excited at its support. (a) Mathematical model, (b) Excitation in terms of the effective force FenCr) = -mysC r)

The change in velocity dv may be considered to be or integral of the differential displacements du(t) from
an initial velocity of the mass at time T. This change in time T = 0 to time t, that is
velocity is then introduced in eq.(1.20) as the initial
velocity Vo together with the initial displacement
Uo = 0 at time T resulting in a change of displacement
u(t) = _1_
mWD
II Fett<T)e-~~t-7')sinwD(t-T)dT
0
(1.37)

du(t), at a later time t, given by The integral in equation (1.37) is known as Duhamel's
integral. For seismic motion, the excitation function is
duet) = e- ,'{,t- T) Fett(T)dT sin WD(t - T) (1.36) known only from experimentally recorded data and
mWD the response must be evaluated by a numerical
method (Paz, 1991, p. 70-75).
The exciting function Fen<. T) may be regarded as a
series of short impulses at successive incremental times
dT, each producing its own differential response at REFERENCE
time t in the form given by eq.(1.36). Therefore, the
total displacement u(t) at time t, due to the continuous PAZ, M. (1991) Structural Dynamics: Theory and Computa-
action of the effective force Fen<. T), is given by the sum tion, 3rd Ed. Chapman & Hall, New York.
2
Seismic Response and Design Spectra

Farzad Naeim and Mario Paz

2.1 Introduction methods for the construction of spectra are presented

2.2 Spectral Entities in Sections 2.7 and 2.8. Section 2.9 introduces recent
2.3 Response Spectra advances in the construction of response spectra using
2.4 Elastic Design Spectra predictive attenuation relationships. Finally, tech-
2.5 Construction of Elastic Spectra niques intended to extend the response spectrum to
2.6 Influence of Local Soil Conditions inelastic response are introduced in Sections 2.10 and
2.7 Mohraz Design Spectrum 2.11. Several numerical examples are also provided
2.8 Peng, Elghadamsi, and Mohraz Probabilistic throughout the chapter.
Design Spectra
2.9 Predictive Attenuation Relationships
2.10 Response Spectra for Inelastic Systems 2.2 SPECTRAL ENTITIES
2.11 Inelastic Design Spectra
References As explained in Section 1.5 of Chapter 1, the response
of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system to
general excitation may be obtained through the ap-
2.1 INTRODUCTION plication of Duhamel's integral. Consider in Fig. 2.1 a
typical SDOF system subjected to base excitation. Let
Response spectrum analysis is the dominant contem- u(t) be the time-dependent displacement of the mass
porary method for dynamic analysis of building struc- (m) relative to the ground, y(t) be the absolute
tures under seismic loading. The main reasons for the displacement of the mass (m) with respect to a
widespread use of this method are: its relative simplic- Newtonian "fixed" coordinate system, and ys(t) be the
ity, its inherent conservatism, and its applicability to absolute displacement of the ground with respect to
elastic analysis of complex systems. In this chapter the the same "fixed" reference. The equation of motion
concept of response spectrum is introduced and it is for the mass is given by eq.(1.4) and may be written as
differentiated from the closely related but different
concept of design spectrum. Spectral entities and their (2.1)
"pseudo" counterparts such as spectral acceleration
and spectral pseudo-acceleration are defined in Sec- where w = -v'kim is the undamped natural frequency
tion 2.2. Response spectra and the common tripartite of the system and g = C/2mw is the fraction of critical
representation are introduced in Section 2.3. The damping. From Duhamel's integral [eq.(1.37)], if the
concept of design' spectra and several techniques for system starts from rest (that is if ito = Uo = 0),
construction of elastic design spectra are presented in
Sections 2.4 and 2.5. The influence of local soil
conditions is treated in Section 2.6 and corresponding
u(t) =- _1_
WD
r
Jo
yse- gw(t- r) sin WD(t - T) dT (2.2)

10
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 11

and WD = w. In this case, since the second term in

eq.(2.4) and the first term in eq.(2.5) are directly
proportional to ~, they would be small and therefore
may be ignored. Consequently, with small damping as
the only simplifying assumption, eqs.(2.4) and (2.5)

f
may be written as

u(t) =- Y.(T)e-w€(t-T)COSWD(t- T)dT (2.6)

f
and
~

"FI XED" REFERENCE y(t) =W Ys(T)e-W€(t-T) sinwD(t- T)dT (2.7)

Fig.2.1. Reference coordinates for a typical SDOF system

It may be seen from eqs.(2.2) and (2.7) that in the
absence of damping, the absolute acceleration y(t) is
in which the damped natural frequency is equal to -w2 u(t). The absolute value of this quantity
WD = wV(l- ~2) and the effective force is Iw2 u(t) 1which is a good approximation of the absolute
Felf = -mys' acceleration when damping is small, is called pseudo-
Similar expressions for velocity and acceleration acceleration. If eq.(2.6) contained the sine term in-
may be obtained by using the following differentiation stead of cos Wd(t - r), a similar deduction could have
rule:

f f
been made about the velocity. This is not the case;
nevertheless, for convenience, the relative pseudo-
:t [ !(T,t)dT J= :/(T,t)dT+[!(T,t)]T=t (2.3) velocity is defined as Iwu(t) I.
The absolute values for the maximum responses are
The resulting expressions for relative velocity and defined as spectral values. Hence, the spectral dis-
absolute acceleration are: placement SD, spectral velocity Sv, and spectral accel-
eration SA are:

SD = lu(t)lmax (maximum relative displacement)

Sv = Iu(t) Imax (maximum relative velocity) (2.8)
Io~
t

+ ~~-
- <w(t- "".
...(=T)=g=- e'
-'yc.:: "SlnWD (t-T) d T (2.4)
SA = ly(t)lmax (maximum absolute acceleration)

For convenience, both the spectral acceleration SA

fy.(T)e-~w(t-1}
and and the spectral velocity Sv are represented, respec-
tively, by their counterparts, the pseudo-acceleration
y(t) = 2gw COSWD(t- T)dT SpA and pseudo-velocity SpY; that is,

I
27T
SPV = WSD = -SD
T
+ t Y.(T)w(l- 2g2) -W€(t-T)' (t )d
~,r;--;:z e smwD - T T (2.5)
o vl-~
(spectral pseudo-velocity) (2.9)
It should be noted that eqs.(2.2) and (2.4), give,
respectively, the relative displacement and the relative
velocity of the mass with respect to the foundation
while eq.(2.5) gives the absolute acceleration of the
mass. These three quantities, the absolute accelera- (spectral pseudo-acceleration) (2.10)
tion, the relative displacement, and the relative veloc-
ity are the important quantities. The inertial forces are It should be obvious from this derivation that the
proportional to absolute acceleration, according to spectral pseudo-acceleration SpA is a good approxima-
Newton's second law; the member forces are prop- tion for the spectral acceleration SA, but the spectral
ortional to relative displacements of the member, from pseudo-velocity Spy is not a precise estimation of the
Hooke's law; and the damping forces are directly spectral velocity Sv. However, for small values of
proportional to the relative velocity, for viscous damping, Spy is usually an acceptable approximation
damped systems. of Sv. A comparison between these two spectral
The damping ratio ~ is usually small for structural functions for a typical earthquake excitation is shown
systems (~« 1); therefore 1- = 1, Vi - 2e = 1, e in Fig. 2.2. It may be seen in this figure that at a low
12

100.0

80.0
40.0
Seismic Response and Design Spectra

1\ .," \
Flexible Stiff

"
\

-
/"
20.0

•¥
__ -1._ \, __ _
~

:s,;
10.0

8.0 + --
1i 4.0
i SD
> 2.0

i
II)
1.0

0.8
0.4 -:---_. "e•• U"e Vetoclty
Iys (t) Imax
(b)
co

Frequenc,. Hz

Fig. 2.2. Comparison of Sy and SpY for a typical earthquake

record (from Gupta 1990)

frequency if Spy were used instead of Sv, a large error

(e)
would be introduced.
An examination of the spectral functions for ex- co
treme frequency values reveals the following: for low
values of the frequency, (1)-0 (or T_ 00), the system
is very flexible and the mass will remain essentially
stationary while the base is vibrating as simulated in
SA
Fig. 2.3(a). Consequently, the maximum relative dis-
placement or spectral displacement SD would equal the
maximum absolute ground displacement, IYs(t) Imax.
Also, the maximum relative velocity or spectral veloc- Iys (t) I max
ity Sv would reach the maximum absolute ground
velocity IYs(t)lmax. However, the spectral pseudo- co (d)
velocity SpY, is proportional to £I) and would equal
zero, and not IYs(t)lmax, as shown in Fig. 2.3(c). On Fig. 2.3. Limiting states of spectral entities
the other hand, the maximum absolute acceleration SA
for this virtually stationary mass would be zero. Since
the pseudo-acceleration is proportional to (1)2, it would approximations rather than with concepts that are in
be zero as shown for £I) = 0 in Fig. 2.3(d). Therefore, any sense incorrect or inappropriate."
in the limiting case when (1)- 0, the spectral pseudo-
acceleration and the spectral acceleration tend to the
same limiting value. 2.3 RESPOnSE SPECTRA
When the frequency of the system is large, (1)- 00
(or T _ 0), the system is very rigid and tends to move In the previous section, the maximum response of an
with the ground as sketched in Fig. 2.3(a). The SDOF system excited at its base by a time acceleration
relative displacement SD and relative velocity Sv tend function ys(t) , was expressed in terms of only two
towards zero. Also, the pseudo-velocity Spy tends parameters: (1) the natural frequency £I) of the system,
towards zero as a result of its proportionality to SD. In and (2) the amount of damping ~. Charts may be
this case, when (1)- 00, the spectral acceleration and prepared depicting the maximum response values for
the pseudo spectral-acceleration reach the maximum any SDOF system within the frequency (or period)
ground acceleration lylt)lmax as indicated in Fig. range of interest. Each one of these charts is called a
2.3(d). In passing, it is pertinent to share Hudson's response spectrum; a collection of them (i.e., for
observation (Hudson 1979) that: " ... the widespread various damping levels) is termed response spectra.
adoption of the prefix 'pseudo' in connection with the An example of such a chart for spectral velocity is Fig.
approximate spectrum representations is in one sense 2.2. Another example for spectral acceleration for
misleading. The literal meaning of 'pseudo' (false) is SDOF systems with ~ = 0.05 subjected to the N-S
not really appropriate, since we are dealing with component of the famous 1940 EI Centro Earthquake
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 13

0.4 :t.0

'" 0.2 '"

~ ~
e e 1.5
;::

AI:
;::
0 :ili
(a) :ili
.... .... DAMPING FACTOR
.... ....
..J
= 0.01

W V. ~:l::::
..J
.... 0.2 .... 1.0
....
....
c( c(

:0::
0.4 ::>
0.5 , /'

"'-
:0::
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 x
TIME, 5
~ K
ACCELEROGRAM, EL CENTRO, CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE, MAY 18, 1940 o
(N-S COMPONENT) o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
NATURAL PERIOD, 5
1.2
Fig. 2.S. Acceleration response spectra for EI Centro (1940)
'" 1.0 earthquake (from Seed and Idriss 1982)
~
j1 LA~ ~
I V';
~
I- 0.8
The relationships among the spectral entities SD,
(b)
:ili
....
....
..J
.... 0.6
\ VDAMPING F~CTOR - 0.05
Spy, and SpA provided by eqs.(2.9) and (2.10) make it
....
c(
) ~ possible to present all three of these spectral values in
0.4 a single chart using logarithmic scales. These charts
"'--
:0::
:::>
:0::
X
c(
0.2
are called tripartite logarithmic response spectra. A
:0::
spectrum response chart of this type is shown in Fig.
o 2.6. In this chart, values of the spectral pseudo-
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
UNDAMPED NATURAL PERIOD,s velocity, Spy are read on the vertical axis while those
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM, EL CENTRO GROUND MOTIONS of the spectral displacement SD and spectral pseudo-
acceleration SpA are obtained from the diagonal axes.
Figure 2.7 shows the same response spectra but now
plotted as a function of the natural frequency instead
of the natural period. Diagonal axes for displacement
and acceleration are switched in Fig. 2.7 relative to
(e) I
their location in Fig. 2.6.
I ·1 1 To demonstrate the construction of a tripartite
. . chart such as the one in Fig. 2.7, eq.(2.9) is written in
NATURAL PERIOD 0.3 5 0.5 5 1. 0 5 terms of the natural frequency f in cycles per second
DAMP I NG FACTOR 0.05 0.05 0.05
(cps) or hertz (Hz) as
MAXIMUM ACCN. 0.75 9 1.02 9 0.. 48 9

Fig. 2.4. Application of acceleration response spectrum (after

Seed and Idriss 1982) Then, taking logarithms of the terms

(Fig. 2.4(a)) is shown in Fig. 2.4(b). It should be logSpv = logf+ log (21TSD) (2.11)
noted that the maximum acceleration experienced by
any SDOF system with damping ratio ~ = 0.05 can be For constant values of SD, eq.(2.11) is the equation
read directly from this response spectrum chart. Fi- of a straight line of log Spy versus logfwith a slope of
gure 2.4(c) shows three structures of periods 0.3 sec, 45°. Analogously, from eq.(2.1O)
0.5 sec, and 1.0 sec for which the maximum accelera- SpA SpA
tion responses are directly obtained from the chart (b) Sv=-=-
p w 2TTj
of this figure. The dots in the chart indicate the
maximum responses corresponding to these three . SpA
structures. logSpv= -logf+ log- (2.12)
21T
Spectral charts are usually prepared as a family of
curves corresponding to different values of damping For a constant value of SpA, eq.(2.12) is the
values as shown in Fig. 2.5. The curves in these charts equation of a straight line of log Spy versus logf with a
may be plotted either as functions of the natural slope of 135°. In closing, it should be remarked that
frequency or of the period. Either type of plot although the duration of earthquake ground motion is
presents the same information. However, the graph in used in the computation of the spectral values, this
one plot is the mirror image of the graph in the other important aspect of the ground motion is not explicitly
plot represented in response spectra.
14 :leismic Response ana ueslgn c>pecrra

200 200

100 b-".f-'~'e .r-7f-*1 100

80~..p..MAH- .++*-¥--l 80
60F--+:::;'.L---j"'~~ ".;1"""""'-7''---;."....-; 60

u
Q)

~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10
c
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pb~~~8
>- 6 f--~.£.-..'l....---1~ ~~dI~F---tv~~ ~if--t~~~~~~--t<;1'"-16
I-

g
-.J
4~+-.A~~~~~-~~-~~~~~1-~~+-~~~~~~~~4
W
>

8
6

PERIOD (sees)

Fig. 2.6. Response spectra for Imperial Valley earthquake of May 18, 1940 plotted on
tripartite logarithmic paper as function of the natural period. (Damping values are 0, 2, 5, 10
and 20 percent of critical)

2.4 ELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRA resistance. Some of these uncertainties are: (a) un-
avoidable variations in the mass and stiffness prop-
A response spectral chart can be constructed for each erties of the building from those used in design, (b)
earthquake record. Earthquakes show many common difficulties involved in establishing values of para-
characteristics, but each tremor shows unique attri- meters representative of site soil conditions, and (c)
butes as well. Response spectra of earthquake records inelastic response that tends to lengthen the natural
contain many sharp peaks and valleys as can be seen period of the structure. For these reasons, it is more
in Fig. 2.6, for example. It would not be reasonable to rational for design purposes to use average curves
expect that the spectra for future earthquakes will obtained from a number of earthquake records. These
exhibit exactly the same peaks and valleys. Furth- average curves, which do not reflect the sharp peaks
ermore, the natural periods and mode shapes of and valleys of individual records, are known also as
building structures cannot be predicted exactly. Many smoothed response spectra, or more accurately as
other uncertainties are present in design for seismic design spectra. While a response spectrum is an
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 15

design spectrum for a typical site in the Los Angeles

area involves a detailed evaluation of possible seismic
events on more than 100 active and semi-active faults,
and a historical study of the past 200 years of local
seismic activity. A discussion of this matter with
examples is given in Naeim and Lew (1991).
The first design spectrum, based on the horizontal
components of three earthquakes, two in the state of
California and one in Washington state, was de-
veloped by Housner (Housner 1959, 1970). Plots of
Housner spectra normalized to 20% of the' accelera-
tion of gravity g, that is, to 0.20 g are shown in Fig.
2.8. Spectral charts for other values of peak ground
FREQUENCY. Hz
acceleration may be obtained by multiplying the
Fig. 2.7. Response spectra for Imperial Valley earthquake of May spectral ordinates in Fig. 2.8 by the ratio of the
18, 1940 plotted on tripartite logarithmic paper as function of the
natural frequency specified ground acceleration to 0.20 g.
Typical earthquake response spectra plotted on a
attribute of a particular ground motion, a design tripartite chart as the one shown in Fig. 2.9 reveal
spectrum is not; the design spectrum reflects a defined three distinct regions: (a) a low period range exhibit-
set of criteria for structural analysis and design. ing somewhat constant acceleration, (b) a mid-period
range exhibiting a somewhat constant velocity, and (c)
a long period range exhibiting a somewhat constant
2.5 CONSTRUCTION OF ELASTIC SPECTRA displacement. These three regions are commonly re-
ferred to, respectively, as the acceleration, velocity,
In this section, the fundamental techniques for con- and displacement regions of response spectra. This
struction of design spectra are introduced. Developing observation led Newmark and Hall to suggest a
a design spectrum for a specific construction project is modified trilinear shape for design spectra (Newmark
a complex task. For example, the development of a and Hall 1973, 1982). They constructed smoothed

I00
80
60 ~o'( V '¥
~O'< A 'X,){,
40 ~~/:x~;
~ #)<
20 ~~~~~~
:V)<M~'<
10
VIYj~ ~X~ ."
U 8
Q)
<f)
6 -L, /'
f&' ')( A
"'-
c 4~ /. ~ /
'" X

:x<
v"'
- ~~ )< )< (s:
>-
u
0
~ ~ ') ~K
2~ )<
~
FV .~ ~ /'

I
K!
~~~ ~ fJ
.8
.6 -N x V'.. '-..J
4~/i:.,("-..'%'"
. K5<'&< ~%.. ~
.2 ~~
~
"»vrx
o\o~. ~~
fJ.,.0 .01 .02 .04.06 .2 .4 .6.8 I 2 4 6810
Period (sec)
Fig. 2.S. Housner design spectra scaled to 0.2g at zero period (or peak ground acceleration of 0.2g)
from Housner (1970)
16 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

4 00

200

100
80
60

40

20
u
Q>
II>
........
c:

U 4
0
-l
W
>

~~~~~~~-¥~~~~~~-?~~L-~~~~~~~.~~.~~ 8
O~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.'O~r~~~~6

PER IOD (sees )

Fig. 2.9. Trilinear idealization of response spectra

response spectra of idealized ground motion by am- (92 cm/sec/g) for rock sites. Furthermore, to ensure
plifying the ground motion by factors dependent on that the spectrum represents a frequency bandwidth
the damping in the system. In general, for any given adequate to incorporate a range of earthquakes, they
site, estimates must be made of the maximum ground recommend that the ratio adlv 2 be taken as about 6.0,
acceleration, maximum ground velocity, and max- where d is the maximum ground displacement.
imum ground displacement. The lines representing
these maximum values are drawn on a tripartite ....
logarithmic paper as sketched in Fig. 2.10. Newmark's ..! Spectrum Bound.

and Hall's original estimates of constant amplification

•u
factors were based on 28 accelerograms recorded on
'"o
CI

..,
...J
alluvial sites (Newmark and Hall 1973). These am- ,..
plification factors were refined later using data :g
o
obtained from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake "i
>
(Newmark and Hall 1982). ~
The primary scaling parameter used in the construc- u Ground Motion Maxima

tion of a Newmark-Hall spectrum is the design max- •a.

en
imum ground acceleration. Newmark and Hall (1982)
recommend that, lacking other information, the ratio
of maximum ground velocity to maximum ground Frequency. f (Log scale)
acceleration (via) be taken as 48 in./sec/g (122 cm/sec/ Fig. 2.10. General shape of a modified trilinear response spectra
g) for competent soil conditions and 36 in./sec/g (from Gupta 1990)
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 17

un
Table 2.1. Spectral Amplification Factors (Newmark and Hall
1982)
"....... /
" /7
/
'" V/ /L "- ""V'
,,~

Damping
84th percentile Median
~v/ "'-L,
ratio (%) Fa Fv Fd Fa Fv Fd
/~ ~~ ~
0.5 5.10 3.84 3.04 3.68 2.59 2.01
1 4.38 3.38 2.73 3.21 2.31 1.82 '/ '<. /" /
2
3
5
3.66
3.24
2.71
2.92
2.64
2.30
2.42
2.24
2.01
2.74
2.46
2.12
2.03
1.86
1.65
1.63
1.52
1.39
'" "'-/ / // "<-
~~
.7 "-
"'-/
/

7 2.36 2.08 1.85 1.89 1.51 1.29 /~ L~ /~

10 1.99 1.84 1.69 1.64 1.37 1.20
20 1.26 1.37 1.38 1.17 1.08 1.01 '>( ;/ "-
V "- ./ "- / "<- /
~ ~/ ~/

The following is a step-by-step procedure for con- 0.0 1

0.01
~ 0.10
/~ 1.0
~ 10.
structing a Newmark-Hall spectrum on a tripartite Period (seconds)
logarithmic chart [Dunbar and Charlwood (1991)]:
Fig. 2.11. Newmark-Hall design spectrum of Example 2.1
Step 1. Estimate the maximum design ground motion d = (6.0)v2Ia = 17.9 in. (45.4 cm)
parameters, a, v, and d for the site. [based on adlv2 = 6}
Step 2. Plot a, v and d by drawing a horizontal line • Read amplification factors for median spectrum (5%
through v, a line parallel to the displacement damping) from Table 2.1:
axis through a, and a line parallel to the
acceleration axis through d. Connect all these Fa = 2.12 Fy = 1.65
lines.
• Determine amplified response parameters:
Step 3. Select a confidence level, median (50th percen- A = a X Fa = (0.5)(2.12) = 1.06g
tile), or median plus one standard deviation V = v x Fy = (24.0)(1.65) = 39.6 in.lsec
(84.lth percentile).
(100.6 em/sec)
Step 4. Obtain amplification factors Fa, Fy, Fd from D = d X Fd = (17.9)(1.39) = 24.9 in.lsec (63.2 cm)
Table 2.1 corresponding to the selected confi-
• Follow steps 2, 6, and 7 of the step-by-step procedure
dence level and specified damping ratio. to plot the Newmark-Hall design spectrum. The final
Step 5. Calcullite the following: A = axFa , spectrum is shown in Fig. 2.11.
V = v x F v , and D = d X FD •
Step 6. Plot on the tripartite logarithmic paper A, V,
2.6 INFLUENCE OF LOCAL SOIL CONDITIONS
and D by drawing a horizontal line through V, a
line parallel to the displacement axis through A,
and a line parallel to the acceleration axis Before the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, earth-
through D. Connect all these lines. quake accelerograms were limited in number, and the
majority had been recorded on alluvium. Therefore, it
Step 7. Draw a line between the A ordinate at 0.125 sec is only natural that the design spectra based on those
period (8 Hz) and the line a at 0.03 second
period (33 Hz).
data, such as those suggested by Housner (1959) and
Newmark-Hall (1973), mainly represent alluvial sites.
Example 2.1 (Construction of a Newmark-Hall Since 1973, the wealth of information obtained from
Design Spectrum) earthquakes worldwide and from subsequent studies
have shown the very significant effect that the local
Construct a median Newmark-Hall elastic design site conditions have on spectral shapes (Figs. 2.12,
spectrum for a maximum design ground acceleration 2.13, and 2.14) [Hayashi et al. (1971); Kuribayashi et
of O.5g on an alluvial site. Assume 5% damping. al. (1972); Mohraz et al. (1972); Hall et al. (1975);
Mohraz (1976); Seed and Idriss (1982), Idriss (1985;
• Determine ground motion parameters: 1987); Mohraz and EIghadamsi (1989)].
a = (1.0)(0.5g) = (0.5)(386.4) An example of how a conservative design spectrum
= 193.2 in.lse2(491 cm/sec2) may be constructed from these spectral shapes is
v = (48.0)(0.5) = 24 in.lsec (30.5 cm/sec) shown in Fig. 2.12. This figure shows four spectral
[based on via = 48 in.lsec/g] acceleration cvrves representing the average of nor-
18 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS ANALYZED: 104 -ALLUVIUM

~ SPECTRA FOR 5% DAMPING 4 _.- LESS THAN 30 FT. ALLUVIUM
z- ON ROCK
~S3 -"- 30·200 FT. ALLUVIUM
~~ ON ROCK
a:"" --- ROCK
""u

X
...Ju
""< DEEP COHESIONLESS SOILS or
~ Q 2
<~
I
(> 250 FT) - 30 RECORDS gZ 2 O. RBCORDS ANALYZBD. 162

,
I
...Jo I c
~~ ~
STIFF SOILS .: 1
I-:EO ' «200 FT) - 31 RECORDS u
::!~1 ~
Q.-
"'x °0~----.~S--~~--~I.-5--~----2~.5~==~
~O~~~---~- PERIOD, SEC.
o 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Fig. 2.14. Average horizontal accelerations for 2% damping for
PERIOD, sec four soil categories (after Mohraz 1976; from Mohraz and
Fig. 2.12. Average acceleration spectra for different soil conditions Elghadamsi 1989)
(after Seed et al. 1976; from Seed and Idriss 1982)
IfY Soil Type II (Deep Cohesionless or Stiff Clay Soils):
SA = l+lOT for 0< T::!6;0.15 sec
SA = 2.5
" "' /
for 0.15< T::!6;0.585 sec (2.14)
y'
,,-'~ / "- ~ ~ /'
SA = L463/T for T>0.585 sec
~t./ 'LE ""1" IOILI ~~

10 ~ ff~aoc ~ Soil Type III (Soft to Medium Clays and Sands):

SA=I+75T for 0<T::!6;0.2sec
SA = 2.5 for 0.2 < T::!6; 0.915 sec (2.15)
--z;?7 ~ y'
" ""- SA = 2.2881T
""'/
"'- //// "<- L for T> 0.915 sec
"'" ~/
/

""~
1.0
~ ~ ~ where SA is the spectral acceleration for 5% damping
normalized to a peak ground acceleration of one g,
and T is the fundamental period of the building. It
" "-
--;:> "'-
I:.
should be noted that values obtained from the UBC
V "'- ./ / "- /
spectral chart of Fig. 2.15, or alternatively, calculated
~ ""'/ "'-../
with eqs.(2.13)-(2.15), are too conservative. In actual
.0
0.01
/~
0.10
~ 1.0
/~
10.
design practice, these values are scaled down by the
Period (seconds) structural factor Rw with values between 4 and 12,
Fig. 2.13. Average spectra of Fig. 2.12 plotted on a tripartite
depending on the type of building. However, the UBC
logarithmic chart establishes limitations for the resultant base shear
force obtained by the dynamic method relative to the
malized spectral values corresponding to several sets base shear given by the static method of analysis, as
of earthquake records registered on four types of soils. explained by paz (1991, p. 577).
The dashed line through the points A, B, C, and D
defines a possible conservative design spectrum for
rock and stiff soil sites. Normalized design spectral 2.7 MOHRAZ DESIGN SPECTRUM
shapes, as those included in the new editions of the
Uniform Building Code (ICBO 1988, 1991) (Fig. 2.15) Mohraz (1976) studied a total of 162 earthquake
are based on such simplifications. The UBC spectral accelerograms obtained from 16 seismic events to
shapes become trilinear (Fig. 2.16), when drawn on a arrive at his suggestions for construction of design
tripartite logarithmic chart, similar in shape to a spectra. He considered four different soil categories
Newmark-Hall spectrum. UBC spectral shapes (lCBO and divided the response spectra of each soil category
1991) can be defined! by the following rather simple into three sets: (1) the horizontal components with the
formulas: larger peak ground accelerations, (2) the horizontal
components with the smaller peak ground accelera-
Soil Type I (Rock and Stiff Soils):
tions, and (3) vertical components. Instead of using a
SA = l+lOT for 0< T::!6;0.15 sec fixed relationship among v, d, and a, as suggested
SA = 2.5 for 0.15 < T::!6; 0.39 sec (2.13) earlier by Newmark and Hall, he used ratios for via
SA = 0.975/T for T> 0.39 sec and adlv2 obtained from a statistical study. These
IFrom Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Tentative Commentary SEAOC·90, p. 36-c.
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 19

100

SOFT 10 MEOIUM CLAYS AND

SANDS (SOIL TYPE 3)
"- ..... ./ "-
~'l,. / "- // .D~ 'I'D_ ~ 7'
DEEP COHESIONLESS OR STIFF ~~/ V/ "'-~

I
CLAY SOILS (SOIL TYPE 2)

ROCK AND STIFF SOILS

(SOIL TYPE I)
10. /~ ~ ~
"- /7/ '<. .>' ./
"- /// "<. 7' "- /
"'- / / ""'fit<!.: "'-/
1.0 ~ ~ ~
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

..
PERIOD. T A .>' ./ '<. ./
(Seconds)
~ / "- ....7' "- / "<. /
i)l"
II
~ "'-/ """/
Fig.2.1S. Normalized design spectra shapes contained in Uniform
Building Code (leBO 1988, 1991) 0.01 /~ /~ /~
0.01 0.10 1.0 10.
Period (seconds)

Fig. 2.16. Uniform Building Code's spectral shapes normalized to

ratios are presented in Table 2.2. Mohraz obtained 0.5g ground acceleration and plotted on tripartite logarithmic chart
design amplification factors for the three frequency
regions (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) by
computing the mean of amplification factors plus one design spectrum is completed using values of A, V,
standard deviation for different frequencies and aver- and D from Table 2.3 in the following steps:
aging them for each frequency region. The resulting
average values of the amplification factors were ap- Step 1. Read from Table 2.2 mean values (50th percen-
plied to the ground motion ratios in Table 2.2 to tile) of via, adlv2 , and dla for soil category and
compute spectral ordinates and to construct design earthquake component (Group) selected. De-
spectra, normalized to one g peak ground accelera- termine the peak ground velocity v and the peak
tion. The site-dependent spectral ordinates A, V, D ground displacement d using the design peak
corresponding to the three frequency regions for ground acceleration.
different values of damping are given in Table 2.3 as Step 2. Read from Table 2.3 the spectral values D, V,
Acc., Vcl., and Dis. Construction of the Mohraz and A for the site category, for specified damp-

Table 2.2. Summary of via and adlYZ Ratios (after Mohraz 1976; reproduced from Mohraz and Elghadamsi 1989)

via, dla,
(in.lsec)lg adlv2 in.lg

Percentile Percentile Percentile

Soil category Group* 50 84.1 50 84.1 50

Rock L 24 38 5.3 11.0 8

S 27 44 5.2 11.2 10
V 28 45 6.1 11.8 12
<30 ft of alluvium underlain by rock L 30 57 4.5 7.7 11
S 39 62 4.2 8.2 17
V 33 53 6.8 13.3 19
30-200 ft of alluvium underlain by rock L 30 46 5.1 7.8 12
S 36 58 3.8 6.4 13
V 30 46 7.6 13.7 18
Alluvium L 48 69 3.9 6.0 23
S 57 85 3.5 4.9 29
V 48 70 4.6 7.0 27

*L: Horizontal components with the larger of the two peak accelerations, S: Horizontal coI!lponents with the smaller of the two peak accelerations, V: Vertical
components.
20 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

Table 2.3. Spectral Ordinates for Unit Ground Acceleration (after Mohraz 1976; reproduced from Mohraz and Eighadamsi 1989)

Damping = O%t 2%t 5%t lO%t 20%t

Dis., Vel., Ace., Dis., Vel., Ace" Dis., Vel., Ace., Dis., Vel., Ace., Dis., Vel., Ace.,
Site. category Group· in. in.lsec g in. in.lsec g in. in.lsec g in. in.lsec g in. in.lsec g

Rock L 54 97 7.02 43 66 3.80 35 51 2.82 28 40 2.11 21 30 1.54

S 71 118 8.14 53 75 4.16 44 58 3.04 36 46 2.29 27 34 1.65
V 87 115 8.15 67 74 3.81 54 57 2.70 44 45 2.03 30 35 1.65
<30ft of L 93 174 10.42 75 106 4.76 59 77 3.38 46 58 2.54 32 42 1.81
alluvium S 127 158 10.17 106 101 4.73 87 77 3.37 68 59 2.49 49 44 1.73
underlain by rock V 151 140 10.55 123 88 4.28 101 68 2.93 81 52 2.09 61 37 1.46
3O-2ooft of L 68 167 8.48 53 96 4.13 44 72 2.94 35 54 2.19 26 39 1.60
alluvium S 80 201 8.85 62 117 4.11 50 89 2.88 41 68 2.17 31 49 1.62
underlain by rock V 110 198 10.04 84 110 4.22 68 80 2.95 53 59 2.18 38 41 1.60
Alluvium L 132 242 7.52 99 141 3.55 81 106 2.58 63 81 1.99 47 59 1.53
S 160 288 9.18 122 169 4.00 99 128 2.86 78 98 2.19 58 70 1.65
V 146 246 10.91 111 143 4.43 92 109 3.08 73 81 2.32 55 57 1.69

*L: horizontal components with the larger of the two peak ground accelerations; S: horizontal components with the smaller of the two peak ground accelerations;
V: vertical components.
tOt critical damping.

ing and for selected earthquake component (b) 20 It of alluvium underlain by rock:
(Group). from Table 2.2: via = 30(in.lsec)/g, ad/v2 = 4.5,
d/a =11(in.lg) for a = 0.5g, v = (0.5)(30) =
Step 3. Plot a, v, and d on a tripartite logarithmic paper
15.0in.lsec (38.1 cm/sec), and
by drawing a horizontal line through the value
of v, drawing a line parallel to the inclined axis (94.5)(15.0)2
for displacements through the value of a, and d = (0.5g x 386.4)
= 5.2 inches (13.3 em)
drawing a line parallel to the acceleration axis
through the value of d. or from dla = 11,
d = (11)(0.5) = 5.5 in. "'" 5.2 in.
Step 4. Plot lines A, V, and D parallel to the lines a, v,
(c) 120 It of alluvium underlain by rock:
and d, respectively.
from Table 2.2: via = 30(in.lsec)/g, ad/v2 = 5.1,
Step 5. Draw a line between the A ordinate at the d/a = 12 (in.lg) for a = O.5g, v = (0.5)(30) =
period 0.125 sec (8 Hz) and the line a at the 15.0in.lsec (38.1 cmIsec) , and
period 0.03 sec (33 Hz).
(5.1)(15.0)2
d = (0.5g x 386.4) = 5.94 inches (15.1 em)
Example 2.2 (Construction of Mohraz Design
Spectrum) or from d/a = 12, d = (12)(0.5) = 6"", 5.94 in.
Construct a median Mohraz elastic design spectrum (d) 300 It of alluvium underlain by rock:
for a maximum design horizontal ground acceleration from Table 2.2: via = 48 (in.lsec)/g, ad/v2 = 3.9,
d/a = 23 (in.lg) for a = O.5g, v = (0.5)(48) =
of 0.5g for each of the following sites: (a) rock, (b)
24.0 in.lsec (61 em/sec), and
20 ft (6 m) of alluvium underlain by bedrock, (c) 120 ft
(37 m) of alluvium underlain by bedrock, and (d) (3.9)(24.0? .
d = ( ) = 11.6 Inches. (29.5 em)
300 ft (91 m) of alluvium underlain by bedrock. 0.5g x 386.4
Assume 5% damping.
or from dla = 23, d = (23)(0.5) = 11.5"'" 11.6 in.
• Determine ground motion parameters: • Calculate spectral ordinates by mUltiplying spectral
(a) Rock site: ordinates for unit ground accelerations for 5% damp-
from Table 2.2: via = 24(in.lsec)/g, ad/v 2 = 5.3, ing, from Table 2.3, by the value of design ground
d/a = 8(in.lg) for a = 0.5g, v = (0.5)(24) = acceleration (0.5g):
12.0 in.lsec (30.5 cm/sec), and (a) Rock site:
(5.3)(12,0? . D = (35 in.lg)(O.5g) = 27 in. (68.6 em)
d = (0 .5gX 386.4) = 3.95 Inches (10 em) V = (51 in.lseclg)(0.5g) = 25.5 in.lsec
(64.8 cm/sec)
or from d/a = 8, d = (8)(0.5) = 4.0"'" 3.95 in. A = (2.82)(0.5g) = 1.41g
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 21

...". "'- Y

""''~~/
'. /
'" .I-
'"" ~ ¥ ,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I
~'.~~~~~~~~V4~~rP7T~~~
~ /~
10

'< Y
~"" /
f
,. ,~~~~~~~~V4~~~~~~~

"" / '
"'-
'" ""'!II:.
.4/ ;/ /
"'" ""/
1. /A ~ ~
Fig. 2.1S. Comparison of various design spectra for 0.2g ground
X Y '<. acceleration and 5% damping on alluvium (after Peng et al. 1989)
V "'- ../ / '<. /
~ "'" ""/ ~""'/

.0
0.01
/~ /~ /~ .!!.~~ ..
0.10 1.0 10.
Period (seconds) Perrq et 01.

Fig. 2.17. Design spectra of Example 2.2

(b) 20 ft of alluvium underlain by rock:

D = (59 in.lg)(0.5g) = 29.5 in. (75 cm)
V = (77 in.lseclg)(0.5g) = 38.5 in.lsec
(98 cm/sec)
A = (3.38)(0.5g) = 1.69g O+O-----.O.S------.-----~,.5------.-----~~5~·----~
(c) 120 ft of alluvium underlain by rock: Period, sec.
D = (44in.lg)(0.5g) = 22 in. (56cm)
V = (72 in.lseclg)(0.5g) = 36 in.lsec (91 cm/ Fig. 2.19. Comparison of UBC and Peng et al. spectral shapes for
5% damping on alluvium (after Peng et al. 1989; from Mohraz and
sec)
Eighadamsi 1989)
A = (2.94)(0.5g) = 1.47g
(d) 300 ft of alluvium underlain by rock:
D = (81 in.lg)(O.5g) = 40.5 in. (103 cm) procedure for construction of Peng et al. spectra is as
V = (106 in.lseclg)(0.5g) = 53 in.lsec follows:
(135 cm!sec)
A = (2.58)(0.5g) = 1.29g Step 1. Given the peak ground acceleration a expressed
• Construct design spectra following the various steps as a fraction of the acceleration of gravity,
indicated for the construction of the Mohraz design compute the root-mean-square (rms) accelera-
spectra. These spectra are shown in Fig. 2.17. tion as
arms = 220aO. 87 (2.16)
2.8 PE"G, ELGHADAMSI, ArID MOHRAZ Step 2. Select a natural frequency value f in the range of
PROBABILISTIC DESIG" SPECTRA interest and obtain· the corresponding values of
f~ (the adjusted central frequency) and u/ (the
Peng, Elghadamsi, and Mohraz (1989) introduced a rms response to a unit rms ground acceleration)
simplified procedure for computing the probabilistic from Table 2.4 for alluvial sites or from Table
maximum response of an elastic SDOF system sub- 2.5 for rock sites.
jected to earthquake ground motion. This procedure Step 3. Compute the number of response maxima n as a
incorporates the effects of the duratiol,1 of strong funct~n of f~ and of the duration td of the
ground motion and of the site soil conditions as strong ground motion as follows:
parameters in computing response spectra. The result- n = 2tdf~ (2.17)
ing spectra are in good agreement with Mohraz design
spectra for similar situations, as can be observed by Step 4. Compute the peak factor r as
examining Figs. 2.18 and 2.19. The reader is referred r = 1.0 for n<2
to Peng et al. (1989) for a detailed discussion of the r = 1.0 + (0.7312 + 0.2276m)L,,(n/2)
theoretical background information. A step-by-step for 2~n<20 (2.18)
22 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

Table 2.4. t:
Values of and UI for Alluvium (from Peng, Table 2.5. Values of t:
and U/ for Rock (from Peng, Elghadamsi,
Eghadamsi, and Mohraz 1989) and Mohraz 1989)

g = 0.02 g = 0.05 g = 0.10 g = 0.02 g = 0.05 g = 0.10

Freq. Freq.
(Hz) t: UI t: U/ t: U/ (Hz) t: U/ t: U/ t: U/

0.06 0.06474 1.15363 0.09095 0.72580 0.12910 0.50927 0.06 0.07149 0.40416 0.11949 0.25701 0.18746 0.18296
0.08 0.08632 0.89659 0.11841 0.56986 0.16273 0.40556 0.08 0.09121 0.36757 0.14099 0.23375 0.21111 0.16639
0.10 0.10687 0.78168 0.14124 0.49846 0.18733 0.35598 0.10 0.10986 0.35540 0.15814 0.22473 0.22708 0.15841
0.20 0.20320 0.66148 0.23260 0.40740 0.27410 0.27645 0.20 0.20653 0.29980 0.26120 0.18295 0.34634 0.12270
0.40 0.40349 0.23036 0.46378 0.14532 0.54381 0.10249 0.40 0.42270 0.13985 0.54727 0.08660 0.71173 0.05986
0.60 0.60641 0.14815 0.68868 0.09145 0.79793 0.06334 0.60 0.61442 0.10671 0.71049 0.06428 0.84525 0.04343
0.80 0.80105 0.10671 0.89117 0.06709 1.00997 0.04655 0.80 0.80918 0.08104 0.91022 0.05035 1.04554 0.03467
1.00 1.00017 0.07778 1.10615 0.04902 1.24176 0.03404 1.00 1.00175 0.06930 1.10303 0.04199 1.24530 0.02799
1.20 1.19563 0.05631 1.32424 0.03575 1.48218 0.02526 1.20 1.19674 0.04268 1.33306 0.02759 1.50454 0.01957
1.40 1.39926 0.04518 1.54721 0.02837 1.72703 0.01992 1.40 1.40735 0.02884 1.59370 0.01934 1.81787 0.01418
1.60 1.59244 0.03710 1.75239 0.02359 1.94771 0.01652 1.60 1.60381 0.02478 1.82419 0.01602 2.09823 0.01159
1.80 1.78828 0.03177 1.96166 0.01966 2.17362 0.01368 1.80 1.82574 0.02028 2.07833 0.01365 2.36256 0.01010
2.00 1.98471 0.02480 2.18229 0.01593 2.41086 0.01137 2.00 2.01677 0.02320 2.24826 0.01403 2.53920 0.00968
2.20 2.18444 0.02183 2.39717 0.01387 2.64078 0.00980 2.20 2.22048 0.02150 2.43643 0.01344 2.70554 0.00920
2.40 2.38037 0.01994 2.59984 0.01233 2.85616 0.00858 2.40 2.40329 0.02124 2.60213 0.01308 2.86142 0.00864
2.60 2.57033 0.01685 2.80408 0.01065 3.07088 0.00748 2.60 2.58474 0.01946 2.77825 0.01162 3.03679 0.00768
2.80 2.76483 0.01462 3.01348 0.00927 3.28905 0.00654 2.80 2.76706 0.01504 2.98068 0.00940 3.25112 0.00650
3.00 2.95500 0.01294 3.21693 0.00816 3.50429 0.00575 3.00 2.95309 0.01121 3.21320 0.00748 3.50392 0.00546
3.20 3.14448 0.01126 3.42195 0.00711 3.72056 0.00504 3.20 3.16755 0.00998 3.45828 0.00647 3.77203 0.00473
3.40 3.32866 0.00969 3.62739 0.00616 3.94152 0.00442 3.40 3.36051 0.00880 3.68737 0.00580 4.02776 0.00425
3.60 3.51565 0.00811 3.84436 0.00533 4.17078 0.00389 3.60 3.58386 0.00863 3.91202 0.00549 4.26087 0.00392
3.80 3.71280 0.00741 4.06056 0.00477 4.40138 0.00347 3.80 3.77000 0.00873 4.09380 0.00530 4.46564 0.00365
4.00 3.90202 0.00663 4.27161 0.00428 4.62820 0.00312 4.00 3.95578 0.00762 4.29207 0.00481 4.66968 0.00336
4.20 4.09187 0.00600 4.48118 0.00386 4.85189 0.00281 4.20 4.14939 0.00692 4.49955 0.00438 4.87893 0.00309
4.40 4.27957 0.00539 4.68959 0.00349 5.07274 0.00255 4.40 4.34789 0.00642 4.70518 0.00406 5.08486 0.00285
4.60 4.46771 0.00493 4.89538 0.00317 5.29059 0.00231 4.60 4.54276 0.00617 4.89873 0.00381 5.28180 0.00263
4.80 4.64728 0.00442 5.09777 0.00286 5.50649 0.00210 4.80 4.71909 0.00569 5.08203 0.00350 5.47303 0.00241
5.00 4.82364 0.00390 5.30403 0.00258 5.72299 0.00192 5.00 4.89838 0.00499 5.27185 0.00313 5.66712 0.00220
5.50 5.28463 0.00314 5.81606 0.00206 6.25655 0.00154 5.50 5.32589 0.00355 5.76818 0.00231 6.19307 0.00171
6.00 5.71194 0.00244 6.31217 0.00164 6.77637 0.00125 6.00 5.78981 0.00264 6.33109 0.00179 6.78985 0.00136
7.00 6.57255 0.00162 7.31018 0.00111 7.79978 0.00086 7.00 6.77719 0.00213 7.41072 0.00137 7.94317 0.00100
8.00 7.40192 0.00113 8.25448 0.00078 8.73670 0.00062 8.00 7.66229 0.00147 8.39486 0.00097 8.94789 0.00073
9.00 8.12205 0.00079 9.08332 0.00056 9.53758 0.00046 9.00 8.47803 0.00101 9.33627 0.00070 9.89345 0.00054
10.00 8.81181 0.00058 9.84157 0.00042 10.21724 0.00035 10.00 9.21327 0.00074 10.18974 0.00051 10.75184 0.00041
12.00 9.89494 0.00033 11.01220 0.00026 11.17459 0.00022 12.00 10.77582 0.00043 12.02588 0.00031 12.51935 0.00026
14.00 9.93013 0.00019 11.10312 0.00016 11.28842 0.00015 14.00 11.96416 0.00027 13.39429 0.00021 13.79632 0.00018
16.00 9.85680 0.00013 11.02267 0.00012 11.20111 0.00011 16.00 12.86042 0.00018 14.24520 0.00014 14.41590 0.00012
18.00 10.01688 0.00010 11.13593 0.00009 11.21517 0.00009 18.00 13.21881 0.00012 14.65880 0.00010 14.73869 0.00009
20.00 9.93569 0.00007 11.15453 0.00007 11.22890 0.00007 20.00 13.19055 0.00009 14.72889 0.00008 14.72369 0.00007
25.00 9.58973 0.00004 10.45702 0.00004 10.54691 0.00004 25.00 12.07801 0.00005 12.92741 0.00004 13.22180 0.00004

0.5772 + 1.28m Example 2.3 (Construction of Peng Spectra)

r = V2Ln(n) + V2L.JTi) for n;;!: 20
2Ln(n) Construct Peng et al. mean elastic spectra for a peak
design horizontal ground acceleration of 0.5g on an
in which m = 0 for median spectra or m = 0.92
for 84.1 percentile spectra (mean + one stan- alluvial site for durations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 seconds
dard deviation for a normal distribution). of strong ground motion. Assume 5% damping.
Sample calculations of spectra for T = 2.5 sec
Step 5. Compute spectral ordinates: if = 0.4 Hz) and strong motion duration of td = 10
seconds are shown below. Computation of spectral
SD = rarmsU'I
Spy = WSD (2.19) ordinates for other natural frequencies, or other
SpA = W2 SD values for the duration of strong ground motion, are
similar.
Step 6. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 for other values of
natural frequencies and connect the points arms = 220aO. 87 = 220(0.5)°·87 = 120.4 cm/sec2
obtained to plot the spectrum. eq.(2.16)
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 23

f~ = 0.46378 and u[ = 0.14532 (from Table 2.4) IW

4QSC'~

"" ...,
c
"-'~ c. ~
n = = 2(10)(0.46378) = 9.28 eq.(2.17) .
""
2tdf~ ;/ ~ "- X~
~"/ ~ ~h- "-
.~ -~
For mean spectral response m = 0 and from eq.(2.18):
'5" /~
i
I0

n
r = 1.0 + (0.7312) Ln -
2 "- , " "-
,.-

"" "" ~/ /
;/ ;/
~77 ~Q2..
9.28
= 1.0+0.7312Ln - 2- = 2.12 eq.(2.18)
.0 /'X ~ ~
The spectral ordinates from eq.(2.19) are:
,.-
"-
"
Sv = rarmsu[ = (2.12)(120.4)(0.14532) "" ~ j
"" ~7 / "'" ~/
/

= 37.09 em = 14.6 in.

w = hf = 21T{0.40) = 2.51 Hz
0.0
0.01
~ 0.10
~ 1.0
/~
10.
Period (seconds)
Spy = wSv = (2.51)(37.09) = 93.1 em/sec
= 36.7 in.!sec Fig. 2.20. Design spectra of Examyle 2.3

SpA = w2Sv = (2.51)2(37.09) = 234cmlsec2

= 92 in.!sec2 = 0.24g procedures. Readers are referred to Joyner and Boore
(1988) for a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of
The completed spectra for this example are shown in the subject. A very informative comparison of the
Fig.2.20. It should be noted that increasing the various empirical methods for prediction of design
cluration of the ground motion increases spectral spectra may be found in Dunbar and Charlwood
ordinates for larger periods. (1991).
Sadigh's relationship for predicting the peak ground
acceleration and pseudo-acceleration response for
2.9 PREDICTIVE ATTENUATION g = 0.05 was developed using data from the western
RELATIONSHIPS United States, supplemented by significant recordings
of shallow-focus earthquakes from other parts of the
A new trend in the generation of design spectra is the world. Both horizontal components of recorded earth-
development of comprehensive attenuation rela- quakes were used. The resulting relationship proposed
tionships to predict spectral ordinates. The advantage by Sadigh may be expressed as:
of this approach lies in the fact that the predicted
spectral response includes the effects of both the
magnitude of the earthquake and the site distance
from the quake source. In using these proposed where Ln is the Napierian logarithm, Y is the pre-
relationships, the reader should keep in mind the dicted acceleration in units of gravitational accelera-
observations made by Joyner and Boore (1988) that, tion (g), M is the magnitude of the earthquake, and r
. . . data are sparse or nonexistent for important ranges
is the closest distance to the rupture surface in km.
of the predictive variables .... A key feature of the data Values of other parameters are given in Table 2.6
set for shallow earthquakes is the scarcity of data points where the standard deviation of an individual predic-
for distances less than about 20 km and magnitudes tion of LnCy) is given as (FL.(¥). Equation (2.20) is
greater than 7.0. Confident predictions can simply not be intended for strike-slip events. For reverse-slip earth-
made in that range of magnitude and distance, which is, quakes Sadigh recommends that values of Y obtained
unfortunately, where predictions are most needed. from eq.(2.20) be multiplied by 1.20.
Predictive relationships for spectral ordinates have Example 2.4 (Spectral Ordinates Using Sadigh's
been suggested by Joyner and Boore (1988), Sadigh Relationship)
(1987), and Crouse (1987) for shallow-focus earth-
quakes (earthquakes with depth of focus less than 70 Using Sadigh's relationship, eq.(2.20), estimate the
km) and by Crouse et al. (1988) and Kawashima et al. peak ground acceleration at the site and the pseudo-
(1984) for subduction-zone earthquakes. This section acceleration response of an elastic SDOF system with
is limited to the presentation of Sadigh's (1987) a natural period of 0.50 second if = 2 Hz) subjected
relationship as a representative example of available to an earthquake of magnitude M = 7.5 with the
24 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

Table 2.6. Parameters in the Predictive Equations of Sadigh (1987) for the Randomly Oriented Horizontal Component of Pseudo-
Acceleration Response (g) at 5% Damping and of Peak Acceleration (reproduced from Joyner and Boore 1988)

M<6.5 M::'6.5

Period (s) a b C2 d Ulny Ulny

Pseudo-acceleration response at soil sites

0.1 -2.024 1.1 0.007 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1.332-D.148M 0.3157 0.6286 0.37
0.2 -1.696 1.1 0.0 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1.453-D.162M 0.3157 0.6286 0.40
0.3 -1.638 1.1 -0.008 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1.486-D.164M 0.3157 0.6286 0.42
0.5 -1.659 1.1 -0.025 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1.584-D.176M 0.3157 0.6286 0.44
1.0 -1.975 1.1 -0.060 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1. 62-D. IBM 0.3157 0.6286 0.45
2.0 -2.414 1.1 -0.105 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1. 62-D. IBM 0.3157 0.6286 0.45
4.0 -3.068 1.1 -0.160 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4814 1. 62-D. IBM 0.3157 0.6286 0.45

Peak acceleration at soil sites

-2.611 1.1 0.0 2.5 -1.75 0.8217 0.4184 1.26-D.14M 0.3157 0.6286 0.35

Pseudo-acceleration response at rock sites

0.1 -0.688 1.1 0.007 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1.332-D.148M 0.579 0.537 0.37
0.2 -0.479 1.1 -0.008 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1.453-D.162M 0.579 0.537 0.40
0.3 -0.543 1.1 -0.018 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1.486-D.164M 0.579 0.537 0.42
0.5 -0.793 1.1 -0.036 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1.584-D.176M 0.579 0.537 0.44
1.0 -1.376 1.1 -0.065 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1. 62-D. IBM 0.579 0.537 0.45
2.0 -2.142 1.1 -0.100 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1. 62-D. IBM 0.579 0.537 0.45
4.0 -3.177 1.1 -0.150 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1. 62-D. IBM 0.579 0.537 0.45

Peak acceleration at rock sites

-1.406 1.1 0.0 2.5 -2.05 1.353 0.406 1.26-D.14M 0.579 0.537 0.35

closest distance to a rupture surface of r = 20 km to Example 2.5 (Effect of Earthquake Magnitude on

the site. Assume a deep soil site condition, reverse Spectral Shape)
faulting, and 5% damping.
It is known that earthquake magnitude has a
significant effect on the shape of response spectra .
• Estimate peak acceleration at the site:
Substitute for various parameters in eq.(2.20) the Stronger earthquakes release a larger percentage of
values read from Table 2.6 for peak acceleration at their energy in longer periods of vibration. Using
deep soil sites: eq.(2.20), compare spectral amplification at T = 2.0
sec for earthquakes of M = 5.5 and 7.5. Assume a
Ln(a) = -2.611 + 1.1(7.5) deep soil site, r = 10 km, strike-slip faulting, and 5%
+ 0 + (-1. 75)Ln[20 + 0.3157 e(O.6286X7.5)] = -1.381 damping.
therefore,
• Estimate peak ground acceleration for each event:
a = e-1.381 = 0.25g for strike-slip faulting for M = 5.50
and Ln(a) = -2.611 + (1.1)(5.5) + 0
a = (1.20)(0.25) = 0.30g for reverse-faulting + ( -1. 75) Ln[1O + 0.8217 e(O.6286x7.5)] = -1.64
a5.5 = e-1.639 = 0.19g
• Estimate SpA at T = 0.5 sec.:
Substitute for various parameters in eq.(2.20) the Similarly for M = 7.50
values read from Table 2.6: Ln(a) = -2.611 + (1.1)(7.5) + 0
At T = 0.5 sec on deep soil sites: + (-1.75) Ln[10 + 0.3157 e(O.6286X7.5)] = -1.03
a7.5 = e-1.03 = 0.36g
LnSpA = -1.659 + (1.1)(7.5) + (-0.025)(8.5 _7.5)2.5 +
(-1.75) Ln[20 + 0.3157 e(O.628X7.5)] = -0.454 • Estimate SpA at T = 2.0 sec for each event:
for M = 5.50
SpA = e- O.454 = 0.64g for strike-slip faulting LnspA = -2.414 + (1.1)(5.5) + (-0.105)(8.5 - 5.5?.5 +
SpA = (1.20)(0.64) = 0.76g for reverse-faulting ( -1. 75) Ln[1O + 0.8217 e(0.4814X5.5)] = -3.378
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 25

(SpAh5 = e- 3 .378 = 0.034g

for M = 7.50
LnSpA = -2.414 + (1.1)(7.5) + (-0.105)(8.5 -7.5)2.5 +
(-1.75) Ln[lO + 0.3157 e(O.6286X7.5)] = -0.939 * m
(SpAh.5 = e- O.939 = 0.391g
• Compare pseudo-acceleration amplifications: Cl ()

SpA 0.034 (a)

for M = 5.5, - = - - = 0.18
a 0.19
Restoring
force
SpA 0.391
for M = 7.5, - = - - = 1.09 R
a 0.36
The amplification at T = 2.0 sec for M = 7.5 is about six
times (1.09/0.18 = 6) that for M = 5.5.

2.10 RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR INELASTIC

SYSTEMS

Current seismic design criteria do not rely on building

systems to remain elastic during major earthquakes. (b)

The most common design approach (ATC 1978;

Fig. 2.21 Force-displacement relationship for an elastoplastic
FEMA 1988; SEAOC 1990; ICBO 1991) is formulated SDOF system (from Paz 1991)
around a two-level seismic design concept:

1. Buildings should resist moderate earthquakes with quake records have been prepared. These spectra are
essentially no structural damage (i.e. essentially elas- usually plotted as a series of curves corresponding to
tic behavior).
definite values of the ductility ratio JL. The ductility
2. Buildings should resist catastrophic earthquakes with ratio JL is defined as the ratio of the maximum
some structural damage but without collapse and
displacement Ymax of the structure in the inelastic
major injuries or loss of life (i.e., inelastic response
within acceptable limits).
range to the displacement corresponding to the yield
point YY' that is,
It is generally accepted that it is neither economically Ymax
feasible, nor realistically possible, to design structures p.,=- (2.21)
Yy
to remain elastic under very severe earthquake ground
motions when there is a small probability of occurr- The response spectra for an SDOF system with 10%
ence during the life of the structure. The inelastic critical damping SUbjected to the N-S component of
response spectrum is an attempt to extend the applica- the 1940 EI Centro earthquake record is shown in Fig.
tion of response spectrum analysis beyond the linear 2.22 for several values of the ductility ratio JL.
elastic range. Generally, an elastoplastic idealization is
used. Such a force-displacement relationship is shown
in Fig. 2.21. The elastoplastic behavior assumes that 2.11 INELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRA
the material will return along its loading line to the
origin, if the force is removed prior to the occurrence A number of procedures have been suggested for
of yielding. However, when yielding occurs at a construction of inelastic design spectra (ATC 1974;
displacement Yt, the restoring force remains constant Newmark and Hall 1973; Riddel and Newmark 1979;
at a magnitude R t • If the displacement is not reversed, Lai and Biggs 1980; Newmark and Riddell 1980;
the displacement may reach a maximum value Ymax' If, Elghadamsi and Mohraz 1987). Newmark and Hall
however, the displacement is reversed, the elastic suggested that an inelastic spectrum be constructed by
recovery follows along a line parallel to the initial line modifying an elastic design spectrum to reflect a
and the recovery proceeds elastically until a negative specified ductility ratio JL. Two distinct inelastic spec-
yield value Rc is reached in the opposite direction. tra are derived from each elastic spectrum: (1) the
Construction of response spectra for inelastic systems inelastic acceleration spectrum that is used in the
is more difficult than for elastic systems. However, calculation of inelastic forces, and (2) the inelastic
inelastic response spectra for several important earth- displacement spectrum. The theoretical basis for such
26 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

....
u
.....
c

u
...o....>

Natural period T. tIC FREQUENCY, Hz

Fig. 2.22. Response spectra for elastoplastic systems with 10% Fig. 2.24. Inelastic design spectra of Example 2.6 (from Newmark
critical damping for the 1940 EI Centro earthquake (from Blume et and Hall 1982)
al. 1961)

ELASTIC SPECTRUM FOR Step 2. Obtain lines V' and V' parallel to lines V and V

V
80TH ACCELERATION by dividing the ordinates of V and V by the
AND DISPLACEMENT
INELASTIC specified ductility J.L.
"---"'-'~ A" DISPLACEMENT

,-,-
A- SPECTRUfI Step 3. Divide the ordinate of point P on the elastic
spectrum by V (2J.L - 1) to locate point P'.
, ._ _ _ _ _ ~ I
Step 4. Draw from the newly located point P' , line A' at

P
45° until it intersects line V'.
~ V' ~, "-
Step 5. Join points P' and Q to complete the spectrum
0'/
// P' , • "0 for accelerations.
/ I NELASTI C
ACCELERATION
" " Step 6. Draw segments A" and AO obtained from the
SPECTRUM ordinates of the corresponding segments A' and
Ao multiplied by the ductility ratio J.L.

Following this step-by-step procedure, paz (1991,

pp. 189-191) has prepared inelastic spectral charts for
Fig. 2.23. Modifications of Newmark-Hall design spectrum for
inelastic response (modified from Newmark and Hall 1982) ductility ratios IL = 0, 2, 5, and 10, and for damping
ratios g = 0%, 5%, and 10%.

Example 2.6 (Application of Newmark-Hall Inelastic

modification is Newmark's observation that three Design Spectrum)
equivalences can be made between elastic and inelastic
response: (1) at low frequencies displacements are Use the elastic and inelastic design spectra of Fig.
equal, (2) at intermediate frequencies absorbed ener- 2.24 to estimate the maximum acceleration and dis-
gies are the same, and (3) at high frequencies forces placement of an elastoplastic SDOF system with a
(or accelerations) are equal. natural period of T = 2 sec. Assume IL = 3. For
A step-by-step procedure for construction of a T = 2.0 sec, f = liT = 0.5 Hz.
Newmark and Hall inelastic design spectrum with The inelastic acceleration curve corresponding to
reference to Fig. 2.23 is as follows: f = 0.5 Hz provides SpA = 0.05g. Similarly, from the
curve corresponding to inelastic displacement,
Step 1. Draw on tripartite logarithmic paper the elastic SD = 6 in. (15 cm). If the system had remained elastic,
design spectrum developed for the stipulated it would have experienced an acceleration in excess of
ground motion parameters and the amount of 0.2g, more than four times that experienced by the
damping specified (line V-V-A-Ao in Fig. 2.23). inelastic system.
 Seismic Response and Design Spectra 27

200 300
~ • 6.05 ~ • 0.05
u • 5 II =5
100 t NEWMARK-HAL'. ELAST! C
200

100
....
u
....
u

.....
VI
%
50 .....
VI
%
U U
Z
/ ..,...... :!;
-~--:.;;';;" 50
=
>- >-
.....
u u
0 20 0
....
oJ
>
....
oJ
::-
g g 20
....:::> 10 ....
:::>

...
VI

- - S = 10 SECS
...
VI _ _ S = 10 SECS
20
20 30
30 10 40
40

3 0.1 0.5 1 4
5 0.1 0.5 4
NATURAL PERIOD (SEC) NATU~L PERIOD (SEC)

Fig. 2.25. Mean inelastic acceleration and displacement response for different strong ground motion
durations (from Lai and Biggs 1980)

Lai and Biggs (1980) used a set of artificial ground response ratios." These ratios for a set of control
motions of various durations to study the validity of points and various ductility ratios are shown in Table
the Newmark-Hall procedure for constructing inelastic 2.7. Figure 2.26 compares Lai-Biggs inelastic spectra
design spectra. The artificial motions used by Lai and for /L = 4 and g = 0.05 with those of Newmark-Hall.
Biggs were generated to have elastic response match-
ing the Newmark-Hall target elastic spectrum. They
concluded that the Newmark-Hall procedure may be
unconservative for 5% damping elastoplastic systems
(Fig. 2.25) and suggested a new procedure to elimin-
ate this concern. NE~RK-HALL INELASTIC
A Lai-Biggs inelastic spectrum is constructed by DISPLACEMENT LAI-BIGGS INELASTI
dividing the ordinates of the corresponding elastic CEMENT
100
design spectrum by a set of factors called "inelastic

Table 2.7. Inelastic Response Ratios at Control Periods (after Lai

and Biggs 1980) lLl 50
II>
.......
:>:
Inelastic Acceleration Inelastic Displacement u
z
Response Ratios Response Ratios

Ductility 0.10 0.50 0.70 4.0 0.10 0.50 0.70 4.0

Ratio (sec) (sec)

Damping: 5% 8
a 10
2 1.35 1.58 1.80 2.00 0.72 0.90 1.00 1.00 ...
II>

3 1.50 2.01 2.38 2.88 0.54 0.79 0.89 1.00

4 1.60 2.34 2.84 3.55 0.44 0.71 0.81 1.00
5 1.68 2.68 3.24 4.11 0.37 0.65 0.75 1.00

Damping: 2%
3
O. 1 0.5 4
2 1.53 2.00 2.22 2.45 0.79 1.08 1.20 1.20
3 1.76 2.85 3.22 3.72 0.61 0.98 1.10 1.20 NATURAL PERIOD (SEC)
4 1.94 3.50 4.00 4.68 0.51 0.91 1.03 1.20
5 2.07 4.10 4.70 5.56 0.43 0.86 0.98 1.20 Fig. 2.26. Comparison of Lai-Biggs and Newmark-Hall inelastic
spectra (from Lai and Biggs 1980)
28 Seismic Response and Design Spectra

Notice for example, that for T = 0.6 sec, the displace- Earthquake Spectra. Earthquake Engineering Research
ment response indicated by the Lai-Biggs procedure is Institute, 7(3), pp. 333-353. Oakland, CA.
about 30% larger than that obtained from the ELGHADAMSI, F., and MOHRAZ, B. (1987) "Inelastic Earth-
Newmark-Hall procedure. The same ratio for inelastic quake Spectra." J. Earthquake Engineering and Structu-
acceleration response is 52 %. ral Dynamics 15: 91-104.
In their evaluation of inelastic design spectra, FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) (1988)
Mahin and Bertero (1981) concluded that inelastic NEHRP Recommmded Provisions for the Development
design spectra constructed by modifying elastic design of Seismic Regulations for Buildings, FEMA-97.
spectra tend to overestimate the effect of viscous Washington, D.C.
damping on inelastic response. Generally, care should GUPTA, A. K. (1990) Response Spectrum Method in Seismic
be taken in application of inelastic spectra in structural Analysis and Design of Structures. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Boston, MA.
design of complex structures. Many studies (Mahin
and Bertero 1981; Anderson and Naeim 1984; Ander- HALL, W. J.; MOHRAz, B.; and NEWMARK, N. M. (1975)
son and Bertero 1987; Elghadamsi and Mohraz 1987; Statistical Studies of Vertical and Horizontal Earthquake
Spectra. Nathan M. Newmark Consulting Engineering
and Bertero et al. 1991) have consistently shown that Services, Urbana, IL.
there are many parameters not considered in construc-
HAYASHI, S.; TSUCHIDA, H.; and KURATA, E. (1971)
tion of such spectra that can dominate nonlinear "Average Response Spectra for Various Subsoil Condi-
response of multidegree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems. tions." Third Joint Meeting, U.S.-Japan Panel on Wind
A general consensus on methods for application of and Seismic Effects, UJNR, Tokyo, Japan.
inelastic design spectra in analysis of MDOF systems HOUSNER, G. W. (1959) "Behavior of Structures During
has not yet been achieved. Earthquakes." J. Eng. Mech. Div., ASCE 85(EM4):
109-129.
- - - (1970) "Design Spectrum." Chapter 5 in Earthquake
Engineering, ed. R. L. Wiegel, 93-106. Prentice-Hall,
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