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Module-07, Inelastic Beams

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52 views10 pages

Module-07, Inelastic Beams

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hassankhan2620026
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE-228: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II

MODULE-7

ANALYSIS OF INELASTIC BEAMS

PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR


CONTENTS
• Introduction

• Inelastic Moment Capacity


• Elastic Moment Capacity
• Plastic Moment Capacity
• Shape Factor

• Inelastic Torsional Capacity

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 2


INTRODUCTION
• The formulation developed so far in mechanics of solids for flexural
and torsional stresses are based on the assumption that the material
remains linearly elastic, i.e. Hook’s law is applicable, when subjected
to loadings.
• When the stresses in a member exceeds the elastic limit, these
formulations are not applicable.

• As shown by the stress-strain curve, the material has load resisting


capacity beyond the elastic limit, therefore, it is necessary to develop
formulation for the inelastic analysis of a member.
• For inelastic analysis of a member, experimental stress-strain curve is
usually idealized as elasto-plastic curve such that the area under both
experimental and idealized curve is same, as shown in the figure.
• However, the assumption “plane section remains plane” is assumed to
be applicable even when the stress limit exceeds the elastic stress.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 3


INELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
Consider a rectangular beam (b x h) subjected to bending moment M. The
strain and corresponding stress variation diagrams at three different strain
level are shown in the figure.
A. Outermost fiber strain, 𝜀1 is less than the yield strain, 𝜀𝑦𝑝
B. Outermost fiber strain is equal to the yield strain, 𝜀𝑦𝑝
C. Outermost fiber strain, 𝜀2 is greater than the yield strain, 𝜀𝑦𝑝

For case A and B the flexural formula, 𝜎 = 𝑀𝑐/𝐼 is applicable.


For case A:
𝑀1 𝑐 𝑀1 𝑀1
𝜎1 = = = ⇒ 𝑀1 = 𝜎1 𝑆 −− −(1)
𝐼 𝐼/𝑐 𝑆
The formula may be obtained from equilibrium conditions:
𝜎1 + 0 𝑏ℎ 𝑏ℎ
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 𝑇 = = 𝜎1
2 2 4

𝑏ℎ 2ℎ 𝑏ℎ2
෍ 𝑀 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀1 = 𝐶 2𝑦 = 𝜎1 2 = 𝜎1 = 𝜎1 𝑆
4 32 6

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 4


INELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
For case B:
𝑀𝑦𝑝 𝑐 𝑀𝑦𝑝 𝑀𝑦𝑝
𝜎𝑦𝑝 = = = ⇒ 𝑀𝑦𝑝 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑆 −− −(2)
𝐼 𝐼/𝑐 𝑆
Similarly from equilibrium conditions:
𝜎𝑦𝑝 + 0 𝑏ℎ 𝑏ℎ
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 𝑇 = = 𝜎𝑦𝑝
2 2 4

𝑏ℎ 2ℎ 𝑏ℎ2
෍ 𝑀 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀𝑦𝑝 = 𝐶 2𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 2 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑆
4 32 6

Myp is known as the Elastic Moment Capacity of a section.


In both cases A and B, I is the moment of inertia, c is the outermost fiber
distance from centriodal axis (equal to h/2 in this case), S is the section
modulus and 𝜎𝑦𝑝 is the yield (elastic) stress.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 5


INELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
For case C: In this case a part of the section has plasticized and the remaining interior
portion is elastic. The flexural formula is not applicable to this case as the strain
exceeds the elastic strain. Let yo is half of the depth of elastic core, then from
equilibrium conditions:

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2

ℎ ℎ
𝐶1 = 𝑇1 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − 𝑦𝑜
2 2
𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏𝑦𝑜
𝐶2 = 𝑇2 = 𝑏𝑦𝑜 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝
2 2

෍ 𝑀 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀 = 𝐶1 2𝑦1 + 𝐶2 2𝑦2

ℎ 1 ℎ 𝑏𝑦𝑜 2𝑦𝑜
𝑀 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − 𝑦𝑜 2 + 𝑦𝑜 + 𝜎𝑦𝑝 2
2 2 2 2 3

ℎ2 2
2𝑦𝑜2 ℎ2 𝑦𝑜2
𝑀 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − 𝑦𝑜 + 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − −− −(3)
4 3 4 3

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 6


INELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
Equation (3) may be written as:

ℎ 1 ℎ 𝑏𝑦𝑜 2𝑦𝑜
𝑀 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − 𝑦𝑜 2 + 𝑦𝑜 + 𝜎𝑦𝑝 2
2 2 2 2 3
2
ℎ 1 ℎ 𝑏 2𝑦𝑜
𝑀 = 2𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 − 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑦𝑜 + 𝜎𝑦𝑝
2 2 2 6
𝑀 = 2𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑄 + 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑆𝑜 −− −(4)

Where Q is the first moment of area of the plastic region and So is the section modulus
of elastic portion.
When the whole section gets plastified, then the elastic core will vanish, i.e. yo = 0. The
moment capacity at this stage is known as plastic moment capacity denoted by Mp.
Therefore equation (3) becomes:
ℎ2
𝑀𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑏 −− −(5)
4
The term bh2/4 is known as the plastic section modulus denoted by Z which is sum of
the first moments of area of the tension and compression regions about the plastic
NA. Therefore, 𝑀𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑍 −− −(6)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 7


PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY
Consider a general section as shown in the figure. The plastic
neutral axis and plastic moment capacity of the section may be
obtained by applying the equilibrium conditions.

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 𝑇 ⇒ 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝐴𝐶 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝐴 𝑇 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴 𝑇

Thus plastic neutral axis divides the area in to two equal parts,
i.e. the compression area is equal to the tension area.
Now applying the moment equilibrium condition:

෍ 𝑀 = 0 ⇒ 𝑀𝑃 = 𝐶𝑦𝐶 + 𝑇𝑦𝑇 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝐴𝐶 𝑦𝐶 + 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝐴 𝑇 𝑦𝑇

𝑀𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝐴𝐶 𝑦𝐶 + 𝐴 𝑇 𝑦𝑇 = 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑍
where 𝑍 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑦𝐶 + 𝐴 𝑇 𝑦𝑇
Z is the first moment of area compression and tension regions
about the plastic neutral axis.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 8


SHAPE FACTOR
Shape factor, denoted by K, is the ratio of plastic to elastic moment
capacities of a section which represent the capacity of a section beyond
the elastic limit.
𝑀𝑃 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑍 𝑍
𝐾= = =
𝑀𝑦𝑝 𝜎𝑦𝑝 𝑆 𝑆

Therefore shape factor may also be defined as the ratio of plastic to elastic
section moduli.

For rectangular section:


𝐼 𝑏ℎ3 /12 𝑏ℎ2 𝑏ℎ ℎ 𝑏ℎ2 𝑍 𝑏ℎ2 /4
𝑆= = = , 𝑍=2 = , 𝐾 = = 2 = 1.5
𝑐 ℎ/2 6 2 4 4 𝑆 𝑏ℎ /6
For circular section:
𝐼 𝜋𝑑 4 /64 𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 2 2𝑑 𝑑3 𝑍 𝑑 3 /6
𝑆= = = , 𝑍=2 = , 𝐾= = = 1.7
𝑐 𝑑/2 32 8 3𝜋 6 𝑆 𝜋𝑑 3 /32

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 9


SHAPE FACTOR (CONT..)
For triangular section, the elastic section modulus is:
𝐼 𝑏ℎ3 /36 𝑏ℎ2
𝑆= = = = 0.0417𝑏ℎ2 ,
𝑐 2ℎ/3 24
If y is the distance of plastic neutral axis from top, then for plastic neutral
axis:
1 𝐴 1 𝑏𝑦 1 𝑏ℎ ℎ
𝑥𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒𝑦= = 0.707ℎ
2 2 2 ℎ 2 2 2
The plastic section modulus is sum of the first moment of area about the
plastic neutral axis:
0.707𝑏 0.707ℎ 0.707ℎ 𝑏 + 0.707𝑏 0.293ℎ 0.707𝑏 + 2𝑏 0.293ℎ
𝑍= +
2 3 2 0.707𝑏 + 𝑏 3
= 0.0976𝑏ℎ2 ,
𝑍 0.0976𝑏ℎ2
𝐾= = = 2.34
𝑆 0.0417𝑏ℎ2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 10

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