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Introduction to Engineering Computing
Week 9: Application I

Dr. Imdad Ullah

Faculty of Engineering
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Do not remove this notice.

 INTRODUCTION
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What will you learn in this course?

Week 1: Introduction to Python

Week 2: Storing Data and Making Decisions Programming

Week 3: Repeating Actions I Basics

Week 4: Repeating Actions II

Week 5: Functions I
Week 6: Functions II Functions
Week 7: Libraries and Modules I
and Packages

Week 8: Libraries and Modules II

Week 9: Application I

Week 10: Application II Advanced

Week 11: Case Study I
Topics

Week 12: Case Study II

Week 13: Revision and Exam Guide

 INTRODUCTION
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From Week 1 to Week 8

Week 1: Introduction to Python

Week 2: Storing Data and Making Decisions Programming

Week 3: Repeating Actions I Basics

Week 4: Repeating Actions II

Week 5: Functions I
Week 6: Functions II Functions
Week 7: Libraries and Modules I
and Packages

Week 8: Libraries and Modules II

 INTRODUCTION
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From Week 9 to Week 12

Imdad! what do we
learn from this week?

Week 9: Application I

Week 10: Application II Advanced

Week 11: Case Study I
Topics

Week 12: Case Study II

Week 13: Revision and Exam Guide

 INTRODUCTION
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From Week 1 to Week 8

Imdad! Why course
structure in Sem1 and
Sem2 is different?

We have learned all basic concepts from Week 1 to 8,

and will do the advanced contents from Week 9 to 12.

Let me show the Content Coverage Comparison between

Semester 1 and Semester 2. (presented during the lecture)
Week 9: Application I

Week 10: Application II Advanced

Week 11: Case Study I
Topics

Week 12: Case Study II

Week 13: Revision and Exam Guide

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More Graph Drawing Application!

Python Matplotlib
Some Recaps
Useful Matplotlib Tips
Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
Extrapolation
3D plots
Creating 3D axes
Adding data to 3D plot
Surface and Wire Plot
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Python More with Matplotlib

Will analyse and demo this during the lecture please check the colab and lecture recording
- Review/newly learn how to use subplots, np.linspace, grid, annotate, xkcd

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ZcHROLwBYTDC5AUnuCnWTZI2cTgHfA74?usp=sharing
 ENGG1810/9810

Python More with Matplotlib

Will analyse and demo this during the lecture please check the colab and lecture recording
- Review/newly learn how to use subplots, np.linspace, grid, annotate, xkcd

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ZcHROLwBYTDC5AUnuCnWTZI2cTgHfA74?usp=sharing
 ENGG1810/9810

Python More with Matplotlib

Will analyse and demo this during the lecture please check the colab and lecture recording
- Review/newly learn how to use subplots, plot np.linspace, grid, annotate, xkcd, legend

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1ZcHROLwBYTDC5AUnuCnWTZI2cTgHfA74?usp=sharing
 s

n y
Fuge

tinge
 grid

Yxation
 Hation

Point

a
style
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More Graph Drawing Application!

Python Matplotlib
Some Recaps
Useful Matplotlib Tips
Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
Extrapolation
3D plots
Creating 3D axes
Adding data to 3D plot
Surface and Wire Plot
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Python Missing Data

I have a Pikachu that uses a ThunderBolt skill every hour.

I have been detecting the voltage of electricity for last 5 hours.

1st hour: 100K volts

2nd hour: 90K volts
3rd hour: 101K volts
4th hour: 98K volts
5th hour: 100K volts
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Python Missing Data

I have been detecting the voltage of electricity for last 5 hours.
1st hour: 100K volts
2nd hour: 90K volts
3rd hour: 101K volts We can draw like this!
4th hour: 98K volts
5th hour: 100K volts

A Monnected
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Python Missing Data

Hours Voltages
1 100
2 90
3 101 We can draw like this!
4 98
5 100
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What if we change the hour to time? Python Missing Data

time
Hours Voltages
1 100
2 90
3 101
4 98
5 100

Let x-axis be the time, and y-axis be a voltage: y = f(t)

We have measured y at 5 different time points.
What is the value of y when the time is 1.5?
What is the value of y when the time is 2.4?

If we are given a set of data that fit a pattern,

time
can we estimate values that are missing?
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What if we change the hour to time? Python Interpolation

time
Hours Voltages
1 100
2 90
3 101
4 98 We can use Interpolation!
5 100 Method for estimating an unknown value
between known values.

Let x-axis be the time, and y-axis be a voltage: y = f(t)

We have measured y at 5 different time points.
What is the value of y when the time is 1.5?
What is the value of y when the time is 2.4?

time
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Python Interpolation
Interpolation is a method for estimating an unknown value between known values.
There are two common interpolation methods:

Linear Interpolation Cubic spline interpolation

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The core library for math, science, and engineering

Python Scipy

SciPy - open-source library of Python modules for mathematics, science and engineering.

To use it, we can use the keyword import module:

import scipy

SciPy Reference
http://scipy.github.io/devdocs/dev/
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Pikachu, come on again!

o: produce a small circle marker

- : produce a solid line to connect the markers.
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Python Linear Interpolation

Use interp1d()from scipy.interpolate module

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.interp1d.html#scipy.interpolate.interp1d
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Python Linear Interpolation

Use interp1d()from scipy.interpolate module

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.interp1d.html#scipy.interpolate.interp1d
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Python Linear Interpolation

To calculate approximate value of y when x is 2.4:

ENGG1810/9810

More Graph Drawing Application!

Python Matplotlib
Some Recaps
Useful Matplotlib Tips
Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
Extrapolation
3D plots
Creating 3D axes
Adding data to 3D plot
Surface and Wire Plot
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Python Cubic Spline Interpolation

Ok! How can we try it in Python?

Not-a-Knot boundary
https://timodenk.com/blog/cubic-spline-interpolation/
https://tools.timodenk.com/cubic-spline-interpolation
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Python Cubic Spline Interpolation

Use CubicSpline()from scipy.interpolate module

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.interpolate.CubicSpline.html
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Python Linear VS Cubic Spline Interpolation

Can you see the difference?

Linear Interpolation Cubic spline interpolation

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Python Linear VS Cubic Spline Interpolation

We can add more points!
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Python Linear VS Cubic Spline Interpolation

Now! Can you see the difference?

Linear Interpolation Cubic spline interpolation

ENGG1810/9810

More Graph Drawing Application!

Python Matplotlib
Some Recaps
Useful Matplotlib Tips
Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
Extrapolation
3D plots
Creating 3D axes
3D Line Graph with Numpy
Surface and Wireframe Plot
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Python Linear Interpolation

What if I would like to estimate a value outside of the range of known values?

Can I estimate x = 6
using linear interpolation?
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Python Linear Interpolation

What if I would like to estimate a value outside of the range of known values?

Can I estimate x = 6
using linear interpolation?

out ofrange
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Python Extrapolation
Method of estimating a value outside of the range of known values

We cannot use linear interpolation to perform extrapolation

Instead, we have to fit a curve (trendline) to our known data

This curve can be extended to the new x values, allowing us to estimate their y values

Curve fitting can also be used for interpolation

Oh! Maybe I can use

Cubic Spline Interpolation!
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Python Extrapolation
Method of estimating a value outside of the range of known values

Yay!

ate
out
y howoften
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Python Extrapolation
Method of estimating a value outside of the range of known values

Yay!

Spline interpolation yields a piecewise continuous function

composed of many polynomials (cubic polynomials) to model
the data set.
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More Graph Drawing Application!

Python Matplotlib
Some Recaps
Useful Matplotlib Tips
Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
Extrapolation
3D plots
Creating 3D axes
3D Line Graph with Numpy
Surface and Wireframe Plot
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Python 3D plots!

2D Plot VS 3D Plot

here in 3D!
We have been drawing a
lot here in 2D!

Matplitlib mplot3d Reference

https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/toolkits/mplot3d.html
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Python 3D plots!
3D Axes (of class Axes3D) are created by passing
the projection="3d" keyword argument to Figure.add_subplot:

Ok! We are ready!

Add some data please!

Matplitlib mplot3d Reference

https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/mpl_toolkits/mplot3d/tutorial.html
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Python Numpy Array: Draw Sin/Cos Graph in 2D

https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.sin.html?highlight=sin#numpy.sin
https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.cos.html?highlight=cos#numpy.cos
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Python Line Graph: Draw Sin Graph in 3D

x
y: vector of zeros doesnt
z: sin(x) show a
yvain
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Python Line Graph: Draw Sin/Cos Graph in 3D Parametric Curve

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Python Line Graph: Draw Sin/Cos Graph in 3D Parametric Curve

.plot(x, y, z, any options): You can plot 2D or 3D data

x = 1D array-like; x coordinates of vertices.
y = 1D array-like; y coordinates of vertices.
z = float or 1D array-like; z coordinates of vertices; either one for https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/toolkits/mplot3d.html#line-plots
all points or one for each point. https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/toolkits/mplot3d.html#scatter-plots
ENGG1810/9810

More Graph Drawing Application!

Python Matplotlib
Some Recaps
Useful Matplotlib Tips
Interpolation
Linear Interpolation
Cubic Spline Interpolation
Extrapolation
3D plots
Creating 3D axes
3D Line Graph with Numpy
Surface and Wireframe Plot
ENGG1810/9810

Python Surface Plot

Useful to visualize a graph of some relationship z = f(x, y)
All (x, y) pairs must be given - Difficult to specify all (x, y) combinations using only vectors

We need np.meshgrid(x, y)
Generate a mesh listing all possible
combinations of x and y values given
lists/arrays of x and y.
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Python Surface Plot with meshgrid

Useful to visualize a graph of some relationship z = f(x, y)
All (x, y) pairs must be given by using np.meshgrid(x, y)

Generate a mesh listing all possible

combinations of x and y values given
lists/arrays of x and y. https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.meshgrid.html
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Python Surface Plot

2D arrays! Down-sampling stride

in each direction

https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/toolkits/mplot3d.html#surface-plots
https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/colors/colormaps.html
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Python WireframePlot
No coloured facets!

https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/toolkits/mplot3d.html#wireframe-plots
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THANKS FOR
WATCHING
Good luck in studying