Solid Waste Management

Contents
1. Introduction to waste
2. Causes of solid waste
3. Classifications of solid waste
4. Effects of solid waste
5. Waste management hierarchy
6. Engineered systems for solid waste management
7. Solid Waste Management- Steps
8. Methods for solid waste Disposal
i. Open Dumps
ii. Landfills
iii. Composting
iv. Incineration

• Overview of solid waste management in

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Pakistan- an 2
Waste is any unwanted or useless materials.
Solid wastes in solid forms; plastics, Styrofoam, bottles,
cans, papers, etc.

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1. Overpopulation
2. Affluence
3. Technological advancement

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 Classification of Waste a/c to their
properties
Bio-degradable Waste:-
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

Non-biodegradable Waste:-
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and others)

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 Classification of Wastes according to their Effects
on Human Health and the Environment

❖ Hazardous wastes
A waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the
environment.
Characteristics of Hazardous waste:
1. Ignitability,
2. Corrosivity,
3. Reactivity,
4. Toxicity,
❖ Nonhazardous wastes
waste that does not cause harm to people or the environment
These substances usually create disposal problems.

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SOURCES OF WASTE

HOUSEHOLDS

COMMERCE
AND
INDUSTRY

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SOURCES OF WASTE

Agriculture

Fisheries

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Classification Of Wastes According To Their Origin

1. Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste
3. Biomedical waste
4. Agricultural waste
5. Fishery waste
6. Radioactive waste
7. Electronic waste

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 Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,
construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, etc. are
managed by any municipality.

Municipal solid waste consists of :

o Household waste

o Construction and demolition waste

o Commercial wastes

o Sanitation residue

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 Industrial wastes
Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing &
processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum,
coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc.
The main source of industrial wastes are
•Chemical Industries:
•Thermal power plants:
•Other industries-metal and mineral processing etc
It is considered as hazardous waste are:
▪ Toxic

▪ Corrosive

▪ Highly inflammable

▪ Reactive

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 Biomedical Wastes
Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end
products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of
medical sciences.
This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human
health
It may include wastes like;
▪ Organic materials waste
▪ Sharps
▪ Disposables
▪ Discarded medicines
▪ Chemical wastes

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 Agricultural wastes:
• Wastes generated from farming activities.
Fishery wastes:
•Wastes generated due to fishery activities.
Radioactive wastes:
• Waste containing radioactive materials.
• Byproducts of nuclear processes.
E-wastes:
• Electronic waste generated from any modern establishments.
•Discarded electrical or electronic devices.

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 Solid fiaste
Comp ositio«
" I *I'. i’
 Type of litter Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
A week or two.
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc

Paper 10–30 days

Cotton cloth 2–5 months

Wood 10–15 years

Woolen items 1 year

Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
100–500 years
cans
Plastic bags one million years
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Glass bottles undetermined
A) HEALTH HAZARD

B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

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If solid wastes are not collected, they may create
unsanitary conditions.
Garbage dumps and decomposed waste helps many
harmful species to breed in them.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague,
gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of
human lives.
Burning of industrial or domestic wastes produce harmful
gases that are harmful to human beings.
Solid waste is a health hazard for the workers who come in
direct contact with the waste.

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 B) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The organic solid waste during decomposition may

generated intolerable odors.

Ground water pollution

Air pollution and global warming

Industrial solid wastes may affect soil characteristics

and productivity of soils.

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Routes of Exposure to Hazards Caused by the
Mismanagement of Solid Waste
 Waste Management Hierarchy
• The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs".
• Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
• 3R's help save money, energy, raw materials and reduces
pollution.

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preventl0h

nininisati0h

energy rec0vey

diSp0sai
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 Reduce Waste

• Consuming and discarding less

• Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste
• Reduce the usage of raw materials
• Improve product design to use less materials.
• Recovery of one tone paper can save 17 trees.
• Switch to reusable transport containers.

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 Reuse
•Reuse is the process, which involves reusing items by repairing them,
donating them to charity and community groups.
•Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are
in the house.

-Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as file folders, and paper.

-Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.

-Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.

-Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase

new ones.

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 Recycle
• Recycling is the reuse in a manufacturing process of materials that
are a waste product of the process.
• Reusing components of solid waste in a manufacturing process that
may still have economic value is called recycling.
• Preparation of automobile body and construction material from steel
Scraps.

Benefits of recycling :-
- Reduce environmental degradation
- Making money out of waste

Saving through recycling :-

- Making paper from waste saves 50% energy
- Every tone of recycled glass saves energy equivalent to 100 liters of
oil
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 Solid Waste Management
• Solid waste management is the process of collection,
transportation and disposal of solid waste in a systematic,
economic and hygienic manner.

• Solid-waste management is the process of the collecting,

treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it is of no longer use.

• Management of solid wastes is important in order to

minimize the adverse effects posed by their indiscriminate
disposal.

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2
Engineered systems for solid waste management

Waste collection into dust bins

On-site handling, storage and processing

Transportation

Processing

Disposal.

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 Solid Waste Management- Steps

The steps involved are:

I. Collection of solid wastes

II. Disposal of solid wastes

III. Utilization of wastes

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 Collection of waste includes gathering the waste
➢ Transporting it to a centralized location and then moving
it to the site of disposal.
➢ Waste collection methods vary widely among
different countries and regions.
The collected waste is then separated into:
▪ Hazardous
▪ Non-hazardous materials.

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 it is processed to recover the usable resources
and to improve the efficiency of the solid waste
disposal system.
The main disposal technologies are:
▪ Manual separation
▪ Recycling
▪ Biological Processing
▪ Combustion
▪ Compaction
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 Waste separation is the process by which waste is
separated into different elements

Separation can be classified as:

▪ Dry waste
▪ Wet waste

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 Recycling

The materials from which the used items

are made can be processed into new
products.
The most common recycled include:
▪ Aluminum
▪ Copper
▪ Polyethylene
▪ Glass
▪ Paperboard
▪ Papers

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 Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
▪ plant matters
▪ food scraps
▪ paper products
Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter

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Incineration

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Disposing of waste in a landfill

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 The solid wastes can be properly utilized to gather the
benefits such as:
▪ Conservation of natural resources
▪ Generate many useful products
▪ Employment opportunities
▪ Control of air, water and ground pollution

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4. Methods for the treatment of the solid waste:

❑ Open Dumps

❑ Landfills

❑ Sanitary Landfills

❑ Composting

❑ Incineration

❑ Manure Pits

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Open Dumps:

•Uncovered areas that are used to dump solid waste of all

kinds.

• The waste is untreated, and not segregated

•It is the breeding ground for flies, rats, and other insects
that spread disease.

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Landfills:

•Landfill, also known as a dump, is a site for disposal of

waste materials by burial.

•Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can

create a number of adverse environmental impacts

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 Satisfactory method
- Material placed in a trench
-Compacted with earth
-Sanitary Landfills are designed to greatly
reduce or eliminate the risks
Modified sanitary land fill-where compaction
and covering are accomplished once or twice
a week.

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Fig: Main features of a modern landfill (Sanitary landfill) 43
 Composting
• Composting is the biological
decomposition of organic waste
under controlled aerobic condition.

• Industries as paper, agricultural and

food processing give out wastes which
are almost 100% organic.
• Compost is the end product obtained
after subjecting the organic fraction of
solid waste to aerobic or anaerobic
decomposition to yield humus, carbon
dioxide, water vapour and energy.

Fig: Compost cycle

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Org anic maner
including carbon
ch6mi<«aI gnergy, Fln/nhed compost
pro sin. nitrDgen)

Ohar nulr@nN) numus): mirNrels:

aler

COy

Gompost pile 45
 Incineration
It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes
are subjected to combustion
This process reduces the volumes of solid waste
to 20-30% of the original volume.
It is burning of the waste at a temperature of almost
1000°C in the presence of oxygen.
After incineration, the wastes are converted to carbon
dioxide, water vapor and ash.
Hospital waste
Industrial waste

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Digging “manure pits” is to prevent the
refuses thrown around the houses.
The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves
should be dumped into the mannure pits and
covered with earth.
In 5-6 month’s time the refuse is converted
into manure.

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Factors affecting solid waste management:

❑ Per capita income

❑ Climate and percentage moisture

❑ Systematic growth of city

❑ Status of the municipality

❑ Resources available

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Collection rate of solid waste by respective municipalities ranges from
51% to 69% of the total waste generated within their jurisdiction.

however, for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of these

quantities should be collected.

Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a proper solid

waste management system

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City Populations millions Waste generated
(2004) Tons/day
Karachi 10818 6632
Faisalabad 2307 902
Hyderabad 1343 756
Gujranwala 1312 615
Quetta 1153 564
Peshawar 0.654 247

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 The Government of Pakistan enacted the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
in 1997

It provides a framework for establishing

federal and provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs).

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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

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