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The document discusses vibration modeling and analysis. It introduces basic vibration concepts like degree of freedom, classification of vibrations, and examples of applications. It also covers modeling vibration problems using mathematical models derived from physics and forming governing equations. Specific cases like springs, masses and damping elements are examined. Harmonic motion and definitions are defined. Free vibration analysis of single degree of freedom systems is demonstrated through examples.

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9 views22 pages

Outline 1

The document discusses vibration modeling and analysis. It introduces basic vibration concepts like degree of freedom, classification of vibrations, and examples of applications. It also covers modeling vibration problems using mathematical models derived from physics and forming governing equations. Specific cases like springs, masses and damping elements are examined. Harmonic motion and definitions are defined. Free vibration analysis of single degree of freedom systems is demonstrated through examples.

Uploaded by

psallh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Fourth edition:

Reading assignment: 1.4-1.12; 2.1-2.2.

Fifth edition:
Reading assignment: 1.4-1.17; 2.1-2.2.

1. Introduction of vibration
1.1 Importance of vibration

Human activities: hearing; breathing; speaking.


Design of machines, foundations, structures, engines,
turbines, and control systems (accuracy of antenna in
aerospace).
Resonance and other failures irrelevant to static
analysis.

Vibration control and utilization:


---Reduce vibration through proper design of
machines.
---Increase vibration: washing machine, ultrasonic
motor; tooth brushes….

1.2 Basic concepts of vibrations


Vibration: Motion repeating itself after an interval of
time.

Degree of freedom: The minimum number of


independent coordinates required to determine
completely the positions of all parts of a system.

1
Discrete and continuous system; Simplification and
accuracy.

1.3 Classification of vibrations

Free and forced: External forced is applied to the


system or not.

Undamped and damped: Energy is lost (or dissipated)


or not during the oscillation.

Linear and non-liner: System behaves linearly or not.


Linearity-Principle of superposition; Nonlinearity-
large amplitude.
Deterministic and random: excitations known or only
exhibit statistical regularity.

1.4 Examples of applications

1.5 Examples of static and dynamic phenomena

F or F (t ) F or F (t )
impact

Spring a sin ωt

2
2. Modeling
Physics problems

Mathematics model Experimental knowledge

Constitutive Equilibrium
Kinematics
relations equations
fields

Assumptions and
hypotheses

Reasonable Validations
or not?

3
2.1 Mathematical modeling
Example of a forging hammer in Figure 1.17

Mathematical modeling: simple and linear models first, if


not accurate enough, go for refined models.

Derivation of the governing equation: Newton second law


for a Free-body diagram.

Solution: analytical and numerical solutions


Interpretation of the results: Design implications of the
results.

2.2 Spring elements


Spring: Linear and nonlinear spring; storing potential
energy.
Elastic elements as equivalent spring (Figure 1.21).

4
Combination of springs: parallel and series (Figures 1.22 and 1.23);

W = k1δ st + k 2δ st
= k eqδ st
→ k eq = k1 + k 2

5
Example 1.4 on page 27

6
l1 = ?,θ = ?

7
8
2.3 Mass elements
Inertia elements (Figure 1.28): Gain or lose kinetic
energy.

9
Combination of masses: Mass appearing in combination
can be replaced by a single equivalent mass.
Examples: (Case 1 and Example 1.7).

10
Case 2: Location at m3

11
12
13
What is k eq / meq for the two cases?

2.4 Damping elements


Concepts of damping elements: Mechanism converting
mechanical energy to heat or sound.
Viscous damping: resistance offered by the fluid to
moving body.

14
3. Harmonic motion and definitions
Simple harmonic motion: Repeated motion after equal
intervals of time.
Complex number representation of harmonic
motion: x = Ae ω .
i t

Definitions and terminology-


Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating
body from equilibrium position.

Period of oscillation: The time taken to complete one


cycle of motion.
x (t ) = sin ωt , τ = 2π / ω .

Example: What are period of x (t ) = sin t , x (t ) = sin 3t , and


1 2

x(t ) = x (t ) + x (t ) ? Please plot it by Matlab.


1 2

Frequency of oscillation: The number of cycles per


unit time.
linear frequency measured in cycles per second and
circular frequency measured by radians per second.

Phase angle: The delay in angel between two


synchronous motion (Figure 1.44).

15
Beats: The maximum amplitude of the resulting
motion of two harmonic motions with close
frequencies.
x ( t ) = cos ωt , x ( t ) = cos( ω + δ )t , and x(t ) = x (t ) + x (t ) ;
1 2 1 2

Matlab language; Example 1.15.

Click here to run the program

16
4. Free vibration of undamped SDF system
Modeling of a SDF system - from real engineering
problems to a mass-spring system.

Figs. 2.3 and 2.5

4.1 Establishment of governing equation

For a spring –mass system in Figure 2.1, the equation


governing its motion will be built by,

• Newton second law: − kx = mx


• Principle of conversation of energy:
d
(T + U ) = 0 ⇒ mDxD + kx = 0
dt

17
For a spring-mass system, the motion in vertical
direction, see Figure 2.7, we conclude x is measured
from its static equilibrium position if we remain the
same form of governing equation mx + kx = 0 .

18
4.2 Solutions and examples

Solution: (Eqs. (2.11)-(2.18)).

mx + kx = 0 ; x(t ) = Ce st →
algebraic equation: s = ±iωn , and ωn = (k / m )1 / 2

x(t ) = A1 cos ωn t + A2 sin ωn t

To fill your solution for initial condition: x and 0 xD 0

Derivation of Frequency ω n = k /m .

19
Example 2.2; 2.5.

20
?????
fixed-fixed or
simply supported

21
Example 2.5 1 1 1
= 4 + 
k eq  k1 k 2 

Exercise:

Try to find the natural frequency of the system shown in


the above figure.

Fx 2
Hint: y( x) = (3l − x ) .
6 EI

22

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