Properties of Common Substance
Properties of Common Substance
CHAPTER-3
PROPERTI
COMMON SUBSTANCE
Presented by
MANOJ BASHYAL
Working Substance:
Air Fuel mixture Automotive Refrigerant
Working Substance:
Steam power plant
Pure Substance
• In all thermodynamics applications, energy is transferred with the help of a
substance to produce certain useful effect.
• Substance used in any system or process to transfer energy is known as working
substance.
A system is said to be composed of a pure substance if it is
a) homogenous in composition
• Proportion of constituent elements should be same throughout the mass
(Single component system)
b) homogenous in chemical aggregation
• Chemical combination of constituent elements should be same.
c) invariable in chemical aggregation
• The state of homogeneity should not change with time.
Pure Substance
Examples of pure substances are hydrogen, nitrogen, water (solid, liquid and vapor
phases), mixture of liquid water and water vapor, etc.
Air, which is a mixture of several gases, can also be considered a pure substance as long
as there is no change of phase.
Milk is not pure substance because it made up of protein, calcium, starch, water
etc. Pure Substance may exists in more than one phase.
(1) (2) (3)
a) If the pressure is held constant, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature
a) If the volume is held constant, the pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.(also known as Gay lussac’s law)
…………1
Applying Boyle’s law for the process A-2
Figure: Relation between P, v and T
…………2
…………3
Since states 1 and 2 are selected arbitrarily, it follows that
…………4
Where R is called the characteristics gas constant.
For a system consisting of mass m kg of gas, equation 4 becomes
Heat Heat
Saturation Pressure
For a given temperature, the pressure at which phase change (liquid to vapor or vapor
to liquid) occurs is called a saturation pressure. For example, if we expand water at
1000C, evaporation takes place 1 atm at, i.e., saturation pressure for 1000C is 1 atm.
Saturated Liquid
The state of a substance at which evaporation just starts (during heating) or
condensation just completes (during cooling) is called the saturated liquid.
Saturated Vapor
Superheated Vapor
The state of a substance at which saturated liquid and saturated vapor have
identical properties is called a critical point. The pressure and temperature
corresponding to critical point are called critical pressure and critical
temperature respectively.
For H2O, critical pressure and critical temperature are 22.055 MPa and 3730C.
If we H2O at 22.055 MPa it suddenly gets converted into saturated vapor from
saturated liquid when temperature reaches 3730C.
Properties of a Two-Phase Mixture
State 1: 1 atm, 80 0C
State 2: 1 atm, 100 0C
State 3: 1 atm, 120 0C
Hence, for a given
pressure, if temperature
is less than the
saturation temperature,
its state will be a
compressed or
subcooled liquid and if
temperature is higher
than the saturation
temperature, the state
will be a superheated
vapor.
State 4: 1.2 atm,
1000C State 5: 1 atm,
1000C State 6: 0.8
atm, 100 0C
Hence, for a given
temperature, if pressure is
higher than the saturation
pressure, its state will be a
compressed or subcooled
liquid and if pressure is less
than the saturation
pressure, the state will be a
superheated vapor.
Quality(Dryness Fraction)
For two-phase mixture (saturation) region, pressure and temperature are no more
independent, and we cannot fix the state with dependent pressure and temperature.
To fix the state within the saturation region, we have to use a new property called
quality. Quality is defined as the ratio of mass of saturated vapor and the total mass
of the two phase mixture. It is also called dryness fraction and is denoted by x.
Specific Properties of a Two-Phase Mixture
Specific properties of the two-phase mixture can be expressed in term of
quality. For example, specific volume of a two phase mixture is given by the
ratio of total volume of two-phase mixture and the total mass of the two
phase mixture, i.e.
Specific Properties of a Two-Phase Mixture
Other specific properties of the two-phase mixture can be expressed in the similar
manner as
Property Table
⮚ For example if the pressure
and specific volume are
specified, three questions
are asked: For given
pressure,
Property Table
Example 1
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy and enthalpy for
saturated water at 450C and 500C.
Example 2
Example 4
Determine the specific enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in a volume of
1.2 m3 at 200 kPa.
Question 2
State P, kPa T, 0C x, % v, m3/kg h, kJ/kg Degree of
Superheat
1 400 250
2 200 70
3 200 0.1050
4 250 0.5951
5 10000 0.04863
6 20000 120
Example 5
Question 3
Consider the closed, rigid container of water as shown. The pressure
is 700 kPa, the mass of the saturated liquid is 1.78 kg, and the mass
of the saturated vapor is 0.22 kg. Heat is added to the water until the
pressure increases to 8 MPa. Find the final temperature and the
enthalpy of the water.
Question 4
2 kg of water is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.5 m3. Heat is added until the
temperature of is 150 0C. Determine:
a) The final pressure,
b) The mass of the vapor at the final state, and
c) The volume of the vapor at the final state.
Question 5
A rigid vessel having a volume of 0.02 m3, initially contains water at its critical state.
The vessel is cooled until its pressure drops to 2000 kPa. Determine
a) The mass of H2O present in the vessel,
b) The quality at final state, and
c) The mass of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at the final state.
Example 6
A closed, rigid container of volume 0.5 m3is placed on a hot plate. Initially,
the container holds two phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated
water vapor at P1= 1 bar with a quality of 0.5. After heating, the pressure in
the container is P2= 1 .5 bar. Indicate the initial and final states on T-v
diagram, and determine:
a) The temperature, in 0C, at each state
b) The mass of the vapor present at each state, in kg.
Question 6
A rigid container with a volume of 0.170 m3is initially filled with steam at
200kPa, 300 0C. It is cooled to 90 0C.
a) At what temperature does a phase change start to occur?
b) What is the final pressure?
c) What mass fraction of the water is liquid in the final state?
Example
Sketch the following process on P-V diagram and T-V diagrams. Show both
the initial and final states properly to saturation curves.
(i). A saturation liquid undergoing an isothermal process until it becomes a
mixture with quality of 0.8.
(ii). A Super heated vapor is condensed isobarically to a saturated liquid state.
(iii). A compressed liquid is heated isobarically to a saturated vapour.
(iv). A two phase mixture in a rigid tank is heated such that it passes through a
critical point.
Example 7
A piston cylinder device shown in Figure contains 0.2 kg of a mixture of saturated
liquid water and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 500C and a volume of 0.03
m3. The mass of the piston resting on the stops is 50 kg and the cross sectional area of
the piston is 12.2625 cm2. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Heat is transferred
until it becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and
determine:
(a) the temperature at which the piston just leaves the stops,
(b) the final pressure, and
(c) the total work transfer. [Take g = 9.81 ms-2]
Example 8
A piston cylinder device shown in figure contains 2 kg of H2O with an initial temperature
and volume of 800 0C and 0.05 m3respectively. It requires a pressure of 400 kPa to lift the
piston from the stops. The system is heated until its temperature reaches 250 0C. Sketch
the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the total work transfer.
Question 8
Ans: 2736.24 kJ
Question 11
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains water initially at P1= 100
kPa, X1=0.8 and V1=0.01 m 3. When the system is heated, it encounters a linear
spring( k= 100 kN/m). At this state volume is 0.015m 3. The heating continues till
its pressure is 200 kPa. If the diameter of the piston is 0.15 m, determine
a) The final temperature, and
b) The total work transfer.
Also sketch the process on P-v diagram
Extra Question 1
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains 2 kg of water initially at a
pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 500C. Heat is added until the piston
reaches the upper stops where the total volume is 1.5 m3. It takes a pressure of
600 kPa to lift the piston. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and
determine the final temperature and the work transfer.