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Properties of Common Substance

The document discusses properties of pure substances and working substances used in thermodynamic systems. It defines pure substances and provides examples. It also discusses the different states a pure substance can exist in like solid, liquid and gas phases. The document further explains concepts like phase change, saturation temperature, saturation pressure, subcooled liquid, superheated vapor and more.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views56 pages

Properties of Common Substance

The document discusses properties of pure substances and working substances used in thermodynamic systems. It defines pure substances and provides examples. It also discusses the different states a pure substance can exist in like solid, liquid and gas phases. The document further explains concepts like phase change, saturation temperature, saturation pressure, subcooled liquid, superheated vapor and more.

Uploaded by

Shubham Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ES OF

CHAPTER-3
PROPERTI

COMMON SUBSTANCE
Presented by
MANOJ BASHYAL
Working Substance:
Air Fuel mixture Automotive Refrigerant

Working Substance:
Steam power plant
Pure Substance
• In all thermodynamics applications, energy is transferred with the help of a
substance to produce certain useful effect.
• Substance used in any system or process to transfer energy is known as working
substance.
A system is said to be composed of a pure substance if it is
a) homogenous in composition
• Proportion of constituent elements should be same throughout the mass
(Single component system)
b) homogenous in chemical aggregation
• Chemical combination of constituent elements should be same.
c) invariable in chemical aggregation
• The state of homogeneity should not change with time.
Pure Substance
Examples of pure substances are hydrogen, nitrogen, water (solid, liquid and vapor
phases), mixture of liquid water and water vapor, etc.
Air, which is a mixture of several gases, can also be considered a pure substance as long
as there is no change of phase.
Milk is not pure substance because it made up of protein, calcium, starch, water
etc. Pure Substance may exists in more than one phase.
(1) (2) (3)

State Postulate/Two-Property rule


Ideal Gas Relations
Boyle’s Law
If the temperature remains constant, the pressure of a given mass of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume. i.e
Charles Law

a) If the pressure is held constant, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature

a) If the volume is held constant, the pressure of a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature.(also known as Gay lussac’s law)

Ideal Gas Relations


Equation of State
Consider an unit mass of ideal gas undergoing constant pressure process 1-A
followed by constant temperature process A-2 as shown
Applying Charle’s law for the process 1-A

…………1
Applying Boyle’s law for the process A-2
Figure: Relation between P, v and T
…………2

Ideal Gas Relations


Equating equations i and ii we get,

…………3
Since states 1 and 2 are selected arbitrarily, it follows that
…………4
Where R is called the characteristics gas constant.
For a system consisting of mass m kg of gas, equation 4 becomes

Phase change of a Pure Substance


■ The substances exists in different phases, eg. at room temperature and pressure,
copper is solid, and mercury is liquid.
■ It can exist in different phases under variation of condition. Eg water boiling point
changes as pressure changes. So water can be at vapor and liquid separately at same
temperature when pressure is different.
■ There are 3 Principal phases
– Solid
– Liquid
– Gas
Each with different molecular structures
Phase change process of Pure Substances
■ There are many practical situations where two phases of a pure substances
coexists in equilibrium.
■ Eg: water exists as a mixture of liquid and vapor in the boiler. – Solid has strong
intermolecular bond
– Liquid has intermediate intermolecular bond
– Gas has weak intermolecular bond
Phase change process of Pure
SubstancesSolid Liquid Gas /Vapor

Heat Heat

Sensible heat and latent heat


Sensible Heat
Amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance to increase or decrease its
temperature is called sensible heat.
Only temperature of substance changes but not phase.
Eg: Increment of temperature of water from 0 to 100 degree
Latent Heat
The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase change process is called
latent heat.
It only changes the phase of the substance but not temperature.
Eg: Heat absorbed by ice when it changes to water, heat absorbed by water when it
changes to vapor.
At 1 atm pressure, the latent heat of fusion of water is 333.7 kJ/kg and the latent heat of
vaporization is 2256.5 kJ/kg.
Phase change Process in water
Two Phase (Liquid and Vapor)
Systems Saturation Curve on T-v Diagram (P =
Constant)
Advanced Thermodynamics & Heat Engines 18
Advanced Thermodynamics & Heat Engines 19

Saturation Curve on P-v Diagram (T = Constant)


Saturation Temperature
For a given pressure, the temperature at which phase change (liquid to vapor or vapor
to liquid) occurs is called a saturation temperature. For example, if we heat water at
1atm, evaporation takes place at 1000C, i.e., saturation temperature for 1 atm is
1000C.

Saturation Pressure

For a given temperature, the pressure at which phase change (liquid to vapor or vapor
to liquid) occurs is called a saturation pressure. For example, if we expand water at
1000C, evaporation takes place 1 atm at, i.e., saturation pressure for 1000C is 1 atm.

Saturated Liquid
The state of a substance at which evaporation just starts (during heating) or
condensation just completes (during cooling) is called the saturated liquid.
Saturated Vapor

The state of a substance at which evaporation just completes (during heating) or


condensation just starts (during cooling) is called the saturated vapor.

Compressed Liquid or Subcooled Liquid

When saturated liquid is further cooled or compressed, it is called a compressed


liquid or subcooled liquid.

Superheated Vapor

When saturated vapor is further heated or expanded, it is called a superheated


vapor.
Degree of Superheat
The difference in temperature of a superheated vapor and the corresponding saturation
temperature is called degree of superheat.
Critical Point

The state of a substance at which saturated liquid and saturated vapor have
identical properties is called a critical point. The pressure and temperature
corresponding to critical point are called critical pressure and critical
temperature respectively.

For H2O, critical pressure and critical temperature are 22.055 MPa and 3730C.
If we H2O at 22.055 MPa it suddenly gets converted into saturated vapor from
saturated liquid when temperature reaches 3730C.
Properties of a Two-Phase Mixture
State 1: 1 atm, 80 0C
State 2: 1 atm, 100 0C
State 3: 1 atm, 120 0C
Hence, for a given
pressure, if temperature
is less than the
saturation temperature,
its state will be a
compressed or
subcooled liquid and if
temperature is higher
than the saturation
temperature, the state
will be a superheated
vapor.
State 4: 1.2 atm,
1000C State 5: 1 atm,
1000C State 6: 0.8
atm, 100 0C
Hence, for a given
temperature, if pressure is
higher than the saturation
pressure, its state will be a
compressed or subcooled
liquid and if pressure is less
than the saturation
pressure, the state will be a
superheated vapor.
Quality(Dryness Fraction)
For two-phase mixture (saturation) region, pressure and temperature are no more
independent, and we cannot fix the state with dependent pressure and temperature.
To fix the state within the saturation region, we have to use a new property called
quality. Quality is defined as the ratio of mass of saturated vapor and the total mass
of the two phase mixture. It is also called dryness fraction and is denoted by x.
Specific Properties of a Two-Phase Mixture
Specific properties of the two-phase mixture can be expressed in term of
quality. For example, specific volume of a two phase mixture is given by the
ratio of total volume of two-phase mixture and the total mass of the two
phase mixture, i.e.
Specific Properties of a Two-Phase Mixture
Other specific properties of the two-phase mixture can be expressed in the similar
manner as

Property Table
⮚ For example if the pressure
and specific volume are
specified, three questions
are asked: For given
pressure,
Property Table

The state is in the compressed liquid region, and the


compressed liquid table is used to find the properties. (or
If
using saturation temperature table)
The state is in the saturation region, and either the saturation
If
temperature table or the saturation pressure table is used.

The State is in the superheated region and the superheated


If
table is used.
Question 1
Determine the saturated temperature, specific volume,
internal energy and enthalpy for saturated water at 100
kPa and 200 kPa.

Example 1
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy and enthalpy for
saturated water at 450C and 500C.
Example 2

From given data of water, determine the states(Compressed/ subcooled liquid , or


a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor or a superheated vapor):
a) 500 kPa, 180 0C b) 40 kPa, 40 0C
c) 150 0C, 400 kPa d) 5000 kPa, 0.1 m3/kg
e) 8000 kPa, 0.01 m3/kg f) 50 0C 0.0005 m3/kg
g) 120 0C, 0.5 m3/kg h) 3000C, 0.1 m3/kg
Example 3
Determine the saturated pressure, specific volume, internal energy and enthalpy
for saturated water at 1220C.

Ans: P=211.892 kPa, v=0.001062, u=512.07, h= 512.296

Example 4
Determine the specific enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in a volume of
1.2 m3 at 200 kPa.

Question 2
State P, kPa T, 0C x, % v, m3/kg h, kJ/kg Degree of
Superheat
1 400 250
2 200 70

3 200 0.1050

4 250 0.5951

5 10000 0.04863

6 20000 120

Example 5

A 0.3 m3rigid vessel contains 5 kg of water at 150 kPa, Determine:


a) The temperature,
b) The mass of each phase, and
c) The specific enthalpy

Question 3
Consider the closed, rigid container of water as shown. The pressure
is 700 kPa, the mass of the saturated liquid is 1.78 kg, and the mass
of the saturated vapor is 0.22 kg. Heat is added to the water until the
pressure increases to 8 MPa. Find the final temperature and the
enthalpy of the water.
Question 4
2 kg of water is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.5 m3. Heat is added until the
temperature of is 150 0C. Determine:
a) The final pressure,
b) The mass of the vapor at the final state, and
c) The volume of the vapor at the final state.

Question 5
A rigid vessel having a volume of 0.02 m3, initially contains water at its critical state.
The vessel is cooled until its pressure drops to 2000 kPa. Determine
a) The mass of H2O present in the vessel,
b) The quality at final state, and
c) The mass of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at the final state.

Example 6
A closed, rigid container of volume 0.5 m3is placed on a hot plate. Initially,
the container holds two phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated
water vapor at P1= 1 bar with a quality of 0.5. After heating, the pressure in
the container is P2= 1 .5 bar. Indicate the initial and final states on T-v
diagram, and determine:
a) The temperature, in 0C, at each state
b) The mass of the vapor present at each state, in kg.
Question 6
A rigid container with a volume of 0.170 m3is initially filled with steam at
200kPa, 300 0C. It is cooled to 90 0C.
a) At what temperature does a phase change start to occur?
b) What is the final pressure?
c) What mass fraction of the water is liquid in the final state?
Example

Sketch the following process on P-V diagram and T-V diagrams. Show both
the initial and final states properly to saturation curves.
(i). A saturation liquid undergoing an isothermal process until it becomes a
mixture with quality of 0.8.
(ii). A Super heated vapor is condensed isobarically to a saturated liquid state.
(iii). A compressed liquid is heated isobarically to a saturated vapour.
(iv). A two phase mixture in a rigid tank is heated such that it passes through a
critical point.
Example 7
A piston cylinder device shown in Figure contains 0.2 kg of a mixture of saturated
liquid water and saturated water vapor at a temperature of 500C and a volume of 0.03
m3. The mass of the piston resting on the stops is 50 kg and the cross sectional area of
the piston is 12.2625 cm2. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Heat is transferred
until it becomes saturated vapor. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and
determine:
(a) the temperature at which the piston just leaves the stops,
(b) the final pressure, and
(c) the total work transfer. [Take g = 9.81 ms-2]
Example 8

A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains 0.5 kg of water initially at a


pressure of` 400 kPa with a quality of 50%. The system is heated to a position where
the piston is locked, and then cooled till it becomes a saturated vapor at a temperature
of 600C. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the total work
transfer.
Example 9
A piston cylinder device with a linear spring initially contains water at a pressure
of 4 MPa and 5000C with the initial volume being 0.1m3, as shown in figure. If
the piston is at the bottom, the system pressure is 300 kPa. The system now
cools until the pressure reaches 1000 kPa. Sketch the process on P-v diagram
and determine
a) The mass of H2O
b) The final temperature and volume , and
c) The total work transfer.
Question 7

A piston cylinder device shown in figure contains 2 kg of H2O with an initial temperature
and volume of 800 0C and 0.05 m3respectively. It requires a pressure of 400 kPa to lift the
piston from the stops. The system is heated until its temperature reaches 250 0C. Sketch
the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine the total work transfer.
Question 8

A piston cylinder device shown in figure below contains 2 kg of water initially at a


pressure of 500 kPa with the quality of 20%. The water
is heated until it becomes a saturated vapor. The volume
of the system when the piston is at the upper stops is 0.4
m3. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and
determine:
a) the final pressure, and
b) the total work transfer
Question 9
The frictionless piston shown in Figure has a mass of 20 kg and a cross sectional area
of 78.48 cm2. Heat is added until the temperature reaches 4000C. If the quality of the
H2O at the initial state is 0.2, determine:
a) the initial pressure,
b) the mass of H2O,
c) the quality of the system when the piston hits the stops,
d) the final pressure, and
e) the total work transfer. [Take Patm = 100 kPa, g = 9.81 m/s2]
Question 10
Water (2 kg) is contained within a piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in Figure.
The initial temperature is 1050C, and there are equal masses of liquid and vapor
initially. The system is heated to a position where the piston is locked, and then the
system is cooled to the saturated vapor state at T = 500C. Draw the process on a P-v
diagram, and evaluate the work done during the process.

Ans: 2736.24 kJ

Question 11
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains water initially at P1= 100
kPa, X1=0.8 and V1=0.01 m 3. When the system is heated, it encounters a linear
spring( k= 100 kN/m). At this state volume is 0.015m 3. The heating continues till
its pressure is 200 kPa. If the diameter of the piston is 0.15 m, determine
a) The final temperature, and
b) The total work transfer.
Also sketch the process on P-v diagram

Extra Question 1
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains 2 kg of water initially at a
pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 500C. Heat is added until the piston
reaches the upper stops where the total volume is 1.5 m3. It takes a pressure of
600 kPa to lift the piston. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and
determine the final temperature and the work transfer.

Extra practice Questions


1. Define the terms:
(i). Moisture content, (ii).Quality , (iii).Superheated vapor,(iv).Saturation pressure and
temperature ,(v).Saturated liquid (vi).Compressed liquid,(vii).Degree of superheat
(viii).Sensible heat (ix).Latent heat and (x).Critical point. 2. Derive an expression for
specific volume and specific enthalpy of a two phase mixture in terms of quality.
3. Explain saturation curve of two-phase mixture on P-V and T-V diagram. Also show
the constant quality lines.
4. Define the conditions for pure substance. State and explain 'State Postulates’. 5.
Does the evaporation process in two phase mixture violates state postulate. Explain.
Or
Explain why quality is required to define the state of a two phase mixture. 6. Write
down the effect of pressure and temperature on (i). Specific volume of saturated
liquid(vl) (ii). Specific volume of saturated vapour(vg) and (iii).change in specific
volume due to evaporation(vlg).(Hint: see in steam table)

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