A1 Holiday Homework
A1 Holiday Homework
Grammar Terminology
A noun is a person, place, thing or idea. In German, all nouns are capitalized. So, if something in
the middle of a sentence is capitalized, it is a noun or a word acting as a noun.
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence and refers back to a noun that was previously mentioned
(e.g. when we are talking about John, we can say "he" or "him" instead of using his name again). It
does the same job in a sentence as a noun, and can be a subject, direct object, indirect object or the
object in a prepositional phrase.
The subject of a sentence is almost always a noun or pronoun. It is the person or thing that does the
action of the verb in the sentence.
The verb is the action of the sentence and describes what is being done. IN GERMAN, THE
CONJUGATED VERB IS ALWAYS IN THE SECOND POSITION IN A MAIN CLAUSE! In other
clauses (with conjunctions like dass or weil), the verb will be at the end of the clause.
The direct object is the "do-ee" of the sentence, meaning the object to which something is being
done. It too is almost always a noun or pronoun.
The indirect object is a noun or pronoun that answers the question 'to whom' or 'for whom' the action
is being done -- the receiver of the direct object.
An article is a special kind of adjective that is used to indicate whether the noun refers to something
or someone in particular, or to one of a general group. A definite article ("the" in English) refers to a
particular, specific noun. In German, these are die, der and das, and all their various case and gender
forms (dem, denen, etc.). An indefinite article ("a" or "an" in English) refers to a noun whose exact
identity is not specified; not the bird (that bird there specifically), but a bird. In German, this is ein and
its various forms. Other types of articles, such as demonstrative articles like "this" and "that",
function in a similar specifying manner. Dieser, mancher, jeder, etc. are demonstrative articles in
German, and follow the same rules as definite (der) articles.
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun by answering 'what kind?' or 'which one?' For example,
the "good" wine, der gute Wein.
An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another adverb by answering 'how?' 'when?' 'where?' or 'to
what extent?' In German, adjectives and adverbs look the same in their base forms (e.g. schön can
mean "nice" or "nicely"); however, adjectives get endings when they come before a noun -- adverbs
never have endings.
A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence.
Prepositions answer the same types of questions as adverbs. A preposition is used with a noun to
form a prepositional phrase:
"Past the store" is a prepositional phrase. The noun following a preposition ("the store") is called
the object of the preposition. In German, prepositions can put their objects into the accusative,
dative, or genitive case.
Conjugation simply refers to a set of endings (and sometimes vowel changes) for verbs which help
to mark person and tense. For example, "to be" = I am, you are; sein = ich bin, du bist, etc.
Person is a term used to describe the 'point of view' of a sentence. There are three "persons,"
referred to as 1st, 2nd and 3rd. 1st person is used when the speaker of the sentence is the same as
its subject. In this instance, the subject is either the singular form ich (I) or the plural form wir (we).
2nd person is used when the speaker of the sentence is talking directly to another party. The subject
is then the singular du (you) or the plural ihr (you all). 3rd person is used when the speaker of a
sentence is discussing the activities of another who is not being addressed directly. This is the most
common person, and is used for ALL NOUNS. The 3rd person pronouns are er (he), sie (she), es (it)
and sie (they).
Gender: In German, nouns are said to have gender. There are three genders: masculine, feminine
and neuter. A noun's gender (and number) determine the endings for indefinite articles and adjectives,
and also the form of the definite article. Gender is something that pretty much just has to be
memorized. There are a few generalizations that can be made, but most have exceptions. There are
only a few rules with no variations: Any noun that ends in -lein or -chen is neuter, any noun which
ends in -in ,-ung, -keit, -heit, -tät, -ie, -tion is feminine, and any noun which ends in -mus or -ig is
masculine. In compound nouns, the final word in the compound determines the gender of the whole
word.
Case is a fancy way of referring to a noun or pronoun's role in a sentence. In German, there are four
cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. Nominative is used only for the subject of a
sentence. Accusative is used primarily for direct objects and prepositions that require a noun in
accusative. Dative is used for indirect objects, objects of dative prepositions, and a very limited set of
verbs that take a dative object. The genitive indicates possession, and there are a few genitive
prepositions and one or two genitive verbs.
Übung: Pronomen, Fragewörter, Verben
2. Wie ist ____________ Universität in Deutschland? --- ____________ ist historisch und
schön.
4. Professor Schmidt, lesen ____________ das Buch? --- Nein, ____________ lese es nicht.
11. Wie ist ____________ Leinwand? --- ____________ ist groß und weiß.
12. Was machen Ulrich und Peter? --- ____________ spielen Karten.
B. Du, Sie, ihr. What form of ‘you’ would you use when talking to the following people?
C. Kein, Ein. Provide the proper forms of ‘ein-’ and ‘kein-’ in the blanks below according to the
example.
BEISPIEL: Your friend points to a door and says: »Ist das ein Buch?«
Du sagst: » Nein, das ist kein Buch. Das ist eine Tür. «
1. Your sister points to a window and says: »Ist das _____ Papierkorb?«
Du sagst:
»________________________________________________________________________
____«
2. Your classmate points to a television and says: »Ist das ________ Tafel?«
Du sagst:
»________________________________________________________________________
____«
3. Your father points to a desk and says: »Ist das ______ Stuhl?«
Du sagst:
»________________________________________________________________________
____«
4. Another student points to a classroom and asks: »Ist das ______ Universität?«
Du sagst:
»________________________________________________________________________
____«
D. Fragewörter. Provide the proper questions to go along with the following answers. Use question
words like was, wo, wer, wann, wie, etc.
Remember, regardless of gender in the singular (der/die/das), the plural article is always die.
OTHER CHANGES
Note: in your textbook, on vocabulary lists and in dictionaries, you will find abbreviated plural forms in
the following notation:
die Wand, -¨e ‘-¨e’ means to umlaut the root vowel and add an -e ending
Write in the proper German plural forms for the following words:
beers = potatoes =
___________________________ ___________________________
___ ___
beverag = cherries =
es ___________________________ ___________________________
___ ___
wines = noodles =
___________________________ ___________________________
___ ___
eggs = soups =
____________________________ ___________________________
__ ___
tomatoes =
___________________________
___
grapes =
___________________________
___
onions =
___________________________
___
2.Possessive Adjectives
There are two questions you need to ask yourself before deciding on which possessive adjective will
be correct:
1) Who ‘owns’ the object you’re talking about? Is it mine, yours, his, hers? Answering who owns
the object will tell you what base form possessive to use (mein, dein, sein, ihr, etc).
2) What gender, number, and case is the object (NOT the owner)? This will determine the
endings that need to be added on to the base form. For example, in the sentence “His mother
is young” -- mother is feminine singular and is in the nominative case, so the ending is just -
e: Seine Mutter ist jung.
OWNER BASE FORM MASC NOM MASC ACC FEM NEUT PLUR
Please note:
1) “euer” drops its middle -e- when any endings are added (eure, not euere). This is just a quirk
of German spelling and pronunciation.
2) “unser” has an -er as part of the base form. Thus that -er will always be present, PLUS any
case endings that occur after it (unseren, unsere).
Fill-in-the-blank sentences.
10. Herr Obermann, ____________________ (Your, formal) Studenten (pl) lernen alles!
11. Trinkst du jetzt ____________________ (my) Wein?
15. Das Buch ist alt, und ____________________ (its) Titel (m) ist unlesbar.
Finde ich gute Bücher hier? Nein, Sie finden keine guten Bücher hier.
Use nicht:
(Er ist kein Lehrer would mean that he’s not a teacher
at all.)
• to negate entire thoughts, verbs, adjectives, and elements of the sentence other than
nouns:
Verstehst du? Nein, ich verstehe nicht.
Once you’ve decided to use nicht, you need to ask yourself: what am I negating? If you’re negating a
particular element of the sentence (an adjective, an object, an adverb, etc), then you should
place nicht directly before it:
If you’re negating the entire idea of the sentence, or the verb itself, then nicht should go as far toward
the end as possible. There are some elements of the sentence -- verb participles, separable prefixes,
and infinitives -- that will take priority over nicht, so in more complex sentences nicht may not be at
the very end, but in basic sentences nicht should fall at the end of the sentence.
Sie singt nicht. Heute kommt er nicht.
Because there is quite a bit of flexibility regarding the placement of nicht, we will not be testing it
explicity at this point. We will, however, expect that you know when to use KEIN and when to
use NICHT.
For a true test of understanding the placement of nicht, compare the following sentences, all of which
are correct in certain situations but carry different connotations:
Ich gehe heute ins (I’m not going, with no special emphasis.)
Kino nicht.
Ich gehe heute nicht ins (I’m not going to the movies, but I might go somewhere
Kino. else.)
Ich gehe nicht heute ins (I’m not going today, but I might go some other time.)
Kino.
Nicht ich gehe heute ins (It’s not me who’s going to the movies.)
Kino.
Now negate the following sentences, using either nicht or a form of kein.
These prepositions take either the accusative or the the dative case.
1. Use accusative if there is a significant change of location/position. In other words, if the
action has moved from one place to a different place, or a specific "border" has been
crossed.
2. Use dative if the former does not occur, i.e. if the action is occurring in a confined, defined
space.
1. English speakers usually distinguish between "in" and "into" in such sentences as:
The dog ran into the house. He moved into high circles.
2. Most of the time, however, English speakers do not make this distinction, e.g.:
The dog ran under the car. The dog is under the car.
In this case, English does not distinguish between the "in"-situation and the "into"-
situation. German makes this distinction (when using the two-way prepositions) by
taking accusative for "into"-situations and dative for "in"-situations, e.g.:
Der Hund läuft unter das Auto. The dog is running under the car.
Der Hund liegt unter dem Auto. The dog is lying under the car.
Additional notes:
1. an and auf
an describes an area "leaning against and touching" or "by or at" the point of
reference, e.g.:
Sie sitzen an dem Tisch. They are sitting "up against" or "at"
the table.
auf describes an area "on top of" the point of reference, e.g.:
Sie sitzen auf dem Tisch. They are sitting on top of the table.
2. Some prepositions may have meanings beyond their "locational" ones, e.g.
3. Wo and Wohin
Wo means simply "where" -- a static location that is not in motion. Wohin means "to
where" -- into which location is the object moving. When using a motion verb (and
therefore using the accusative with the two-way prepositions), you must use "wohin"
rather than the stationary "wo".
B. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions + nouns in the proper case. Remember to check whether
the verb indicates motion or not! (Remember that ‘wo’ (location) vs. ‘wohin’ (motion) provides a big
clue!)
16. Wohin geht der ___________________________________ (to the front of the class)
Student?
A. Der-Wörter. Schreiben Sie die englischen Wörter für jedes deutsche Wort unten.
alle = ________________________
_
B. Endungen. Schreiben Sie die richtige Endung in jede Lücke. Achten Sie auf den Kasus (=case)!
-- Nach Charlottenburg fährt die Linie 145; das ist dies______ Bus hier.
-- Du brauchst aber einen Computer. Jed______ Student in den USA hat einen Computer.
4. -- Welch______ Parfüm (n) kaufst du, Maria, dies______ Calvin Klein (n) oder dies______
Chanel (n)?
-- Natürlich kaufe ich dies______ Calvin Klein. All______ Chanel-Parfüme (pl) sind viel zu
teuer.
5. -- Welch______ Wein trinken wir heute, dies______ Rotwein (m) oder dies______
Weißwein (m)?
-- Dies______ Rotwein ist sehr gut, aber zu Fisch trinke ich lieber dies______ Weißwein.
C. Kleine Dialoge. Schreiben Sie die richtigen Wörter in die Lücken, mit den richtigen Endungen
auch.
2. -- _____________________ (which) Bluse kaufst du, die weiße oder die schwarze?
-- Nein, _____________________ (these) Kleider (pl) hier sind nicht so teuer. Und
_____________________ (all) Kleider hier sind sehr schön.
__________________________________________________________________________
___________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______
__________________________________________________________________________
_______
__________________________________________________________________________
________
5 Both houses have bedrooms, but this house also has a workroom.
__________________________________________________________________________
________
__________________________________________________________________________
________
__________________________________________________________________________
________
__________________________________________________________________________
________
__________________________________________________________________________
________
Kennen is used to express familiarity with people and places. It always takes a direct object.
Kennst du seine Schwester? Do you know his sister (have you met her)?
Ich kenne Madison sehr gut. I know Madison very well (I’m familiar with Madison).
Kennst du Kafkas “Die Verwandlung”? Do you know Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis”?
Wissen is used to express a knowledge of facts. It may take a direct object, but more often is used with a
relative clause (starting with a question word like ‘wo’, ‘wann’, ‘wer’, etc).
Ich weiß nicht, wer der Mann ist. I don’t know who the man is.
Ich weiß deine Telefonnummer nicht. I don’t know your telephone number.
Kennen is a regular verb, but wissen is not. Here is the conjugation for both verbs:
Practice: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb wissen or kennen.
2. ___________________ du die Stadt Rancho Santa Fe? -- Nein, ich ___________________ die
Stadt nicht, und ich ___________________ auch nicht, wo sie liegt.
3. Was macht ihr heute abend? -- Wir ___________________ das noch nicht.
___________________ du, wie spät es ist? Wir möchten einen Film sehen.
___________________ du den Film Mein Leben als Hund?
4. Wann fängt das Seminar an, und wer ist die Professorin? -- Ich ___________________ nicht,
wann das Seminar anfängt, aber ich ___________________, wer die Professorin ist: ich
___________________ Frau Stein schon, und sie ist sehr nett.
5. Im Winter ist es sehr kalt in Madison. -- Ja, ich ___________________ das schon. Ich
___________________ viele Leute, die in Kalifornien leben möchten.
6. Morgen haben wir eine Party. Wann kommt ihr vorbei und was bringt ihr mit? -- Wir
___________________ nicht genau, wann wir vorbeikommen, aber ich
___________________, dass wir Bier mitbringen.
7. Lädst du ihn ein? -- Ich ___________________ es noch nicht. Ich ___________________ ihn
nicht so gut.
8. Willst du ihn anrufen? -- Nein, er ist noch nicht zu Hause. Das ___________________ ich
schon. Ich kann seine Freundin anrufen. Ich ___________________ ihre Telefonnummer.
German verbs can have separable prefixes. These prefixes change the meaning of the original verb, and
make a new word. In the present tense, separable prefixes are separated from the verb and placed at the
end of the sentence bracket. When used in the infinitive, however (e.g. with modalverbs), separable prefix
verbs are not divided.
Hans steht jeden Tag um 9.00 Uhr auf. Hans gets up every day at 9:00.
Hans muss jeden Tag um 9.00 Uhr aufstehen. Hans has to get up every day at 9:00.
Common separable prefixes.
aufräumen = to clean up
vorstellen = to introduce
zumachen = to close
Some German verbs have recognizable prefixes that are INSEPARABLE, e.g. they remain with the verb at
all times.
Das Feuer zerstört unser Haus. The fire is destroying our house.
Das Feuer kann unser Haus zerstören. The fire can destroy our house.
The meanings of these prefixes are much harder to explain, since they often perform a grammatical
function but do not have a direct English cognate. Nonetheless, here’s a short list of common
INSEPARABLE prefixes and example verbs.
missbrauchen = to abuse
zerstören = to destroy
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
6. fernsehen / du / jetzt ?
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
7. erkennen / du / ihn ?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
We’re finally going to learn to talk about past events in German! You’re about to learn what’s called the ‘present
perfect’ tense in English, or Das Perfekt in German. (Don’t be confused by the word ‘present’ -- this is a past
tense that talks about past events -- it’s the English terminology that’s confusing.) Although there are two different
past tenses in German (as in English), the Perfekt that you are learning is used most often in conversational
(spoken) German. You will learn the other past tense (the narrative or simple past tense) in second-semester
German.
The first thing we need to talk about when learning to form the Perfekt is the difference between strong and weak
verbs in German. We have the same difference in English, too. Consider the following examples:
Like English, German has a group of ‘regular’ (termed ‘weak’) verbs that always add a -t ending for the past
participle, but another very different group of ‘irregular’ (termed ‘strong’) verbs that add an -en. We will be
learning both kinds today, but for just now, we’re going to focus on the (easier) weak verbs.
To form the past participle of the German Perfekt tense for weak verbs, you need to take the stem of the verb
(the infinitive minus the -en ending) and add a ge- prefix and a -t suffix.
There are two exceptions to this nice regularity. The first ist that verbs that end in -ieren,
like fotografieren, diskutieren, studieren, etc., do NOT get a ge- prefix. (These verbs can be easily recognized as
English-French cognates, and they all end in -ieren, so it’s a pretty easy group to remember.)
The other exception is for inseparable prefixes, like ver-, be- and miss-. When a verb has an inseparable prefix, it
does NOT get a ge- prefix for the participle form.
What happens with separable-prefix verbs? As you might expect, the prefix gets ‘stuck’ back on to the participle at
the end, but the ge- prefix ends up in the middle of the word:
Now that you can form the participle form of the verb, we need to learn the complete syntax for a past tense
sentence. To form a complete German past tense sentence, you need to add a helping verb,
either ‘haben’ or ‘sein’. Let’s look at the verbs that take ‘haben’:
Maria hat zwei Semester Deutsch gelernt. Maria learned German for two semesters.
As you can see, the helping verb (haben in these sentences) is conjugated to match the subject, while the
participle (ge-stem-t) remains constant. Also note that the participle occurs at the very end of the sentence, while
the conjugated helping verb is in the normal verb position (second element for statements, first for questions).
Let’s try a few simple sentences for practice. These are all weak (‘regular’) verbs.
Now we need to learn about the other type of verb, the strong verb. These verbs are harder, because they often
change their stem vowel in unpredictable ways, so they need to be memorized. Still, they do build their participle
form in a regular fashion: a ge- prefix is added, and an -en (NOT -t) suffix. The stem vowel will often change, but
not always. See the separate chart (Verb Classes) for details on stem vowel changes.
There are a handful of strong verbs that don’t just change their vowel, but the whole stem. These irregular verbs
just need to be memorized, but fortunately they’re the most common verbs (go, come, be, do), so you’ll see them
a lot and get familiar with them very quickly.
The same rules for inseparable prefixes (no ge- added to participle) and separable prefixes (added back on before
the ge-) hold true for all verbs, strong, mixed and weak.
In addition to the strong verbs, there is a very small handful (about six) of verbs that are called ‘mixed’ verbs,
because they act like a mix between strong and weak verbs. They take a ge-+-t form like weak verbs, but their
stem vowels change. Again, these verbs just need to be memorized.
Let’s try a few sentences again. These are all strong or mixed verbs.
Almost done! The last thing to learn about the Perfekt tense is that sometimes ‘haben’ is not the right helping verb
to use. Rather, you need to use the helping verb ‘sein’ (er ist, etc) for verbs that meet both of these criteria:
e.g. fahren (ich bin nach Milwaukee gefahren, BUT ich habe mein Auto gefahren)
In addition, the three verbs sein (to be) and bleiben (to stay) and passieren (to happen) both take ‘sein’ as a
helping verb, although they don’t match the criteria above. Consider these examples:
Paul ist ein fleißiger Student gewesen. Paul was a hard-working student.
Once again, practice by making complete sentences. All of these verbs take ‘sein’ as a helping verb, but some are
strong verbs (ge-stem-en) while others are weak (ge-stem-t).
Was ist das Partizip? Unten sehen Sie schwache (=weak) und starke (=strong) Verben. Füllen Sie die
Lücken mit den richtigen Partizipien ein.
Schwache Starke
Verben Verben
2. sagen = 11 essen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
3. kaufen = 12 vergessen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
4. kosten = 13 nehmen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
5. aufräumen = 14 bekommen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
6. vorhaben = 15 anrufen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
7. wandern = 16 ausgehen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
8. reparieren = 17 lesen =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
9. öffnen = 18 sein =
__________________________ . __________________________
__ __
B. Hilfsverben. Welches Hilfsverb ist richtig? Füllen Sie die Lücken mit Formen
von haben oder sein ein.
C. Ein Brief. Birgit schreibt einen Brief an ihre Schwester. Füllen Sie die Lücken mit den richtigen
Hilfsverben (haben oder sein) und den richtigen Partizipien ein. (This may be hard -- it mixes up strong
and weak verbs as well as haben and sein, so take your time and think things through!)
Liebe Renate:
Deine Schwester,
Birgit
Haben oder Sein? Was ist das richtige Hilfsverb? Füllen Sie die Lücken mit den richtigen Formen
von HABEN oder SEIN ein.
LINDA: Tag, Hans! _______________ ihr gestern Abend noch ins Kino gegangen?
HANS: Ja, wir _______________ einen alten Film mit Charlie Chaplin im Rialto gesehen. Und du,
was _______________ du gestern Abend gemacht?
LINDA: Ach, ich _______________ zu Hause geblieben. Ich _______________ gearbeitet, und
dann _______________ ich früh ins Bett gegangen.
HANS: Schade. Wir _______________ nach dem Film noch ein Bier getrunken. Ich
_______________ erst nach zwei Uhr eingeschlafen!
KARL: Ich _______________ gegen einen Baum gefahren. Die Polizei _______________
gekommen, und dann _______________ ich eine Strafe (=citation) bekommen. Dann
_______________ ich einen Mechaniker angerufen, und er _______________ das Auto
repariert.
SABINE: Ich _______________ gestern mit Gabi gesprochen. Sie _______________ letzte Woche
aus Hamburg zurückgekommen.
NINA: Ah, schön! _______________ sie dort eine gute Zeit gehabt?
SABINE: Ja, aber es _______________ jeden Tag geregnet. Gabi _______________ viele Tage im
Museum und im Kino verbracht; sie _______________ nur an einem Tag durch die Stadt
gelaufen.
B. Gestern war ein schöner Tag. Rolf ist Student in Göttingen. Er erzählt seinem Freund Bernd, was er
mit seinen Freunden am Wochenende gemacht hat. Füllen Sie die Lücken ein!
B. Im Perfekt. Schreiben Sie die Sätze ins Perfekt (=past tense) um.
C. Persönliche Fragen. Beantworten Sie die Fragen mit einem ganzen deutschen Satz.
__________________________________________________________________________________
____
__________________________________________________________________________________
____
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____
4. Wie war das Wetter gestern? Hat es geregnet, oder geschneit? Ist es schön gewesen?
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____
7.Nominativ und Akkusativ
For example:
The woman sees the girl. The woman is the subject and is nominative.
The girl sees the woman. The girl is the subject and is nominative.
In English the articles “the”, “a” and “an” do not change depending on whether the noun is
accusative or nominative. (Only pronouns change case in English: compare “She sees me” and “I
see her”.)
In German not only the personal pronouns but also many other words change their form based on
case. The articles (der, ein, kein, etc.), possessive adjectives (mein, dein, etc.), and a few
(unusual) nouns all change their form (usually by adding or changing endings) depending on what
case they are in. Right now we’ll be dealing mostly with the definite articles (der/die/das) and the
indefinite articles (ein/eine); the table below shows how they change in the accusative case:
Nominative
Definite Indefinite
All of the nouns above are in the nominative case because they are
the subjects of the sentences or because they follow the verb “sein.”
Accusative
Definite Indefinite
The nouns above are all in the accusative case because they are direct objects.
A. Practice. Circle all nouns in the nominative, and underline all nouns in the accusative.
5. Have you seen a Shakespeare play? 10. Donald owns a hotel and a car.
B. Auf deutsch. Now practice identifying subjects and objects in these German sentences.
5. Herr Schmidt trinkt eine Cola und Subjekt = _______________ Objekt =________________
ein Bier.
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the articles in parentheses. First, figure out what
word is subject and what is object; then think about what the right form is.
7. Ich mache ________ Buch, ________ Tür und _______ Fenster auf.
15. Herr und Frau Schmidt verstehen ________________ Sohn und ________________ Tochter
nicht.
8.Accusative Pronouns
You have already learned the accusative case with definite and indefinite articles (den, einen). You
have also learned personal pronouns in the nominative case (ich, du, er, etc). Now it’s time to learn the
same pronouns in the accusative case. They are:
es es it
When to use the accusative case, as a reminder: direct objects in a sentence must be in the accusative
case.
1. Michael fragt ihn. ( NOM / AKK ) 5. Wer spielt es? ( NOM / AKK )
3. Sie hat es. ( NOM / AKK ) 7. Wo finde ich ihn? ( NOM / AKK )
B. Restate the sentences using a pronoun instead of the underlined noun. Write the correct pronoun in
the blank.
C. Provide the pronouns for the underlined nouns in the answering statement.
3. Versteht ihr die Hausaufgaben (pl)? -- Nein, wir verstehen ____________ nicht.
4. Wo ist die Lehrerin? -- Dort ist ____________!
Pronomentabelle. Make sure you know your pronouns! Fill in the table below.
you = ____________ you = ____________ you all = ____________ you all = ___________
_
it = ____________ it = ____________
B. Gemischte Pronomen. Fill in the blanks with the pronouns indicated in parentheses. Watch out:
there are both nominative and accusative forms here.
1. ____________ (I) liebe meine Katze (f) und ____________ (it) liebt ____________ (me).
3. Mein Freund und ich gehen oft zusammen (=together) ins Kino, aber ____________ (he) geht
nie allein.
4. Kennen Sie meinen Bruder? -- Nein, ich kenne ____________ (him) nicht.
5. Nein, Petra, es tut mir leid. Ich kann ____________ (you) morgen nicht anrufen.
6. Wie findest du meine zwei neuen Stühle (pl)? Ich finde ____________ (them) dumm.
11. Ach, der Computer ist viel zu teuer. Ich kaufe ____________ (it) nicht.
12. Wie findest du meinen neuen Schreibtisch? Ich finde ____________ (it) zu modern.
13. Möchtet ____________ (you, pl) mein Auto (n) kaufen? ____________ (It) fährt schnell und ist
nicht teuer.
14. Ich habe sieben Geschwister. ____________ (They) wohnen alle zu Hause.
15. Martin, liebst ____________ (you) ____________ (me) nicht mehr? ____________ (We) gehen
nie aus.
16. Wie findest du meine neue Tasche? Ich finde ____________ (it) sehr schön.
17. Herr Winkler, kennen ____________ (You, formal) schon meinen Bruder, Alex?
18. Mein Freund und ich sind sehr traurig. Ihr besucht ____________ (us) nie.
C. Zwei Geschichten. Below are two short stories with various pronouns and articles blanked out for
you to fill in. Be careful: there are many different forms here: nominative and accusative personal
pronouns as well as articles and even a few possessive pronouns. Use the English clues in parentheses to
help.
Der Hund Max
Ich gehe spazieren. Ich sehe ____________ (a) Hund (m). ____________ (He) ist klein und
schmutzig (=dirty). Ich nehme ____________ (him) nach Hause und wasche ____________ (him).
Ich gebe dem Hund einen Namen: Max. Max hat einen großen Hunger. Max sieht
____________ (my) Schuh (m). Er springt und frisst ____________ (it). Jetzt ist Max sauber und
glücklich (=happy). ____________ (He) ist bestimmt ein guter Hund! Aber dann sieht Max
____________ (my) Katze (f) -- ____________ (she) heißt Carla. Diese Situation ist nicht gut! Carla
hat Angst vor Max, und ____________ (she) läuft weg. Ich kann ____________ (her) nicht finden.
Wo ist ____________ (she)? Ich rufe, Carla, wo bist ____________ (you)? Dann sieht Carla
____________ (me) und ____________ (she) kommt zurück. Ich gebe Max
____________ (a) Knochen (=bone, m) und ich gebe Carla etwas Milch. Bald (=soon) sehe ich
____________ (them) zusammen auf meinem Bett: ____________ (they) schlafen und sind
zufrieden (=content).
Hänsel und Gretel gehen durch ____________ (the) Wald (=forest, m). Sie sehen
____________ (a) Haus (n) aus Leberkuchen (=gingerbread). Sie fangen an,
____________ (the) Haus zu essen.
HEXE: Guten Tag, ____________ (my) Kinder. Was macht ____________ (you both) hier?
HEXE: Oh, das tut mir leid (=I’m sorry). Komm ins Haus, ich habe etwas für ____________ (you
pl, acc)!
Hänsel und Gretel gehen in das Haus. Die Hexe ist glücklich -- sie hat jetzt
____________ (her) Mittagessen!
D. Wissen oder Kennen? Fill in the blanks with the correctly conjugated form of WISSEN or KENNEN.
5. Sabine und Marlene ____________________ die Adresse von Frau Sperber nicht.
6. ____________________ du die Kinder da? Und ____________________ du, wie sie heißen?
Review: what is the accusative case? The accusative case is used for direct objects in German.
The forms of the accusative articles are:
masc Der Tisch ist braun. Ich sehe den Tisch. Ich sehe einen Tisch.
fem Die Tasche ist weiß. Ich sehe die Tasche. Ich sehe eine Tasche.
neut Das Buch ist grün. Ich sehe das Buch. Ich sehe ein Buch.
plur Die Stühle sind gelb. Ich sehe die Stühle. Ich sehe keine Stühle.
Last week, we learned (and then never practiced) the accusative pronouns. These pronouns are
used for direct objects, e.g. instead of ‘ich’ you need to use ‘mich’ for the direct object.
es es (it)
Fill in the proper nominative OR accusative articles OR pronouns, according to the clues.
_______________ (my) Familie ist nicht sehr groß. Ich habe _______________ (a) Mutter und
_______________ (a) Vater, und ich habe zwei Brüder aber
_______________ (no) Schwestern. _______________ (the) ältere Bruder heißt David. Ich
sehe _______________ (him) nur im Sommer, denn _______________ (he) wohnt in
California. _______________ (my) jüngerer Bruder heißt Rob, und
_______________ (his) Frau heißt Heather. _______________ (they) haben zwei Kinder.
_______________ (my) Nichten heißen Anna und Alyssa. Ich sehe _______________ (them) im
Sommer und auch im Dezember.
Hast du _______________ (a) große Familie? Wohnen _______________ (your) Eltern noch
zusammen? Wo wohnt _______________ (you all)? Wollen deine Eltern
_______________ (you) in Madison besuchen? Willst du _______________ (them) sehen?
9. Accusative Prepositions
Up to now, we’ve been using the accusative case only for direct objects. There is another part of
speech that requires the accusative case in German: the accusative prepositions. They are:
durch = through
für = for
ohne = without
When you use any of these prepositions, you need to put the noun or pronoun following them into
the accusative case. For example:
Ich kaufe ein Buch für meinen I’m buying a book for my father.
Vater.
Wir gehen ohne dich. We’re going without you.
Ich laufe durch das Haus. I’m running through the house.
In casual German, you may see contractions when using prepositions with ‘das’:
These are common but very informal, so we’d prefer that you write out the full ‘für das’ in your
work.
A. Use the cues below to write sentences with prepositional phrases (preposition + object).
B. Write the appropriate preposition in the blank, and add endings as needed to the articles.
Max braucht ein Geschenk __________ sein____ Freund Moritz. Moritz hat alles und braucht
nichts, aber morgen ist sein Geburtstag. __________ sechs Uhr gibt Moritz eine kleine Party
__________ sein____ Freunde. Max hat nicht viel Zeit und auch nicht viel Geld; außerdem ist
er im Prinzip __________ teure Geschenke. Aber __________ ein____ Geschenk (n) geht es
auch nicht!
Also sucht er eine Buchhandlung (=bookstore). Ein Buch ist immer gut. Max geht __________
d____ Tür, und dann geht er __________ ein____ Tisch mit Sonderangeboten (=sale items).
Fünfzig Euro __________ die Autobiographie von Madonna? Max hat nichts __________
Madonna, aber das ist zu viel! Max hat aber nicht viel Zeit: __________ vier Uhr hat er ein
Seminar. Er läuft schnell __________ d____ Geschäft (=store, n). Endlich sieht er ein Poster
__________ ein____ Buch mit dem Titel “Die Biere der Welt”. Das ist perfekt __________
Moritz, denn Moritz kann __________ sein____ Bier nicht leben! Also kauft Max das Buch
__________ Moritz und geht glücklich zur Party.
C. Supply the appropriate prepositions and personal pronouns from the list below.
durch • für (3x) • gegen (2x) • ohne mich • dich (2x) • sie • ihn
(2x) (3x) • Sie
2. Meine Eltern mögen meinen Freund nicht. Ich weiß nicht, was sie _______________
____________ haben.
5. Wenn ihr ihn fangen (=catch) wollt, müsst ihr _______________ ____________ kommen!
7. Marias Vater hat viel Geld. Er kauft ein neues Auto _______________ ____________.
8. Was hältst du von Paul? -- Ich habe nichts _______________ ____________; er ist nett.
10.Handout: Der Dativ (mit Wiederholung: Nominativ und Akkusativ)
Nominative
• for predicate nouns: when the main verb is sein or werden, use the nominative for both subject
and predicate nouns.
Accusative
Note that the very common expression "es gibt" (there is/are) requires that the noun be in the
accusative case because it is grammatically a direct object.
• after the accusative prepositions and postpositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um (memory aid:
dogfu), as well as the postpositions bis and entlang . If a noun follows these prepositions, it will
ALWAYS be in the accusative!
• time expressions in a sentence are usually in accusative: jeden Tag, letzten Sommer, den
ganzen Tag, diesen Abend, etc. We haven’t officially learned this yet, but it’s good to know.
Jeden Morgen esse ich Brot und Marmelade zum Every morning.
Frühstück.
Let’s practice a bit. These sentences mix nominative and accusative forms, so watch out.
9. Hast du mein____ Mantel irgendwo sehen? Ich kann _________ (it) nicht finden.
Übrigens, ich kann mein____ Hemd auch nicht finden. Weißt du zufällig, wo
_________ (it) ist?
10. Morgen fahren wir durch d____ Stadt. D____ Glockenturm (m) ist schön. Wir besichtigen
d____ Turm und kaufen dort ein____ Postkarte (f).
Now it’s time to learn the DATIVE case -- the third of German’s four cases. (You’ll learn the fourth,
the genitive case, next semester.) First, let’s learn what the forms of the dative look like for the
articles:
m f n pl m f n pl
You’ll notice that whereas in the accusative case, only the masculine articles changed their form
(to den/einen), in the dative case, ALL of the genders change. It may help you to remember these
changes with the mnemonic device “rese nese mr mn” -- in other words, der-die-das-die, den-die-
das-die, dem-der-dem-den.
A primary use of the dative case is for the indirect object of a sentence. An indirect object is the
beneficiary of whatever happens in a sentence. It’s usually a person, although it doesn’t have to
be. If you ask yourself: “TO whom or FOR whom is this being done?”, the answer will be the
indirect object, and in German it will need the dative case.
Not every sentence will have an indirect object -- all semester, we’ve mostly been using sentences
that do not have indirect objects. Like in English, only some verbs allow an indirect object: to give
(to), to bring (to), to tell (to), to buy (for), to send (to) are some good examples of verbs that will
almost always have an indirect object. In English, we don't distinguish the direct and indirect
object in the forms of words; instead, we often use "to" or "for" to mark these. If you can
potentially insert "to" or "for" in front of a noun in an English sentence, it's probably an indirect
object.
Ich gebe der Frau ein Buch. I’m giving her a book = a book to her.
Ich habe das dem Mann schon gesagt. I already told the man that.
Wir kaufen unserer Mutter ein Geschenk. We're buying our mother a present.
Let’s practice identifying objects in some sentences first. Tell whether the underlined
nouns/pronouns in these sentences are SUBJECTS (S), DIRECT OBJECTS (DO), or INDIRECT
OBJECTS (IO).
You’ll notice in the last sentence that the normal plural form “die Freunde” has changed
to “meinen Freunden”. This is the only irregularity in the dative case: dative PLURAL forms add an
-n to the noun if at all possible. Consider:
Now, remember that your dative articles are dem - der - dem - den. Let’s try filling in some blanks.
In addition to the articles (dem, einem, etc), we need to learn the pronouns in the dative case (to
me, to you, etc). Here’s a summary table:
it es es ihm
This may look horribly confusing, but there are some patterns here that can help you. Consider the
following:
• the masculine article changes from der - den - dem. The masculine pronoun (he/him) changes
from er - ihn - ihm.
• the feminine article changes from die - die - der. The feminine pronoun (she/her) changes
from sie - sie - ihr.
• the neuter article changes from das - das - dem. The neuter pronoun (it) changes from es - es -
ihm.
• the plural article changes from die - die - den. The plural pronoun (they/them) changes
from sie - sie - ihnen.
That covers the dative case when used with indirect objects. There are two other uses for the
dative case that you’ll need to learn. One of them -- the dative verbs -- we’ll be doing tomorrow in
class. But the second use, which really is very common and useful, is the dative case with
PREPOSITIONS. Remember that the prepositions you learned in chapter four (durch-für-gegen-
ohne-um) always take the accusative case. These new prepositions will always take the dative
case.
mit..................................wi zu..................................to
th
(One memory aid for these prepositions is to sing the Blue Danube Waltz melody with the
prepositions: aus-außer-bei-mit-nach-seit-von-zu.) There are many possible translations of these
prepositions, depending on exactly what the context of the sentence is. Please refer to your
textbook, pp. 239-240, for more detailed explanation of the meanings of each preposition.
Sie haben ein Geschenk von ihrem Vater bekommen. From their father.
Außer meiner Mutter spricht meine ganze Familie Deutsch. Except for my mother.
Let’s try a few sentences using the dative prepositions. As you’ll see, there are many uses for these
prepositions, so you’ll get used to them very quickly.
2. Kommst du mit ________ (us)? -- Ja, ich komme mit ________ (you all), und mein Hund
kommt mit ________ (me).
9. Außer mein_____ Freunde___ weiß nur meine Mutter, dass ich krank bin.
A few final notes on using the dative with prepositions. First off, there are several contractions that
occur with dative prepositions. They are:
zur = zu der
For whatever reason, you cannot contract ‘bei der’ or anything else, just the ones listed above.
Also, as we talked about yesterday, the preposition “in” often uses the dative case. Next semester
you will be learning more about this preposition and how to use it correctly. For now, the most you
need to know is that when ‘in’ is used with a stationary verb (e.g. He’s in the house), it takes the
dative case. Like the contractions above, im = in dem.
Die Autos sind in den Garagen. The cars are in the garages, plural.
So in all the sentences we’ll be practicing about house and furniture, ‘in’ will take the dative case.
To ask “who” in German, you need to decided whether the “who” is the subject, the direct object,
or the indirect object. The forms of ‘wer’ are just like the masculine article: wer - wen - wem.
Wer kommt morgen zur Party? Who’s coming to the party tomorrow?
Wen hast du eingeladen? Whom did you invite?
Wem hast du das Buch gegeben? To whom did you give the book?
So, when you're trying to decide which case to use, consider the following things:
2. Does the noun follow either an accusative or a dative preposition? If so, this should be
easy, since the preposition determines the case. Just make sure you know which
prepositions take the accusative (dogfu) and which take the dative (Blue Danube Waltz).
Once you have the accusative and dative prepositions memorized, these are your friends
when it comes to case -- they tell you exactly what to do. (Next semester you will learn
some other prepositions which aren't quite so easy.)
3. Is the verb a dative verb? If so, the object will be in the dative. We’ll be discussing these
tomorrow.
4. If none of the other conditions apply, then you need to determine which noun in the
sentence is the subject, and put that in nominative. Then look for a direct object (put in
accusative) and indirect object (put in dative). Remember that not every sentence
necessarily has a direct object and an indirect object: some have only one or the other,
or none at all.
If you need reference to these, here's a table of the different endings and pronouns in the three
cases:
3 sg es es ihm (sein_)
B. Sätze mit dem Dativ. Füllen Sie die Lücken mit den richtigen Endungen ein. Achtung: die Endungen
sind im Nominativ, Akkusativ ODER Dativ!
3. Heute hat d_____ Lehrerin d_____ Studenten (pl) ein_____ Quiz (n) gegeben.
Präpositionen. Füllen Sie die Lücken mit einer Präposition aus der Liste ein.
4. Hier ist ein Brief für dich. ________________ wem ist er?
5. Frau Lett reist oft für ihren Job. Diesen Monat reist sie ________________ Rom
________________ Paris.
B. Dativverben. Wählen Sie ein Verb von der Liste, und schreiben Sie es in die Lücke. Sie müssen das
Verb auch konjugieren!
1. Diese Bücher _________________________ mir, aber die Stifte hier sind für dich.
4. Die Kinder _________________________ ihrer Mutter: »Ja, die Musik ist toll!«
5. Diese Schuhe _________________________ mir nicht. Ich trage Größe 10, nicht 9.
6. Ich _________________________ dir zum Abschluss (=graduation)! Hier ist ein kleines
Geschenk.
7. Maria, das ist so nett! Ich _________________________ dir für das Geschenk!
C. Dativpronomen. Schreiben Sie das richtige Pronomen in jede Lücke. Alle sind im Dativ!
D. Dativformen. Ergänzen Sie die Sätze mit den Wörtern in Klammern. Alle sollen im Dativ sein!
Nominative
• for predicate nouns: when the main verb is sein or werden, use the nominative for both
subject and predicate nouns.
Accusative
Note that the very common expression "es gibt" (there is/are) requires that the noun be in the
accusative case because it is grammatically a direct object.
• after the accusative prepositions and postpositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um (memory aid:
dogfu), as well as the postpositions bis and entlang . If a noun follows these prepositions, it will
ALWAYS be in the accusative!
• time expressions in a sentence are usually in accusative: jeden Tag, letzten Sommer, den
ganzen Tag, diesen Abend, etc. We haven’t officially learned this yet, but it’s good to know.
Dative
• for the indirect object of a sentence. An indirect object is the beneficiary of whatever happens
in a sentence. It’s usually a person, although it doesn’t have to be. If you ask yourself: “TO whom
or FOR whom is this being done?”, the answer will be the indirect object, and in German it will
need the dative case. Remember that not every sentence will have an indirect object -- only some
verbs allow an indirect object: to give (to), to bring (to), to tell (to), to buy (for), to send (to) are
some examples of verbs that will almost always have an indirect object. In English, we don't
distinguish the direct and indirect object in the forms of words; instead, we often use "to" or "for"
to mark these.
Ich gebe der Frau ein Buch. I’m giving her a book = a book to her.
Er schenkt mir ein Buch. He's giving me a book.
Ich habe das dem Mann schon gesagt. I already told the man that.
• after the dative prepositions: aus, außer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu (memory aid: Blue
Danube Waltz). A noun immediately following these prepositions is ALWAYS in the dative case.
There are many possible translations of these prepositions, depending on exactly what the context
of the sentence is. Please refer to your textbook, pp. 239-240, for more detailed explanation of the
meanings of each preposition.
Sie haben ein Geschenk von ihrem Vater bekommen. From their father.
Außer meiner Mutter spricht meine ganze Familie Deutsch. Except for my mother.
• after dative verbs: helfen, danken, gefallen, gehören, schmecken, passen. See your book for
more details on each verb. There's no direct translation that explains why these verbs take a dative
object, it's just an idiosyncrasy of German -- it's best just to memorize these verbs as requiring the
dative, even though the following noun doesn't 'feel' like an indirect object.
Ich helfe dir mit deinen Hausaufgaben. I'm helping you = I'm giving help to you.
Wir danken Ihnen, Herr Stein. We're thanking you = we're giving thanks to you.
• with some adjectives which describe a condition. You'll just need to know these as fixed
phrases.
• the preposition “in” often uses the dative case. Later this week you will be learning more
about this preposition and how to use it correctly. For now, the most you need to know is that
when ‘in’ is used with a stationary verb (e.g. He’s in the house), it takes the dative case.
Die Kinder sind in ihren Zimmern. The children are in their rooms, plural.
So, when you're trying to decide which case to use, consider the following things:
2. Does the noun follow either an accusative or a dative preposition? If so, this should be
easy, since the preposition determines the case. Just make sure you know which
prepositions take the accusative (dogfu) and which take the dative (Blue Danube Waltz).
Once you have the accusative and dative prepositions memorized, these are your friends
when it comes to case -- they tell you exactly what to do. (Next semester you will learn
some other prepositions which aren't quite so easy.)
3. Is the verb a dative verb? If so, the object will be in the dative.
4. If none of the other conditions apply, then you need to determine which noun in the
sentence is the subject, and put that in nominative. Then look for a direct object (put in
accusative) and indirect object (put in dative). Remember that not every sentence
necessarily has a direct object and an indirect object: some have only one or the other,
or none at all.
To ask “who” in German, you need to decided whether the “who” is the subject, the direct object, or
the indirect object. The forms of ‘wer’ are just like the masculine article: wer - wen - wem.
Wer kommt morgen zur Party? Who’s coming to the party tomorrow?
Wem hast du das Buch gegeben? To whom did you give the book?
A. Tell whether the underlined nouns/pronouns in these sentences are SUBJECTS (S), DIRECT
OBJECTS (DO), INDIRECT OBJECTS (IO), or OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS (OP).
2. She bought the house with the money from her parents.
C. The following sentences mix nominative, accusative and dative forms, so watch out.
2. Dies____ Tisch ist wirklich alt. _________ (you) sollst ein____ neuen Tisch kaufen!
12. Morgen fahren wir durch d____ Stadt. D____ Glockenturm (m) ist schön. Wir laufen um
d____ Turm und kaufen dort ein____ Postkarte (f).