Submitted To

Engr. Nayab Khan

Submitted By
Zeeshan
Semester
4th
Subject
Mechanics Of Solids-II Lab (CE-228L)
Class No
38
Section
U
Registration No
22PWCIV5833
Department Of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
i
Contents
EXPERIMENT 6 ....................................................................................................................... 1

“TO VERIFY PLASTIC (BENDING) THEORY AND LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF

BEAMS” .................................................................................................................................... 1

THEORY: .............................................................................................................................. 1

APPARATUS: ....................................................................................................................... 1

FIGURE 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1

PROCEDURE: ....................................................................................................................... 2

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: ....................................................................... 2

GRAPH: ................................................................................................................................. 3

FIGURE 2 .......................................................................................................................... 3

RESULTS: ............................................................................................................................. 3

TABLE 2 ............................................................................................................................ 3

EXPERIMENT 7 ....................................................................................................................... 4

“TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINE THE STRESSES UNDER COMBINED

BENDING AND TORSION IN THIN AND THICK WALL CYLINDERS” ......................... 4

CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND: ....................................................................................... 4

APPARATUS: ....................................................................................................................... 4

PROCEDURE: ....................................................................................................................... 4

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: ....................................................................... 5

ii
 EXPERIMENT 6

“TO VERIFY PLASTIC (BENDING) THEORY AND LIMIT STATE

DESIGN OF BEAMS”

THEORY:

Plastic bending theory describes the behavior of structural elements under bending
loads beyond their elastic limit, where the material undergoes permanent deformation.

Limit State Design (LSD): LSD ensures that structures remain safe

and functional by checking against both ultimate and serviceability limit states.

APPARATUS:

1. Digital force display

2. Simply supported beam
3. Vernier caliper
4. Deflection dial gauge
5. Steel ruler
6. Loading frame

FIGURE 1

1
PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the dimensions of the beam and remove the clamp plates and place
the specimen beam across the chucks of the unit.
2. Push the roller mechanism outwards until it reaches its stop and insert the pin
through the load cell fork, and wind the load cell down until it just touches the
specimen beam, setting both the load cell and the indicator to zero.
3. Wind the load cell down to cause a measured deflection of 3 mm, and record
the force required
4. Continue it until there is no significant increase in load for each additional
increment of deflection.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Span Length = L = 720 mm

Width = w = 6 mm

Height = h = 10 mm

DEFLECTION (mm) LOAD (N)

0 0
3 20
6 48
9 76
12 99
15 114
18 146
21 174
24 196
27 210
TABLE 1

Mp = WL/4 = (210 N)(720 mm) /4 = 37,800 N-mm

I = bh3/12 = (6 mm) (9 mm)3 / 12 = 364.5 mm4

σy = 325 N/mm2

2
 My = σy I / y = (325 N/mm2)( 364.5 mm4)/ (4.5mm) = 26,325 N-mm

Shape factor = K = Mp / My = 1.4

GRAPH:

Load vs Deflection
250

200

150
Load (N)

100 load vs deflection

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Deflection (mm)

FIGURE 2
From the graph, we conclude that as the value of force increases, so does the value of
deflection. The maximum load, according to the graph, is 210 N when the deflection
exceeds 27 mm. The more high-load experiments performed, the more likely the
beam would collapse. In general, increasing the deflection may result in more forces
on the beam.

RESULTS:

Elastic Plastic
Shape factor, K % error in
Collapse moment moment
shape
load (N) capacity, My capacity, Mp
factor
(N-mm) (N-mm) experimental theoretical

210 26,325 37800 1.4 1.5 6.7

TABLE 2

3
 EXPERIMENT 7

“TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINE THE STRESSES UNDER

COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION IN THIN AND THICK WALL
CYLINDERS”

CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND:

THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS: A pressure vessels which is subjected to

internal pressure only and whose wall thickness (t) is less than one-twentieth of its
diameter (d) is known as thin-walled pressure vessels.

THICK-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS: A pressure vessels which is subjected

to internal pressure, external pressure or both and whose wall thickness (t) is greater
than one-twentieth of its inner diameter is known as thick-walled pressure vessels.

Strain gauges will be used to measure surface strains (ε) on the cylinders. Stresses (σ)
will be calculated using Hooke’s Law:

σ = E⋅ε

where E is the modulus of elasticity.

APPARATUS:

1. Thin-Walled Cylinder
2. Thick-Walled Cylinder
3. Universal Testing Machine equipped with a torsion testing attachment.
4. Strain Gauges connected to a data acquisition system.

PROCEDURE:

1. Attach strain gauges at various locations on thin and thick walled cylinders.
2. Place the thin walled cylinder in UTM.
3. Apply combined bending and torsion.
4. Measure strain and load data.
5. Convert strain data to stress,
6. Place the thick walled cylinder in UTM.
7. Apply combined bending and torsion.

4
 8. Measure strain and load data.
9. Convert strain data to stress,

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

THIN-WALLED CYLINDER:

Outer Diameter = D = 80 mm And thickness = t = 4 mm

THICK-WALLED CYLINDER:

Outer Diameter = D = 80 mm And thickness = t = 16 mm

Cylinder Strain gauges Load (N) Strain (μm/m) Stress (MPa)

Longitudinal 800 400 80
Thin walled Circumferential 800 250 50
450 800 325 65
Longitudinal 1700 170 34
Thick walled Circumferential 1700 120 24
450 1700 200 40