Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Title: Project on HVAC System Design for Conference Hall

(In the case of Assosa)

Submitted by:
1. Ayele mengist……..…..…. GSR/4773/10
2. Mengistu Yirga....….….…..GSR/9945/09
3. Tamiru aduna……………….GSR/9440/10

Submitted to: Dr-Eng. Demiss Alemu

Sub. Date: July 13, 2018
School of mechanical and industrial engineering thermal engineering

Abstract
In this project focuses on the design of air conditioning system for conference hall which has a
capacity of occupying 1350 people with 30 * 50m and 7m height is carried out by using design
data.

We calculated cooling load of return and supply ducts, designed supply and return ducts,
deciding number of diffusers, determined duct size, determined pressure drop in return and
supply ducts, and selecting of chiller and air handling unit.

The Hall is located at Assosa at10 ° N latitude and 34° E longitude and an elevation of about
1570 meters above mean sea level in southern part of Ethiopia. Design process are Carried out
by using a HAP software and manual calculation to get the total cooling load which obtained
159.7274KW or for the given rectangular geometry of the hall with perimeter 50 *30m, floor
area 1500m2 and having 7 m ceiling height. The detail design analysis results and selection of
HVAC equipment to overcome the overall cooling load to achieve comfort zone for occupants
are discussed in the report.

Key word: Air conditioning system, cooling heating, HAP software, cooling load, HVAC

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Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Objectives of the project..............................................................................................................2
1.1.1. General objective.................................................................................................................2
1.1.2. Specific objectives................................................................................................................2
1.2. Types of HVAC system.................................................................................................................2
1.2.1. All water system..................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. All air system........................................................................................................................3
1.2.3. Air and water system...........................................................................................................6
1.2.4. Unitary (direct) refrigerant based system............................................................................7
1.3. Typical applications of ventilation air conditioning systems........................................................7
1.4. Basic criteria for selecting ventilation air conditioning systems..................................................8
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................9
2. HVAC system design............................................................................................................................9
2.1. Design specification and given data.............................................................................................9
2.2. Cooling load calculation for AHU system...................................................................................11
2.2.1. Area and room volume calculation....................................................................................11
2.2.2. Heat gain calculation..........................................................................................................11
2.2.3. Ventilation rate..................................................................................................................15
2.2.4. Supply air rate....................................................................................................................16
2.2.5. Extraction rate...................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................18
3. Return and supply duct design..........................................................................................................18
3.1. Determine duct size...................................................................................................................18
3.2. Calculation of total pressure drop in return and supply ducts...................................................19
3.2.1. Pressure loss due to friction in ducts..................................................................................19
3.2.2. Dynamic loss in ducts........................................................................................................20
3.3. Decide number and selection of diffusers..................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................32
4. HVAC system design using HAP software........................................................................................32
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................32

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5. HVAC system and equipment selection............................................................................................32

5.1. Selection of air handling unit (AHU).........................................................................................32
5.2. Selection of chiller.....................................................................................................................34
Based on cooling capacity (159.7272kw) chiller with model of MGB-F130W/RN1 is selected..............34
Air cooled chiller specification................................................................................................................34
5.3. Selection of fan for HVAC system............................................................................................37
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................40
Reference...................................................................................................................................................41

List of figures page

Figure 1-1 A two-pipe, all water system......................................................................................................3

Figure 1-2 A constant volume, single zone system......................................................................................4
Figure 1-3 Single duct, constant volume system with multiple zones and reheat coils...............................5
Figure 1-4 Single duct, multiple zone, variable air volume system..............................................................5
Figure 1-5 Dual duct, constant volume system............................................................................................6
Figure 1-6 A basic air-water system............................................................................................................7
Figure 2-1 schematic diagram of different heat gain.................................................................................12
Figure 3-1 schematic of diffusers and ducts..............................................................................................31

List of table’s page

Table 2-1 summary of building location data............................................................................................10

Table 2-2 Maximum and Minimum Temperature of Assosa according to Months [0c].............................11
Table 2-3 Summary of cooling load calculation.........................................................................................15
Table 3-1 Summary of duct sizing and relevant parameter calculation.....................................................21

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CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is the technology of indoor and
vehicular environmental comfort.

The main objective of comfort air conditioning is to provide building occupants with a
comfortable, safe and healthy indoor environment. The bench mark for comfort, safety, health
and indoor air quality varies depending on the building use such as

 Commercial: - Office buildings, supermarkets, shopping malls, restaurants etc.

 Institutional: Recreation centers, theaters, indoor stadia, schools, museums etc.
 Residential: Hotels, private homes, low or high rise residential buildings
 Health Care Facilities: Hospitals, nursing homes etc.

Though the design criteria for the above spaces show slight variations, the basic design principle
remains as follows:-

 Consideration of air conditioning fundamentals

 Cooling load calculations
 Consideration of thermal distribution requirements
 Concepts of equipment selection

Right sizing of the HVAC system begins with an accurate understanding of the heating and
cooling loads on a space; however, a full HVAC design involves more than just the load estimate
calculation; the load calculation is the first step of the iterative HVAC design procedure.

HVAC is important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such as
skyscrapers and in marine environments such as aquariums, where safe and healthy building
conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
To get a good understanding of the reader should be familiar with some of the basic HVAC
system terminologies and principles that include methods of

 HVAC design criteria,

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 Load calculations (sensible and latent heat loads),

 Infiltration load and exfiltration,
 Equipment and appliances load, Ventilation requirements.
 Building solar orientation and heat transfer mechanisms through the building envelope.

1.1. Objectives of the project

1.1.1. General objective
The general objective of this project is designing of heating, ventilating and air conditioning
system for conference hall in case of Assosa city.

1.1.2. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this project are:

 Cooling load calculation for AHU system

 Designing of supply and return ducts using standard flow rate
 Deciding the number of diffusers
 Determining duct size
 Determining total pressure drop in return and supply ducts
 Selecting of AHU and chiller
 Developing of HVAC system results using HAP software.

1.2. Types of HVAC system

There are different types of HVAC systems based on the application of the working fluids in the
thermal distribution systems. These are categorized as below:

 All water system

 All air system
 Air and water system
 Unitary or direct refrigerant based system

1.2.1. All water system

In this system, water is used as working fluid and transports thermal energy between conditioned
space and A/C plant. Chilled water is circulated for cooling while Hot water is circulated through
coils for space heating. These systems are also known as Chilled water systems for cooling

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applications. Based on number of pipes used in system, they are classified as 2-pipe system and
4-pipe system.

Figure 1-1 A two-pipe, all water system

1.2.2. All air system

In this system air is used as the media that transports energy from the conditioned space to the ac
plant. In these systems air is processed in the ac plant and this processed air is then conveyed to
the conditioned space through insulated ducts using blowers and fans.

All air systems can be further classified into:

a. Single duct systems,

b. Dual duct systems

The single duct systems can provide either cooling or heating using the same duct, but not both
heating and cooling simultaneously. These systems can be further classified into:

I. Constant volume, single zone systems

II. Constant volume, multiple zone systems
III. Variable volume systems

The dual duct systems can provide both cooling and heating simultaneously. These systems can
be further classified into:

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 Dual duct, constant volume systems

 Dual duct variable volume systems

Single duct, constant volume, single zone systems:

For this system, the outdoor air for ventilation and recirculated air are mixed in the required
proportions using the dampers and the mixed air is made to flow through a cooling and
dehumidifying coil, a heating coil and a humidifier using an insulated ducting and a supply fan.

Figure 1-2 A constant volume, single zone system

Single duct, constant volume, multiple zone systems:

For very large buildings with several zones of different cooling or heating requirements, it is not
economically feasible to provide separate single zone systems for each zone. For such cases,
multiple zone systems are suitable. In these systems all the air is cooled and dehumidified (for
summer) or heated and humidified (for winter) to a given minimum or maximum temperature
and humidity ratio.

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Figure 1-3 Single duct, constant volume system with multiple zones and reheat coils

Single duct, variable air volume (VAV) systems:

This system used for summer air conditioning applications and this system air is cooled and
dehumidified to a required level in the cooling and dehumidifying coil.

Figure 1-4 Single duct, multiple zone, variable air volume system

A variable volume of this air is supplied to each zone. The amount of air supplied to each zone is
controlled by a zone damper, which in turn is controlled by that zone thermostat. Thus the
temperature of supply air to each zone remains constant, whereas its flow rate varies depending
upon the load on that particular zone.

Dual duct, constant volume systems:

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In this system the supply air fan splits the flow into two streams. One stream flow through the
cooling coil and gets cooled and dehumidified to about 13 ℃ , while the other stream flows the
heating coil and is heated to about 35−45 ℃. The cold and hot streams flow through separate
ducts. Before each conditioned space or zone, the cold and hot air streams are mixed in required
proportions using a mixing box arrangement, which is controlled by the zone thermostat. The
total volume of air supplied to each zone remains constant, however, the supply air temperature
varies depending upon load.

Figure 1-5 Dual duct, constant volume system

1.2.3. Air and water system

In this systems combinations of chilled water and /or hot water and conditioned air are
distributed from a central system to the individual spaces. Terminal units in each zone provide
cooling or heating to that zone. Air water system uses FCU as terminal units to provide major
part of air conditioning and central AHUs are used to supply only ventilation air directly into the
space.

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Figure 1-6 A basic air-water system

1.2.4. Unitary (direct) refrigerant based system

Unitary refrigerant based systems consist of several separate air conditioning units with
individual refrigeration systems. These systems are factory assembled and tested as per standard
specifications, and are available in the form of package units of varying capacity and type

1.3. Typical applications of ventilation air conditioning systems

 Air conditioning required in buildings which have a high heat gain and as a result a high
internal temperature.
 To provide a continuous supply of oxygen necessary for human existence.
 To remove contaminants such as:
 Carbon dioxide
 Water vapour
 Heat and smells from cooking
 Gases and vapour from industrial processes
 Odour

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1.4. Basic criteria for selecting ventilation air conditioning systems

Basically, selecting an air conditioning and ventilation system will require a careful
consideration of the following:

a. Architectural constraints (building application, occupancy, space constraints, building

form, flow, orientation, etc.)
b. Capacity and Performance requirements (indoor air quality, zoning and thermal
control, energy considerations, noise levels, fire safety and smoke control etc.
c. Maintenance and easy of accessibility
d. Cost constraints (initial and operating costs)

a. Architectural constraints: - Designing air conditioning for different building applications

and occupancies requires a consideration of different design criteria, operating hours, and
different system characteristics. Specific design criteria usually dictate the type of air
conditioning system that should be selected. For guest rooms in luxury hotels, a four-pipe fan-
coil system is the most widely used air conditioning system as in addition to the systems ease of
maintenance, provides individual temperature and fan speed controls as well as a positive supply
of adequate outdoor ventilation air. When the room is not occupied, the fan coil unit can be
turned off conveniently. Space limitations specified by the architect or facility owner also
influence the selection of the air conditioning system

b. Capacity and performance requirements: - For a single-story small retail shop, a constant-
volume packaged system is often chosen. If the conditioned space is a large indoor stadium with
a seating capacity of up to 70,000 spectators, a single-zone VAV central system is often selected.
This system also guarantees the provision of minimum ventilation controls for required indoor
air quality regulation.

c. Maintenance considerations: - It is worth mentioning here that a central system with AHUs,
a few water-cooled centrifugal chillers, and cooling towers needs less maintenance work than a
packaged system with many rooftops air-cooled units. A VAV reheat central system needs less
maintenance work in the fan and plant rooms than fan coil system, which often requires much
maintenance work in the ceiling space directly above the conditioned space.

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d. Cost considerations: - Initial cost and operating energy costs are primary factors that affect
the selection of an air conditioning system. The initial cost of the air conditioning system in a
building, depends on the building occupancies, system configurations, size of the building, and
capabilities of specific systems.

CHAPTER TWO
2. HVAC system design
2.1. Design specification and given data
a. Design specification of the HVAC system

The design basis typically includes information on:

I. Geographical site conditions (latitude, longitude, wind velocity, etc.)

II. Outdoor design conditions (temperature, humidity etc)

In building thermal technique the design outdoor air temperature is required for calculation of the
design heat losses of the building and then setting the peak heating power of heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning systems. After reliable assessment of the dynamics of the weather
conditions, it becomes possible to ensure the selection of adequate heating or cooling power of
equipment, the purpose of which to ensure the technological and thermal comfort conditions in
buildings during the coldest time periods of climate. During the dissertation study the dynamic
models of different time-span coldest periods of outdoor air temperature hourly values of have
been composed. It was experimentally proven that continuous and extreme fluctuations of
outdoor air temperature through multi-layered enclosures make the impact to all the layers of
enclosure, therefore when estimating the total thermal inertia of a building, all the layers of;
enclosures and also partitions, spans, and impacts of infiltration and ventilation have to be taken
in to account.

III. Indoor design conditions

Current comfort standards, ASHRAE Standard and ISO Standard, specify a “comfort zone,”
representing the optimal range and combinations of thermal factors (air temperature, radiant
temperature, air velocity, humidity) and personal factors (clothing and activity level) with which
at least 80% of the building occupants are expected to express satisfaction.For comfort cooling,

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conditions of 240C and 40 to 50 percent maximum relative humidity are usually recommended,
although some energy codes may require higher summer temperatures. For comfort heating, an
indoor design temperature of 21 to 220C is usually satisfactory.

IV. Building characteristics (materials, size, and shape)

 To calculate space heat gain, the following information on building envelope

is required:
 Architectural plans, sections and elevations – for estimating building
dimensions/area/volume
 Building orientation (N, S, E, W, NE, SE, SW, NW, etc), location etc
 External/Internal shading, ground reflectance etc.
 Materials of construction for external walls, roofs, windows, doors, internal
walls, partitions, ceiling, insulating materials and thicknesses, external wall
and roof colors.
 Amount of glass, type and shading on windows

V. Configuration (location, orientation and shading)

VI. Operating schedules (lighting, occupancy, and equipment)
VII. Additional considerations (type of air-conditioning system, fan energy, fan
location, duct heat loss and gain, duct leakage, type and position of air return system…)
b. Design information & given data

This project is focus on design of HVAC for conference room found in Assosa, Ethiopia based
on the geographical location and atmospheric temperature data of the town by using EBCS data.
Table 2-1 summary of building location data

CITY/TOWN LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEVATION Maximum Minimum

DBT DBT

Assosa 10004'N 34032'E 1570 m o

34.53 C
o
11.69 C

DBT= Dry Bulb Temperature, DP= Dew Point Temperature

CWB = Coincident Wet Bulb Temperature, MDR = Mean Daily Range (K)

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Table 2-2 Maximum and Minimum Temperature of Assosa according to Months [0c]

Locatio
n Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max.
DBT 33. 34. 34.5 33.8 32. 28. 26. 27. 27. 28. 30. 31.
(0c) 28 07 3 5 29 21 59 25 74 77 03 25
Assosa
Min.
DBT 9.6 10. 11.6 13.1 13. 14. 13. 13. 13. 11. 9.9 9.2
(0c) 93 9 7 22 15 8 7 7 8 8 6

2.2. Cooling load calculation for AHU system

For Assosa city, the design parameters are:

 Latitude ...........................................................10 degre

 Longitude .......................................................34 degree
 Elevation ........................................................1570m
 50m length, 30m width by measuring the drawing and 7m average ceiling heigh
 The wall type is stone type.
 Lighting ……………………………7 W / m2 floor area, from table value.
 Building and roof classification …. lightweight, and steel leg insulation respectivily.
 Infiltration = 0.5 air changes per hour
 Number of people .....................................1350

2.2.1. Area and room volume calculation

Assume the hall is without window, then the area and volume can be calculated:

We calculate the wall area facing south and floor area are as follows.

2
Areaof wall facing ¿ S=30∗7 m ,high=210 m
2
Floor area=b∗h=30 m∗50 m=1500 m
2 3
Room volume=area∗height=1500 m ∗7 m=10500 m
2.2.2. Heat gain calculation
The can gain heat through the following:

Heat gain through External wall, Sensible transmission through glass, Heat gain through Internal heat,
heat gain through Roof, and Heat gain through Ventilation.

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Figure 2-7 schematic diagram of different heat gain

a. Sensible transmission through glass

This is the Solar Gain due to differences between inside and outside temperatures.
Q g= A g U g ( t o−t r )=0 ,

The hall is designed without window, so there is no heat gain through window glass.

b. Solar Gain Through Windows

This gain is when the sun shines through windows. The cooling loads per meter squared window area
have been tabulated in standards. For various; locations, times, dates and orientations.

Q̇sg=F c . F s . q sg . A g=0 , no window

c. Heat gain through internal heat

These gains are from occupants, lights, equipment and machinery, as detailed below.
Q̇ int. = Heat from Occupants +Heat from Lighting + Heat from Electrical Equipment + Heat from
Cooking, but no heat from cooking, there no cooking room.
 Lighting – average power density from cibse guide a (2006) - tables 6.4.

Commercial and similar applications (offices, shope and school) - Fluorescent-triphosphor

Task illuminance Average installed / lux = 300 - power density / W·m–2 = 7

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500 - 11 and 750 - 17, we take 300 with 7w.m-2 and area = 1500m2

 Occoupants - average power density from cibse guide a (2006) - tables 6.3.

Seated at theatre Theatre - cinema (matinee) adult male =115 , sensible = 65 and latenent=30
total male and female = 95

Seated at theatre - night Theatre - cinema (night) - adult male =115 , sensible = 70 and
latenent=35 total male and female =105

Then we take average of day and night =100watt/person

 Electrical equipment - pc’s and monitors - CIBSE Guide a (2006) - tables 6.7 and 6.8.

Table 6.7, heat gain from pcs – average = 55watt/pc, assume max. 50 pcs, 55*50 =
2750watt.

Table 6.8, heat gain from pcs monitor - medium (16–18 inch) = 70w and assume 1 monitor

 Laser printers and photocopiers - CIBSE Guide a (2006) - tables 6.9 and 6.10, no printer
and coppy = 0
 Electric motors – CIBSE Guide a (2006) - table 6.13 and 6.14.
 Lift motors – CIBSE Guide a (2006) - table 6.15. no lift = 0
 Cooking equipment – CIBSE Guide a (2006) - table 6.17. no cooking room = 0

Q∫ .=Lights 7
( W
m
2
2
)
x 1500 m +70 W +2750 W + People (1350 x 100 )

Q∫ .=148320 Watts

d. Heat gain through external wal

This is the unsteady-state heat flow through a wall due to the varying intensity of solar radiation on the
outer surface.

Qθ+ ϕ Wall =A U [(t em−t r )+ f (t eo−t em)]

where,

 Qθ+ ϕ=¿ heat gain through wall at time q+f (Watts)

 A=¿area of wall facing south = 210m2

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 U =¿overall thermal transmittance given in question as 0.72 W/m2 .k

From table 3.49 CIBSE guide with wall type 600 mm stone, 50 mm air space/timber battens, 25
mm EPS insulation, 12.5 mm plasterboard.

 t em=¿24 hour mean sol-air temperature (oC) CIBSE Guide J (2002) -

Table 5.36 at 12:30 hrs, stone wall facing South – 22oC

 t r =¿constant dry resultant temperature (oC). Room dry bulb of 24oC is

given.
 f =¿decrement factor for wall is given as 0.03.

From table 3.49 Cibse guide with wall type 600 mm stone, 50 mm air space/timber battens, 25
mm EPS insulation, 12.5 mm plasterboard.

 t eo=¿ sol-air temperature when Tabulated cooling load (q sg) is at 12:30

hrs. CIBSE Guide J (2002) - Table 5.36, stone wall, South facing gives

28oC.

Qθ+ ϕ Wall =A U [ ( t em−t r ) +f ( t eo−t em ) ]

Qθ+ ϕ Wall =210∗0.72 ( 28−22 ) +0.03 ( 28−22 )

Qθ+ ϕ Wall =907.4 Watts

e. Heat gain through Roof

Q θ+ ∅ Roof =Null , steel leg insulated
f. Heat gain through Ventilation
n V ( t o−t r )
Q si=
3
Where Q̇si = Sensible heat gain (W)
n = number of air changes per hour (h-1)
Recommended infiltration rates are 1/2 air change per hour for most air-conditioning cases.
V = volume of room (m3)
To = outside air temperature (oC)

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Tr = room air temperature (oC)

Q si=0.5 x 10500(30 – 24)/3
Q si=10500Watts
g. Total heat gain
Q total=Q g +Q sg+ Q∫ .+Q θ+ ∅ Wall+Q θ+ ∅ Roof +Q si

Q total=0+0+ 148320W +907.4+ 0+10500 W

Q total=159727.4 Watts
Table 2-3 Summary of cooling load calculation

Heat gain Watts Percentage %

1. Sensible transmission through glass 0 0 %

2. Solar gain through glass 0 0 %

3. Internals 148320 92.86 %

4. External walls 907.4 0.568 %

5. Roof 0 0

6. Ventilation 10500 6.6 %

7. Total 159.7274kw (45.6ton) 100 %

2 2
Heat gain/m floor area 106.5 W /m
3
Heat gain/m space 15.2W /m3

2.2.3. Ventilation rate

The ventilation air change rate (Theatres) given in the CIBSE guide Table B2.3 is 6-8 air
changes per hour.
The following formulae may be used:
Ventilation rate (m3/h) = Air Change Rate (/h) x Room Volume (m3)
Ventilation rate (m3/s) = Ventilation rate (m3/h) / 3600

Room Volume (m3)¿ 10500 m3

Choosing an Outdoor Air Recommended minima Rate from Table B2.2 for a room with non-
smoking = 5l/s/p
Ventilation rate (m3/h) ¿Air Change Rate (/h) x Room Volume (m3)

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3 3
¿ 8 AC /h∗10500 M =84000 m /h
84000 3
Ventilation rate (m3/s) ¿ =23.3 m /s
3600
Fresh Air Rate (l/s)=Number of occupants x Outdoor Supply air per Person (l/s )=1350 x 5=6750l /s
Fresh Air Rate (m3 /s)=Fresh Air Rate (l/ s)/1000
Fresh Air Rate (m3 /s)=6750/1000=6 . 75 m3 /s
For comparison convert Fresh Air Rate to an Air Change Rate.
Fresh Air Rate (m3 /h)=Fresh Air Rate (m3/ s)x 3600
¿ 6.75 x 3600=24300 m3 /h
Fresh Air Rate (AC /h)=Fresh Air Rate (m3 /h)/Room Volume (m3)
24300
¿ =2.31 AC /h
10500
2.2.4. Supply air rate
The following formula may be used to calculate the supply air rate.
H=m x Cp x (t r −t s)
Where ;
 H=Sensible heat gain ( kW )

 m=mass flow rate of air ( kgs )

 Cp=Specific heat capacity of air 1.005 ( kJ
kg
K )
 t r =room temperature ( o C )
 t s=supply air temperature(o C)s
 For heat gain calculated above 159.7274 kW, the room air temperature is 2 4 O C and the
supply air temperature in summer is 19oC, then the mass flow rate of supply air is
ṁ=H /(Cp x (tr – ts))
159.7274 KW
ṁ= =31.8 kg /s
1.005 x ( 24 – 19 )
 Convert this to a volume flow rate:
Volume flow rate (m3/s) = mass flow rate (kg/s) / density of air (kg/m3)
Volume flow rate (m3/s) = 31.8/1.22 kg/m3 =26.1m3/s
Volume flow rate (m3/h) = 26.1x 3600= 93796.4 m3/h

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 Convert this to an Air Change rate for comparison.

3 3
Supply Air Rate ( AC /h)=Volume Flow Rate (m /h)/ Room Volume( m )

Supply Air Rate ( ACh )= 93796.4

10500
=8.9 Ac /h

This rate is almost similar with Air Change Rate given in Table 2.3 CIBSE guide of 8 ac/h. The
supply air ventilation rate is 8 air changes per hour.
2.2.5. Extraction rate
Extraction rate is obtained by:

Extractionrate= Air change rate per hour×volume of the room

3
Ac 3 m
Extractionrate=8 ∗10500 m =84000
h h

[ ]
3 3
m 84000 m
Extractionrate = =23.3
s 3600 s

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CHAPTER THREE

3. Return and supply duct design

3.1. Determine duct size
The main requirements for air conditioning duct system are:

 It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed locations

 It should be economical in combined initial cost, fan operating cost and cost of building
space
 It should not transmit or generate objectionable noise

Ducts are constructed of galvanized steel sheet and duct ends are well sealed and all ducts should
be well insulated. Generally at the time of designing an air conditioning duct system, the
required airflow rates are known from load calculations. The location of fans and air outlets are
fixed initially. The duct layout is then made taking into account the space available and ease of
construction.

Recommended air velocities depend mainly on the application and the noise criteria. High
velocities in the ducts results in:

 Smaller ducts and hence, lower initial cost and lower space requirement
 Higher pressure drop and hence larger fan power consumption
 Increased noise and hence a need for noise attenuation

Factors Influencing Duct Design are

 Equipment Losses
 Air Velocity
 Duct Material
 Duct Size & Shape
 Length of Duct

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General rules for duct design

 Air should be conveyed as directly as possible to economize on power, material and

shape.
 Sudden change in direction should be avoided.
 Air velocities in ducts should be within the permissible limits to minimize losses.
 Rectangular ducts should be made as nearly square as possible. This will ensure
minimum ducts surface. An aspect ratio of less than 4:1 should be maintained.
 Damper should be provided in each branch outlet for balancing the system.

Duct Design Criteria

Many factors are considered when designing a duct system. They are as follows
 Space availability
 Installation cost
 Air friction loss
 Noise level

 Duct heat transfer and airflow leakage

3.2. Calculation of total pressure drop in return and supply ducts
4. Pressure is lost due to friction between the moving particle of the fluid and the interior
surfaces of a duct. Pressure loss occurs in a straight duct, is known as friction loss. Pressure
loss due to the changes of direction of air flow due to bends, elbows and change in cross
section of the duct etc. is known as dynamic losses

3.2.1. Pressure loss due to friction in ducts

The pressure loss due to friction in ducts may be obtained by using the Darcy’s formula, i.e.

2
fL ρ a v
Pf =
2 Dh

Where
 Pf = pressure loss due to friction in N/m2
 L = length of the duct in meters
 f = friction factor depending upon the surface of the duct
 ρa = density of air in kg/m3

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 V = mean velocity of the air flowing through the duct in m/s

 Dh= hydraulic diameter in m
Total Pressure Drop in Section
 Pressure loss in straight duct (Pa) = Rate of pressure drop (1.0 Pa per metre run) x
length of section (m).
 Total Pressure drop in Section (Pa) = Pressure loss for fittings (Pa) + Pressure
loss in straight duct (Pa)
3.2.2. Dynamic loss in ducts
It is caused due to the change in direction or magnitude of velocity of the fluid in the duct.
Dynamic pressure loss Δ Pd is proportional to the velocity pressure and it is expressed as a
product of the downstream velocity pressure pv and a dynamic loss coefficient (K).

2
ρc
∆ p d=K PV =K ( )
2

Where, v = downstream velocity

3.3. Decide number and selection of diffusers

The diffuser type is already selected, to decide number we us the following numerical values,
pressure 3mm H2O, 600*600mm diffuser, and supply volume flow rate = 26.1m3/s, and
extraction rate = 23.33m3/s,

By using these values of pressure and size from air master flow data table 6.4 and table 6.8

The maximum flow rate size of supply and extraction diffuser are 0.72 and 0.63m3/s
respectively.

Number of supply diffuser = supply volume flow rate / 0.72 = 26.1/0.72 = 36 diffuser.

Number of extraction diffuser = extraction volume flow rate / 0.63 = 23.33/0.63 = 37 diffuser.

Based on the above values we use size square ceiling diffuser ACD4 + D,

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To calculate the table below we use the following relations

Air velocity (m/s) = Volume flow rate (m3/s) / CSA (cross-sectional)

To determine the velocity pressure (dynamic pressure)

2
ρv
pd = , Where, pd =velocity pressure (Pa), ρ =Density of air, v=Air velocity (m/s)
2
Fitting duct pressure loss = velocity pressure * zeta factor,
Straight duct pressure loss = pressure drop * duct length
Total Pressure Loss (Pa) = Straight Duct (Pa) + Fittings (Pa)
Table 3-4 Summary of duct sizing and relevant parameter calculation

Duct Sizing Table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Pres
Pressure Loss
Cum
re Fitting
Len Flo Veloc
dro Velo Pressure Total
Duct ity lative
Se city Loss Straight Pressure
th Rate Size Press Fittings Press
per (m/ Loss
(m /3
(mm) Factor Duct
met (Pa) (Pa)
(m) (Pa)  (zeta) (Pa) Loss
(Pa)
(Pa/ factor

AHU main Supply Duct 1

1 16. 26.1 0.6 1.7m dia. Velo 2

ρvIntake Ft= Pr 549.2+
pd = drop*L9.96 559.2
(1.7/2)2 = 2Lover Pd* = =559.2
vol/c
sa , 0.6*16.
= 2.324m2 =6.5 76.6
6
0.5x *7.17
1520x1520 = bend = 9.96
1.2
mm 26.1/

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2.3 x =0.67 = 549.2

11.32
=11. Total = 7.17
=76.6
3

2 8.3 21.8 0.6 Dia = 1.61m 11.1 74.2 Straight 74.2*0.0 0.6* 3.56 + 4.98 8.54
2.02m2 Vp2/Vp1 8.3 =8.54
= 0.968 = =4.98
1400x1400 By interpolation
mm  =0.048
3 8.3 17.4 0.6 Dia = Straight 64*0.075 0.6*8.3 4.8+4.98 9.78
1.475m 10.3 64 Vp2/Vp1 = 4.8 = 4.98 = 9.78
= 0.86
= 1.7m2 By interpolation
1300x1300  =0.075
mm

4 8.3 13.1 0.6 Dia= 1.323m 9.13 50 Straight 50*0.02 0.6*8.3 1+4.98 5.98
Vp2/Vp1 = 4.98 = 5.98
2
= 1.376m = 1.28 =1
By interpolation
1200x1200
mm  =0.02

5 8.3 8.82 0.6 Dia = 1.14m 8.82 46.7 Straight 46.7*0.07 0.6*8.3 2.2+4.98 7.18
Vp2/Vp1 = 4.98 = 7.18
= 1.02m2 = 0.1.071 = 2.2
1000x1000 By interpolation
mm  =0.048
6 10. 4.5 0.6 0.88m dia. 7.4 32.8 Bend = 0.67 32.8*0.69 0.6*10. 22.63+
7 6.42 29
= 0.61m2 Straight = 22.63 = 6.42 =29
Vp2/Vp1
780x780mm = 1.42
Above 1.2
 =0.02

Total= 0.69

7 2.4 3.9 0.6 0.8334m dia. 0.5x Tapper one side 30.4 0.6* 2.128+
1.2 *0.07 2.4 1.44 3.57
= 0.5458m2 7.1 with 30 ° = 1.44 =3.57
x = 2.128
740x740mm 7.12 =0.07

=30.
4

8 2.4 3.1 0.6 0.764m dia. 6.7 0.5x Tapper one side 26.97 0.6* 1.89+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 = 3.33 3.33
= 0.4584m2 with 30 ° 10.0 = 1.44
x = 1.89
680x680mm 6.72 =0.07

=26.9
7

9 2.4 2.34 0.6 0.6867m dia. 6.3 0.5x Tapper one side 23.73 11.0 0.6* 1.66+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =3.1 3.1
= 0.3704m2 6.32 with 30 ° 12.0 = 1.44

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610x600mm =23.7 =0.07 = 1.66

3

10 2.4 1.44 0.6 0.5714m dia. 5.54 0.5x Tapper one side 18.39 13.0 0.6* 1.29+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =2.73 2.73
= 2564m2 5.542 with 30 ° 14.0 = 1.44
= 1.29
510x510mm =18.3 =0.07
9

Branch duct 1

11 2.4 0.72 0.6 0.4397m dia. 4.7 0.5x Tapered one 13.44*0.0
15.0 0.6* 0.941+
1.2side
x 2.4 1.44 2.381
= 0.1518m2 4.72 16.0 = 1.44 = 2.381
With 30 ° = 0.941
390x390mm =13.4
4 =0.07

Main duct 2

12 2.4 4.32 0.6 0.8666m dia. 7.3 0.5x Bend, =0.67 31.97 17.0 0.6* 72.5+ 1.44
1.2 x *2.27 2.4 =74 74
= 0.5898m2 7.32 = Branch 18.0 = 1.44
Vp18/Vp2 = 72.5
770x770mm 31.97 = 0.417
By take max.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27
13 2.4 3.6 0.6 0.8087m dia. 0.5x Tapper one side 30.4 19.0 0.6* 2.128+
1.2 *0.07 2.4 1.44 3.57
= 0.5136m2 7.1 with 30 ° 20.0 = 1.44 =3.57
x = 2.128
720x720mm 7.12 =0.07

=30.
4

14 2.4 2.88 0.6 0.743m dia. 6.7 0.5x Tapper one side 26.97 21.0 0.6* 1.89+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 = 3.33 3.33
= 0.4336m2 with 30 ° 22.0 = 1.44
x = 1.89
660x660mm 6.72 =0.07

=26.9
7

15 2.4 2.16 0.6 0.6662m dia. 6.3 0.5x Tapper one side 23.73 23.0 0.6* 1.66+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =3.1 3.1
= 0.3486m2 6.32 with 30 ° 24.0 = 1.44
= 1.66
590x590mm =23.7 =0.07
3

16 2.4 1.44 0.6 0.5714m dia. 5.54 0.5x Tapper one side 18.39 25.0 0.6* 1.29+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =2.73 2.73
= 0.2564m2 5.542 with 30 ° 26.0 = 1.44
= 1.29
510x510mm =18.3 =0.07
9

Branch Duct 2

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17 2.4 0.72 0.6 0.4397m dia. 4.7 0.5x Tapered one 13.44*0.
27.0 0.6* 0.941+
1.2 side
x 2.4 1.44 2.381
= 0.1518m2 4.72 28.0 = 1.44 = 2.381
With 30 ° = 0.941
390x390mm =13.44
=0.07

Main duct 3

18 2.4 4.32 0.6 0.8666m dia. 7.3 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 31.97 29.0 0.6* 72.5+ 1.44
1.2 x *2.27 2.4 =74 74
= 0.5898m2 7.32 = Branch 30.0 = 1.44
Vp18/Vp2 = 72.5
770x770mm 31.97 = 0.29
By take max.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27
19 2.4 3.6 0.6 0.8087m dia. 0.5x Tapper one side 30.4 31.0 0.6* 2.128+
1.2 *0.07 2.4 1.44 3.57
= 0.5136m2 7.1 with 30 ° 32.0 = 1.44 =3.57
x 7.12 = 2.128
720x720mm =0.07
=30.4

20 2.4 2.88 0.6 0.743m dia. 6.7 0.5x Tapper one side 26.97 33.0 0.6* 1.89+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 = 3.33 3.33
= 0.4336m2 with 30 ° 34.0 = 1.44
2
x 6.7 = 1.89
660x660mm =0.07
=26.97

21 2.4 2.16 0.6 0.6662m dia. 6.3 0.5x Tapper one side 23.73 35.0 0.6* 1.66+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =3.1 3.1
= 0.3486m2 6.32 with 30 ° 36.0 = 1.44
= 1.66
590x590mm =23.73 =0.07

22 2.4 1.44 0.6 0.5714m dia. 5.5 0.5x Tapper one side 18.39 37.0 0.6* 1.29+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =2.73 2.73
= 0.2564m2 5.542 with 30 ° 38.0 = 1.44
= 1.29
510x510mm =18.39 =0.07

Branch Duct 3

23 2.4 0.72 0.6 0.4397m dia. 4.7 0.5x Tapered one 13.44*0.
39.0 0.6* 0.941+
1.2 side
x 2.4 1.44 2.381
= 0.1518m2 4.72 40.0 = 1.44 = 2.381
With 30 ° = 0.941
390x390mm =13.44
=0.07

Main duct 4
24 2.4 4.32 0.6 0.8666m dia. 7.3 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 31.97*2.
41.0 0.6* 72.57+
1.2 x 2.4 1.44 74
= 0.5898m2 7.32 = Branch 42.0 = 1.44 =74
Vp24/Vp3 = 72.57
770x770mm 31.97 = 0.5
By take max.

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 = 1.6
Total =2.27

25 2.4 3.6 0.6 0.8087m dia. 0.5x Tapper one side 30.4 43.0 0.6* 2.128+
1.2 *0.07 2.4 1.44 3.57
= 0.5136m2 7.1 with 30 ° 44.0 = 1.44 =3.57
2
x 7.1 = 2.128
720x720mm =0.07
=30.4

26 2.4 2.88 0.6 0.743m dia. 6.7 0.5x Tapper one side 26.97 45.0 0.6* 1.89+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 = 3.33 3.33
= 0.4336m2 with 30 ° 46.0 = 1.44
x 6.72 = 1.89
660x660mm =0.07
=26.97

27 2.4 2.16 0.6 0.6662m dia. 6.3 0.5x Tapper one side 23.73 47.0 0.6* 1.66+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =3.1 3.1
with 30 °
2
= 0.3486m 6.32 48.0 = 1.44
= 1.66
590x590mm =23.73 =0.07

28 2.4 1.44 0.6 0.5714m dia. 5.5 0.5x Tapper one side 18.39 49.0 0.6* 1.29+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =2.73 2.73
= 0.2564m2 5.542 with 30 ° 50.0 = 1.44
= 1.29
510x510mm =18.39 =0.07

Branch duct 4
29 2.4 0.72 0.6 0.4397m dia. 0.5x Tapered one 13.44*0.
51.0 0.6* 0.941+
1.2 side
x 2.4 1.44 2.381
= 0.1518m2 4.72 52.0 = 1.44 = 2.381
With 30 ° = 0.941
390x390mm =13.44
=0.07

Main duct 5
30 2.4 4.32 0.6 0.8666m dia. 7.3 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 31.97 53.0 0.6* 70.65+
1.2 x *2.21 2.4 1.44 72.09
= 0.5898m2 7.32 = Branch 54.0 = 1.44 =72.09
Vp30/Vp4 = 70.65
770x770mm 31.97 = 0.64
By interpolation
 = 1.54
Total =2.21

31 2.4 3.6 0.6 0.8087m dia. 0.5x Tapper one side 30.4 55.0 0.6* 2.128+
1.2 *0.07 2.4 1.44 3.57
= 0.5136m2 7.1 with 30 ° 56.0 = 1.44 =3.57
x 7.12 = 2.128
720x720mm =0.07
=30.4

32 2.4 2.88 0.6 0.743m dia. 6.7 0.5x Tapper one side 26.97 57.0 0.6* 1.89+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 = 3.33 3.33
= 0.4336m2 with 30 ° 58.0 = 1.44
x 6.72 = 1.89
660x660mm =0.07
=26.97

33 2.4 2.16 0.6 0.6662m dia. 6.3 0.5x Tapper one side 23.73 59.0 0.6* 1.66+ 1.44

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= 0.3486m2 1.2x with 30 ° *0.07 2.4 =3.1 3.1

6.32 60.0 = 1.44
590x590mm =0.07 = 1.66
=23.73

34 2.4 1.44 0.6 0.5714m dia. 5.5 0.5x Tapper one side 18.39 61.0 0.6* 1.29+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =2.73 2.73
= 0.2564m2 5.542 with 30 ° 62.0 = 1.44
= 1.29
510x510mm =18.39 =0.07

Branch duct 5

35 2.4 0.72 0.6 0.4397m dia. 4.7 0.5x Tapered one 13.44*0.
63.0 0.6* 0.941+
1.2 side
x 2.4 1.44 2.381
= 0.1518m2 4.72 64.0 = 1.44 = 2.381
With 30 ° = 0.941
390x390mm =13.44
=0.07

Main duct 6
36 2.4 4.32 0.6 0.8666m dia. 7.3 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 31.97 65.0 0.6* 59.78+
2
1.2 x *1.87 2.4 1.44 60.2
= 0.5898m 7.32 = Branch 66.0 = 1.44 =60.2
Vp36/Vp5 = 59.78
770x770mm 31.97 = 0.68
By interpolation
 = 1.2
Total =1.87

37 2.4 3.6 0.6 0.8087m dia. 0.5x Tapper one side 30.4 67.0 0.6* 2.128+
1.2 *0.07 2.4 1.44 3.57
= 0.5136m2 7.1 with 30 ° 68.0 = 1.44 =3.57
x 7.12 = 2.128
720x720mm =0.07
=30.4

38 2.4 2.88 0.6 0.743m dia. 6.7 0.5x Tapper one side 26.97 69.0 0.6* 1.89+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 = 3.33 3.33
= 0.4336m2 with 30 ° 70.0 = 1.44
x 6.72 = 1.89
660x660mm =0.07
=26.97

39 2.4 2.16 0.6 0.6662m dia. 6.3 0.5x Tapper one side 23.73 71.0 0.6* 1.66+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =3.1 3.1
= 0.3486m2 6.32 with 30 ° 72.0 = 1.44
= 1.66
590x590mm =23.73 =0.07

40 2.4 1.44 0.6 0.5714m dia. 5.5 0.5x Tapper one side 18.39 73.0 0.6* 1.29+ 1.44
1.2x *0.07 2.4 =2.73 2.73
= 0.2564m2 5.542 with 30 ° 74.0 = 1.44
= 1.29
510x510mm =18.39 =0.07

Branch Duct 6

41 2.4 0.72 0.6 0.4397m dia. 4.7 0.5x Tapered one 13.44*0.0
75.0 0.6* 0.941+
1.2side
x 2.4 1.44 2.381
= 0.1518m2 4.72 76.0 = 1.44 = 2.381

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390x390mm =13.4 With 30 ° = 0.941

4
=0.07

Exhaust Duct
Main exhaust 1
1 20. 23.3 0.6 1.648m dia. 10.9 0.5x Intake Lover Ft= 77.0 Pr 515+ 9.96
1.2 x drop*L =525 525
(1.648/2)2 10.92 =6.5 Pd* 78.0 =
79.0 0.6*16.
= 2.1331m2 =71. Bend =0.67 71.83
6
83 *7.17
1460x1460 Total = 7.17 80.0 = 9.96
mm = 515

2 8.3 19.5 0.6 Dia = 10.4 65.1 Straight 65.1*0.0 0.6*8.3 4.56 + 4.98 9.54
1.5404m Vp2/Vp1 = 4.98 =9.54
= 0.9 = 4.56
= 1.8636m2 By interpolation
 =0.07
1370x1330
mm
3 8.3 15.7 0.6 Dia = 9.93 59.2 Straight 59.2*0.0 0.6*8.3 4.43+4.98 9.41
Vp3/Vp2 = 4.98 = 9.41
1.4191m
= 0.9 = 4.43
= 1.5817m2 By interpolation
 =0.07
1260x1260
mm
4 8.3 11.9 0.6 Dia= 1.278m 9.3 51.1 Straight 51.1*0.08 0.6*8.3 4 + 4.98 9.1
Vp4/Vp3 = 4.98
= 1.2832m2 = 0.86 =4 = 9.1
By interpolation
1140x1140
mm  =0.08

5 8.3 8.21 0.6 Dia = 13.4 109.2 Straight 109.26*0. 0.6*8.3 2.19+4.98 7.1
1.106m Vp5/Vp4 = 4.98 = 7.1
= 0.9614m2 2.14 = 2.19
By above max.
780x780mm  =0.02
6 6.7 4.43 0.6 0.875m dia. 7.87 0.5x Bend = 0.07 37.2 81.0 0.6 * 18.97+
1.2 x *0.51 6.7 4.02 23.95
= 0.6013m2 7.872 Straight 82.0 = 4.02 =23.95
Vp6/Vp5 = 18.97
750x530mm =37.2 0.34
By below min.
 =0.44

Total = 0.51

7 2.4 3.8 0.6 0.825m dia. 6.9 0.5x Tapper with one 28.9 83.0 0.6* 2.02+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.46 3.46
= 0.5351m2 6.92 Side at 30° 84.0 = 1.44
= 2.02
740x740mm =28.9 = 0.07

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8 2.4 3.17 0.6 0.771m dia. 6.65 0.5x Tapper with one 26.59 85.0 0.6* 1.86+ 1.44
1.2 *0.07 2.4 =3.3 3.3
= 0.4663m2 x6.65 Side at 30° 86.0 = 1.44
2 = 1.86
690x690mm = 0.07
=13.7
4

9 2.4 2.54 0.6 0.7084m dia. 6.39 0.5x Tapper with one 24.57 87.0 0.6* 1.72+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.16 3.16
= 0.3941m2 62 Side at 30° 88.0 = 1.44
= 1.72
630x630mm =24.5 = 0.07
7

10 2.4 1.92 0.6 0.6371m dia. 5.91 0.5x Tapper with one 20.95 89.0 0.6* 1.47+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =2.91 2.91
= 0.3188m2 5.912 Side at 30° 90.0 = 1.44
= 1.47
570x570mm =20.9 = 0.07
5

11 2.4 1.28 0.6 0.5465m dia. 5.33 0.5x Tapper with one 17.1 91.0 0.6* 1.197+
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 1.44 2.64
= 0.2346m2 5.332 Side at 30° 92.0 = 1.44 =2.64
= 1.197
490x490mm =17. = 0.07
1

Exhaust branch duct 1

42 2.4 0.63 0.6 0.4181m dia. 4.6 0.5x Tapper with one 12.71 93.0 0.6* 0.89+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =2.33 2.33
= 0.13738m2 4.62 Side at 30° 94.0 = 1.44
= 0.89
370x370mm =12. = 0.07
71

Exhaust main duct 2

12 2.4 3.78 0.6 0.8238m dia. 7.1 0.5x Bend, =0.67 30.2 95.0 0.6* 68.6+ 1.44
1.2 x *2.27 2.4 =67 67
= 0.5330m2 7.12 Branch 96.0 = 1.44
Vp12/Vp1 = 68.6
730x730mm =30. = 0.44
2 By below min.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27

13 2.4 3.15 0.6 0.7687m dia. 6.8 0.5x Taper with one 27.74 97.0 0.6* 1.94+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.38 3.38
= 0.4641m2 6.82 Side and 30° 98.0 = 1.44
= 1.94
690x690mm =27. =0.07
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14 2.4 2.52 0.6 0.7062m dia. 6.4 0.5x Taper with one 24.58 99.0 0.6* 2.4 1.72+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =3.16 3.16
= 0.3918m2 6.42 Side and 30°
= 1.72
630x630mm =24.5 =0.07
8

15 2.4 1.89 0.6 0.6333m dia. 6 0.5x Taper with one 21.6 0.6* 2.4 1.51+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =2.95 2.95
= 0.3150m2 62 Side and 30°
= 1.51
570x570mm =21. =0.07
6

16 2.4 1.26 0.6 0.5432m dia. 5.44 0.5x Taper with one 17.75 0.6* 2.4 1.24+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =2.68 2.68
= 0.2317m2 5.442 Side and 30°
= 1.24
490x490mm =17. =0.07
75

Exhaust branch Duct 2

17 2.4 0.63 0.6 0.4181m dia. 4.6 0.5x Tapper with one 12.71 100.0 0.6* 0.89+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =2.33 2.33
= 0.13738m2 4.62 Side at 30° 101.0 = 1.44
= 0.89
370x370mm =12.71 = 0.07

Exhaust main duct 3

18 2.4 3.78 0.6 0.8238m dia. 6 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 21.6*2.2 0.6* 2.4 49+ 1.44
1.2 x 62 = 1.44 =50.5 50.5
= 0.5330m2 = Branch
Vp18/Vp2 = 49
730x730mm 21.6 = 0.33
By below min.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27

19 2.4 3.15 0.6 0.7687m dia. 6.8 0.5x Taper with one 27.74 102.0 0.6* 1.94+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.38 3.38
= 0.4641m2 6.82 Side and 30° 103.0 = 1.44
= 1.94
690x690mm =27.74 =0.07

20 2.4 2.52 0.6 0.7062m dia. 6.4 0.5x Taper with one 24.58 104.0 0.6* 1.72+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.16 3.16
= 0.3918m2 6.42 Side and 30° = 1.44
= 1.72
630x630mm =24.58 =0.07

21 2.4 1.89 0.6 0.6333m dia. 6 0.5x Taper with one 21.6 0.6* 2.4 1.51+ 1.44
1.2 x 62 *0.07 = 1.44 =2.95 2.95
= 0.3150m2 Side and 30°
=21.6 = 1.51
570x570mm =0.07

22 2.4 1.26 0.6 0.5432m dia. 5.4 0.5x Taper with one 17.75 0.6* 2.4 1.24+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =2.68 2.68
= 0.2317m2 5.442 Side and 30°

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490x490mm =17.75 =0.07 = 1.24

Exhaust branch Duct 3

23 2.4 0.63 0.6 0.4181m dia. 4.6 0.5x Tapper with one 12.71 105.0 0.6* 0.89+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =2.33 2.33
= 0.13738m2 4.62 Side at 30° 106.0 = 1.44
= 0.89
370x370mm =12.71 = 0.07

Exhaust main duct 4

24 2.4 3.78 0.6 0.8238m dia. 6 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 21.9 0.6* 49+ 1.44
1.2 x 62 *2.27 2.4 =50.5 50.5
= 0.5330m2 = Branch = 1.44
Vp24/Vp3 = 49
730x730mm 21.6 = 0.36
By below min.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27

25 2.4 3.15 0.6 0.7687m dia. 6.8 0.5x Taper with one 27.74 107.0 0.6* 1.94+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.38 3.38
= 0.4641m2 6.82 Side and 30° 108.0 = 1.44
= 1.94
690x690mm =27.74 =0.07

26 2.4 2.52 0.6 0.7062m dia. 6.4 0.5x Taper with one 24.58 109.0 0.6* 1.72+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.16 3.16
Side and 30°
2
= 0.3918m 6.42 = 1.44
= 1.72
630x630mm =24.58 =0.07

27 2.4 1.89 0.6 0.6333m dia. 6 0.5x Taper with one 21.6 0.6* 2.4 1.51+ 1.44
1.2 x 62 *0.07 = 1.44 =2.95 2.95
= 0.3150m2 Side and 30°
=21.6 = 1.51
570x570mm =0.07

28 2.4 1.26 0.6 0.5432m dia. 5.4 0.5x Taper with one 17.75 0.6* 2.4 1.24+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =2.68 2.68
Side and 30°
2
= 0.2317m 5.442
= 1.24
490x490mm =17.75 =0.07

Exhaust Branch duct 4

29 2.4 0.63 0.6 0.4181m dia. 4.6 0.5x Tapper with one 12.71 0.6*2. 0.89+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 4 =2.33 2.33
= 0.13738m2 4.62 Side at 30° = 1.44
= 0.89
370x370mm =12.71 = 0.07

Exhaust main duct 5

30 2.4 3.78 0.6 0.8238m dia. 6.8 0.5x Bend, =0.67 21.9 0.6* 49+ 1.44
1.2 x *2.27 2.4 =50.5 50.5
= 0.5330m2 6.82 Branch = 1.44
Vp30/Vp4 = 49

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730x730mm =27.74 = 0.36

By below min.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27

31 2.4 3.15 0.6 0.7687m dia. 6.4 0.5x Taper with one 24.58 110.0 0.6* 1.72+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.16 3.16
= 0.4641m2 6.42 Side and 30° = 1.44
= 1.72
690x690mm =24.58 =0.07

32 2.4 2.52 0.6 0.7062m dia. 6 0.5x Taper with one 21.6 0.6* 2.4 1.51+ 1.44
1.2 x 62 *0.07 = 1.44 =2.95 2.95
= 0.3918m2 Side and 30°
=21.6 = 1.51
630x630mm =0.07

33 2.4 1.89 0.6 0.6333m dia. 5.4 0.5x Taper with one 17.75 0.6* 2.4 1.24+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =2.68 2.68
= 0.3150m2 5.442 Side and 30°
= 1.24
570x570mm =17.75 =0.07

34 2.4 1.26 0.6 0.5432m dia. 6.8 0.5x Taper with one 27.74 111.0 0.6* 1.94+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.38 3.38
= 0.2317m2 6.82 Side and 30° 112.0 = 1.44
= 1.94
490x490mm =27.74 =0.07

Exhaust branch duct 5

35 2.4 0.63 0.6 0.4181m dia. 4.6 0.5x Tapper with one 12.71 113.0 0.6* 0.89+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =2.33 2.33
= 0.13738m2 4.62 Side at 30° 114.0 = 1.44
= 0.89
370x370mm =12.71 = 0.07

Exhaust main duct 6

36 2.4 3.78 0.6 0.8238m dia. 6 0.5 x Bend, =0.67 21.9 0.6* 49+ 1.44
1.2 x 62 *2.27 2.4 =50.5 50.5
= 0.5330m2 = Branch = 1.44
Vp24/Vp3 = 49
730x730mm 21.6 = 0.36
By below min.
 = 1.6
Total =2.27

37 2.4 3.15 0.6 0.7687m dia. 6.8 0.5x Taper with one 27.74 115.0 0.6* 1.94+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.38 3.38
= 0.4641m2 6.82 Side and 30° 116.0 = 1.44
= 1.94
690x690mm =27.74 =0.07

38 2.4 2.52 0.6 0.7062m dia. 6.4 0.5x Taper with one 24.58 117.0 0.6* 1.72+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =3.16 3.16
= 0.3918m2 6.42 Side and 30° = 1.44
= 1.72
630x630mm =24.58 =0.07

39 2.4 1.89 0.6 0.6333m dia. 6 0.5x Taper with one 21.6 0.6* 2.4 1.51+ 1.44

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= 0.3150m2 1.2 x 62 Side and 30°*0.07 = 1.44 =2.95 2.95

570x570mm =21.6 =0.07 = 1.51

40 2.4 1.26 0.6 0.5432m dia. 5.4 0.5x Taper with one 17.75 0.6* 2.4 1.24+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 = 1.44 =2.68 2.68
Side and 30°
2
= 0.2317m 5.442
= 1.24
490x490mm =17.75 =0.07

Exhaust branch Duct 6

41 2.6 0.63 0.6 0.4181m dia. 4.6 0.5x Tapper with one 12.71 118.0 0.6* 0.89+ 1.44
1.2 x *0.07 2.4 =2.33 2.33
= 0.13738m2 4.62 Side at 30° 119.0 = 1.44
= 0.89
370x370m =12. = 0.07
71

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Supply side Extraction side

AHU

12 1
13
1 17 16 15 14

12 13 14 15 16 17
2
21 20 19 18
23 22
2
18 19 20 22
21 23
3
24
29 28 27 26 25
3
24 25 26
27 28 29
4

32 30
33 31
35 34
4

30 31 32
33 34 35
5

36
40 38 37
41 39
5
37 38 39 40 41
36 6

11 10 9 8
42 7
6

10 11
7 8
9
North

Figure 3-8 schematic of diffusers and ducts

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. HVAC system design using HAP software

For HAP document result are attached at

back page
CHAPTER FIVE
5. HVAC system and equipment selection
The following criteria should be considered for HVAC System and Equipment Selection:
 Maintainability / reliability
 Energy conservation, code requirements
 First cost versus life-cycle cost
 Desires of owner, architect, and/ or design office
 Space limitations
 Demands of comfort or process
 Central plant versus distributed systems
 Simplicity and controllability

5.1. Selection of air handling unit (AHU)

Air-handling units (AHUs) include factory-assembled package units and field-erected, built-up
units. The common components are a fan, cooling and/or heating coils, pre filters, pressure
differentials, temperature/pressure sensors, bag filters and inspection doors. Most units also
include a mixing chamber with outside and return air connections with dampers. The size range
is from small fan-coil units to built-up systems but in this case since there is no recirculation air
due to the quality of the return air, there is no mixing chamber.

The first step in the design of HVAC system is the load calculation. Rough estimates of load may
be made during the concept design phase. During design development and final design, it is
essential to make orderly, detailed, and well-documented load calculations, because these form
the basis for equipment selection, duct and piping design. Assembly halls and auditorial, e.g.
theatres, concert halls, conference centres, are generally characterised by large but variable

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occupancy levels, relatively high floor to ceiling heights, sedentary occupation, and stringent
acoustic requirements.

The total maximum static pressure is

The total pressure loss of the duct = 2.007kpa

The statistic pressure loss across the diffuser in mm of H2O = 3mmH2O = 30 pa

The external static pressure is calculated as follow

the total Maximum static pressure

¿ Pt +mgh=2007 pa+ (1800∗7∗9.81 ) =123.48 kpa

The selection criteria for the air handling unit is based on the cooling load capacity or it’s ton of
refrigeration. From the given physical data all the necessary equipment’s are selected from the
given data sound power sound pressure level and the number of filter and the general filter the
general main dimensions length width and height.

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5.2. Selection of chiller

Based on cooling capacity (159.7272kw) chiller with model of MGB-F130W/RN1 is selected.
Air cooled chiller specification
 High efficiency with leader-of-class ESEER
 No buffer tank required for standard applications
 Large operation range (ambient temperature up to 43 °C)
 A mode bus gateway (RTD-W) can be installed per unit in order allow the control
and monitoring by a Daikin controller or a third party BMS, which will increase
further the efficiency of the system
 All systems that are connected with RTD-W can be controlled and monitored
centrally with the master/slave control kit:

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5.3. Selection of fan for HVAC system

The following are considered in the selection of fans:

 Efficiency, low noise, size, space and cost considerations

 Mechanical considerations for a given application including balancing and vibration
levels, construction, arrangements, ruggedness, spark resistance, corrosion
resistance, high temperature resistance, bearings, motors, drives etc.
 Generally, considering the above, volume flow rate and static pressure are the
parameters for fan selection.
 Based on supply and exhaust duct static pressure loss calculated as P = 1.064 kPa and P =
0.94 kPa respectively and volume flow rates calculated as Q = 26.1m3 /s for supply and
23.33 m3 /s for extraction the selected fan is: 93600 m3/h

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From graph we see that with 93600m3/h and 1007pa under circle. And class E 1

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The Selected supply fans specification;

Airflow-------------------------------------------26100L/sec
Available external pressure---------------------44688Pa
Rotation of fan------------------------------------1500rev/m
KW-----------------------------------------------45kw
Return fan
Total External static pressure = No of diffuser x static pressure loss + cumulative pressure loss
on the exhaust = 41*1064 + 1064 = 44688kp

Selected return fan specification;

Airflow--------------------------------------------23330L/sec
Available external pressure---------------------40420Pa
Rotation of fan------------------------------------1400rev/m
KW-----------------------------------------------40kw
Total External static pressure = No of diffuser x static pressure loss + cumulative pressure loss
on the exhaust = 42*940 + 940 = 40420 kPa

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Conclusion
As HAP software result shows the total cooling load of the conditioned conference hall is
159.7274 Kw. The building sensible heat factor is 1.3 and the Psychometric analysis for peak
month March indicates the indoor temperature around 24 0c and relative humidity 50%. This is the
recommend comfort range of the conditioning space required.

To overcome the total cool load to achieve the needed temperature HVAC thermal equipment are
selected from standard manufacturing catalog such as AHUs, fan, grills damper, supply and
return duct pipe and others

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Reference
1. K. H. Lee, S. Schiavon, F. Bauman, T. Webster. Thermal decay in under floor air
distribution (UFAD) systems: Fundamentals and influence on system performance.
Applied Energy 91 (2012) 197–207. 17.
2. M. A. Bos, J. A. Love. A field study of thermal comfort with under floor air distribution.
Building and Environment 69 (2013) 233-240. 18.
3. M. Zukowski. Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the under floor air
distribution system. Energy and Buildings 37 (2005) 890–896. 19.
4. A. Kusiak, M. Li. Cooling output optimization of an air handling unit. Applied Energy
87 (2010) 901–909.
5. Degu, YonasMitiku. "Cooling Load Estimation and Air Conditioning Unit Selection for
Hibir Boat." The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) 3.5 (2014):
63-72. [2].
6. Chen, Qingyan. "Ventilation performance prediction for buildings: A method overview
and recent applications." Building and environment 44.4 (2009): 848-858. [3].
7. House, John M., Won Yong Lee, and Dong Ryul Shin. "Classification techniques for
fault detection and diagnosis of an air-handling unit." ASHRAE Transactions 105 (1999):
1087.

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