VI TOPIC: SOUND

CLASS:

SOUND

CONCEPTMAP

Frequency
Less than 20Hz Frequencymore
than 20,000Hz

Pleasant
sound

Hertz Inaudible
Unit:
Audible

Music
Unpleasant
(Noof
Frequency sound
oscillation per

second)

SO

Time
Noise
period (T)

Amplitude

How do we hear? Producedby

Small
Large amplitude Ears
amplitude-Soft Loud sound To and fro In
Sound Human-Larynx
motion of or voice box
objects

Middle Ear

Inner Ear
Outer Ear

How is sound
produced?
hear Hsare produced by some kinds of vibrations.
We can see the vibration and
hear
beseenSOund if their vibrations arelarge enough, however,small vibrations cannot
but the
soun produced by them can be heard.

SCM1
 P
ound and Vibrations
ndsthe torm ot energy which can produce
asic
a sensation of
hearino
hearing.

.
ause of all sounds is vibration. The production of sound ta1.
takes
nd
gh hitting a tuning fork on rubber pad, plucking a stretched rubi
place
tting a
iting
Sund
a meti
is
metallic plate with an iron object etc. On doing so, we

A and
bber
obseruo
observe band,
that the
n
producod by the vibrating objects. rapid to fro
motion of
is called

nd is
vibration.

îrom the flute when the player blowS across the

produced
mon
bjeq

causing vibration of the air column.

outhpiece,
Nhen themembrane
m drum
(the stretched part) of a is hit, it
vibrates and e
sound. nd
creates
ne stre
The st ot violin or
n armocium,the guitar produces sound when
In
it vibrates.

vibrating reeds sound. produce

How soundtravels?
When an object vibrates, it makes the
adjacent molecules vibrate with the
euency. These, in turn, transfer their vibrations to the same

sproess goes on. This is similar to the

Sone thrown in the way ripples
neighboring
are
molecules, and
produced in water by a
pond. For sound to travel, it is
mediunm necessary to have a material

OsCILLATORY MOTION:
The to
and fro motion of the
vibrating prongs of tuning fork or
rubber band are similar to the strings of guitaror
oscillations of of a clock. Such to and fro
pendulum
motion is called
oscillatory motion. Rapid oscillation is known as vibration.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBRATION
1.
FREQUENCY:
Number of oscillations made in one second is called frequency of oscillation. Itis
represented by letter or n. Commonly used unit for frequency is
the hertz
(abbreviated Hz), where
1 Hertz =1 oscillation /second =sec
SCMVIIL2022-23 TERM 2 Page
 Ifan object oscillates 60
timesinone second, the
frequency is 60 Hz.
2. AMPLITUDE
The maximu
displacement Or
of a
iscalled amplitude. vibrating bo
body or particle from its rest position
Loudness
Loudness of a sound
produces it. depends directly on
ectly the amplitude or the vibrations that
of
If the
amplitude
amplitude u
versa. increases, then
theloudness of the sound also
The intensity of increases an vice-
sound is
expressed in terms of
decibels.
TIME BRIOD:
Time taken to
ibration.It is denoted complete one
by (T).Its unit vibration isknown
vibration isknown as
as time-period of
is second time-peN
Time-period is (s).
reciprocal to
Characteristics of
sound
frequency of awave. |T
LOUDNESS
measure of the
-The extentto
which
response the sound sound can be heard
of
wave to an ear. clearly or it is the
Loudness is a measure of
Loudness of sound heaviness of a
sound.
of depends on the square of
amplitude vibration.
For example, if the low

the loudness amplitude becomes amplitude

Vibration
Sounds.
of
increases by a factor
large amplitude
of 4.
twice,

produces loud
VV high

amplitude

(volume)

Vibrations of small
amplitude produce soft
The loudness is sound.
expressed in a unit called
The greater the forceexerted to decibel
(dB).
of vibration. produce the vibrations,the
greater is the
amplitude
PITCH OFA SOUND:-
How our brain
interpretsthe sound wave of a
frequency. particular
Pitch is a measure of
shrillness of a sound.

The sensation of
frequencies is commonly referred to
as the
pitch of a sound. A
Corresponds to a
high pitch sound MMMMAM
high frequency sound wave and a ower Higher
low pitch sound Pitch
corresponds to a low frequency Pitch

sound wave.

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 3.
QUALITY:
1s the
property in which one can betwes ent
distinguish
same pitch and loudness. there is sounds
light and 100
In a dark room, where no
are peop
present, can easily recognize the sound of ourfriend,among all the
we
peo.
dueto the
particular quality of sound.

Audible and Inaudible Sounds: 20Hz

and 20000 0n
between about H
to frequencies
For humans,hearing is limited with age.
decreasing
with the upper limit generally En.
than 20Hz are known as infrasonic sounds, oreg
The sound of frequency less
earthquake.
vibration produced during are known as ultrasonicsounde.For
than 20,000Hz
The sound of frequencygreater waves their wings, sound prodted
ultrasonic by flapping
eg: Bats can produce
by the dolphins.

TOTRAVEL
SOUNDNEEDS AMEDIUM to travel. It can be solid,liquid
or gas.
Sound needs a materialmedium
sound travelsis called
a medium.
which
The substance through
cannot travel through vacuum.
Sound our everyday life reaches us through ar

which we hear in
Most of the sound
gaseous medium). and slowest in gases.
fastest in solids,faster in liquids
Sound travels

MATERIAL SPEEDOF SOUND

1. AIR 340 m/s
2. WATER 1400 m/s
3. IRON/STEEL 5000 m/s

sounds:
Musical
and rhythm.
Musical sounds are organized into patterns thathave pitch
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SCM_VII_2022-23 TERM 2 Page 150
Noise: and unwelcome
nleasantand unwe sound that causes discomfort is called noise.
unpleasant Any
Any
pt
changes
abrupt changes
in amplitude and trequency of
am a
vibrating sound-producing object
resultsin a noise.
usually

Noise pollution in the environment by undesirable, loud and harsh

TheThe disturbance
producedi
various sources is called noise pollution. Increasing dependence of
sound from
kinds of machines at home or workplace or factoriesetc. has
man on various
a lot to noise pollution.
contributed
at a particular place is determined by the following factors:
Noise pollution
Loudness of the sound.
(1)
of noise at a particular place.
(2) Duration

Sourcesof Noise
(A)
Noise in homes
are the causes of noise in home (1) Television (2) Radio (3) Power
Following

music system (4) Washing Machine (5) Desert cooler (6) Mixer cum grinder (7)

Vacuum cleaner (8)Telephone.

(B) Noise
in Surrounding
are the causes of noise in the surrounding.
Following

(1) Loudspeakers
(2) Exploding crackers on various functions.
(3)
Hawkers in the street or publicity announcements made by trading
companies.

C)Noise in factories:
All factories big or small use machines which invariably produce noise and
hence contribute to noise pollution.

(D) Noise due to

transportation
This noise
is
produced by,
(1)Railway Train.
2)All Kinds of
petrol and diesel vehicles.
(3)
Airplanes.

9Pressurehorns used
by automobiles.
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TERM 2 Page 151 of 319
 pollution:
Measures to ReduceNoise noise pollution.
in reducing
will help
1.
Smooth flow oftraffic with silencers.
All motor vehicles must be fitted
2.
Z. near the roads.
3. Trees must be planted
be restricted. areas.
4.Use or pressure horn must in residential
be restricted colonies.
5. Use of loudspeakers must
from residential
6. tories mustbe relocated
away machines.
used with heavy
must be
7.Rubberpadding

areasfollows:
pollution thereis any marris
Harms of Noise it
Let us suppose we willnot Par
lack of sleep. Then, beable
leads to use loudspeakers.
1. Noise pollution and they
on in our surroundings sound of speakers.
going high blood pressure.
to sleep due to extremely that high
or wecan say
2. It leads to Hypertension
to anxiety.
3. It also leads
This impairment can
More health problems. of hearing. either
4.
sounds cause impairment
5. Extreme orloud or partial impairment.
be total hearing impairment

by humans
Sound produced
human beings
Sound Produced by source of sound in human man
is the most important
Voice box
or the larynx cords are stretched acrOSSOSs
known as vocal
Two ligaments commonly leaves a narrow slit between them for the
beings. that it
such a way the slit, it makes
the larynx in is forced through
the airfrom the lungs
of air. When The pitch of the sound
passage hence sound is produced.
to vibrate and
the vocal cords to the vocal cords.
Whenthe vocal
the muscles attached
is changed by It means a shrill
produced sound of high frequency.
produce
cords are tight and thin, they and thick,they
when the vocal cords are loose
sound is produced. However,
sound of low frequency
produce

HUMAN EAR STRUCTUREAND FUNCTION and then to a neris

to mechanical energy
The human ear converts sound energy
which is transmitted to the brain.
impulse

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SCM_VIII2022-23 TERM 2 Page 152
 -
basic parts the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner
ichs of three
consists a specitic purpose in the task of detectine and
Theear art of the ear serves
of the
Each part
ear sound.
interpreting oval window vestibular
pinna apperatus
tympanic
membrane
cochlear nerve
cochlea
malleus
incus
stapes
middle inner
Outer
ear ear ear

an ear flap (called pinna) and is conical in shape. It helps

hor ear consists of
the incoming sounds.
in collecting for the middle ear in order to prevent damage to
The ear flap provides protection

theeardrum. waves which reach the ear through theear canal

also channels sound
The outer ear of the ear canal, it is capable
middle ear. Because of the length
ta fhe eardrum of the
sounds.
ofamplifying
which consists of an eardrum and three tiny,
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity These bones amplify the
bones -the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
interconnected

sound waves.
tube called cochlea. One side of cochlea is connected to
The Inner Ear has a coiled
The liquid present in cochlea contains nerve cells which transmit
the middle ear.
the vibration of sound into electrical signals and
sound to human brain. It changes
transmits it to the brain through auditory
canal.

SSIGNMENI
MCQ
from mean
displacement of vibrations of sound-producing
its
Maximum objects
is known as:
position

a)Frequency b) Amplitude c)Loudness d) Shrillness

A frequency of 1 Hertz =
a)1oscillation/second b) 1 oscillation /minute
c)1 oscillation
/hour d) none of these
Sound travels

CM T
a) Fastest in air
c) Fastest in vacuum
 in solids than in
d) Faster air

b) Faster in air than water

. The decibel is a unit that measures: d) Pitch

c)Frequency is
a) Loudness b)Quality the frequency
frequency
. Ifan object oscillates 40 times
in one
second,
c) 10
Hz d)40 H
a) 60 Hz
6. Sounds having frequency

a)Supersonics b) Sonar
b) 20
Hz

more than
20 Hz are

20000
called,
less than
) Ultrasonic
Hz are called,
d)Infrasonic

d)Infrasonic
7. Sounds having frequency c) Ultrasonic
b) Sonar
a) Supersonics
end of d) Mouth
8. Voice box is the upper c)Windpipe
b)Food pipe

.a) Lungs

Ihe main organofhearing

a)Ear drum
earis the
in human
b) The
d) Cochlea
three soft bones

where no sound can

car

c)Oval window there exist places

of our planet,
10. In the neighborhood
b) No humidity
there is,
because
propagate dioxide
a)No atmosphere d)No carbon
No oxygen and then hears the thunder
der,

c) one sees lightningfirst

thunderstorm,
11.Duringa This is because
both occursimultaneously. c) Eye is more sensitivethan ear
though than sound
travels faster of these
of these
a) Light sound d)none
d) none
travel slower than
b) Lights ishuman
of sound for
12. Audible range
10000 Hz
Between about 10Hz and
a) 30000 Hz
about 20 Hz and
b) Between
about 20 Hz and 20000
Hz
c) Between
Hz
about 10 Hz and 30000
d) Between
13. Sound cannotpass through
c)gases d) vacuum
Solids b) liquids
a) factor of
the loudness increases by a
14.1f the amplitude becomes twice,
the same
c)8 d) remains
a) 2 b) 4
15. of sound in air is:
Speed
b) 1400 m/s c) 5400 m/s d)None of these
a) 330 m/s

II. Match the following:

A. Flute i. 340 m/s
B. sound ii. 1000Hz
High pitch
C. Speed of light ii. amplitude
2 of 319
SCM_VII_2022-23TERM Page 154
 air
iv. material medium
fsound in v. vibrating air column
D.Speed vi. high frequency
E Pitch
vii. frequency of vibration
FSound
Anvil
propagation ear
G Loudness vii. 3X10* m/s
H.
L 1kHz
Shortquestions:that the music becomes a noise?
LI.
dowesay a body become irregular,it causes
When the vibrations produced by
1) the vibrati
ns: When

noise. causes a
What ca vocal cord to vibrate?
is a vocal cord?
2What the following:
3)Define of vibration
A.Frequency of vibration
B Amplitude
Timeperiod
CC sound?
is ultrasonic
4) What sources of noise at home.
5 Mention any three

Define oscillation.
of stringed musical instruments.
Give twoexamples
strike the ear, which part of theear starts vibrating first?
When sound vibrations
of the sound determines
the following:
Which characters

(b) Loudness
a)Pitch
Voices of men, women and children are different.
10Give reason:
V.Long questions
and musical sound.
) Distinguish
between noise
Ans:

Musical Sound Noise

It is an unwanted
Itis a pleasant sound. sound.
It is produced by Produced by irregular
systematic vibrations vibrations
There is no or There are sudden and
abrupt
arbitrary change in change in
arbitrary
amplitude and amplitude and
frequency ofsound frequency of sound
Practice is
required to No practice is
required to

produce such sound produce such sound.

2How can
you show that sound
can travel through solids?
What
should be taken
stepss to reduce the effect of noise
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2022-23
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 V.Diagram based
questions
1) Which of the following will
produce hign Sound A

frequency sound?
Ans:Sound A will produce maximum frequency
Sound

as number of vibrations is more in case A.

BB

and their
their
2) Name the followin; musical instruments vibrating
part

of the
Picture
Name Vibrating part
instrument

o
obulig

156 o
SCM_VIII 2022-23_TERM 2 Page
I.
Hotsastronomers fail to hear the sound of each other on the surface of the
Why
moon? to hear the sound on the surface of
LOnomers fail moon as there is no
Ans. for sound to propagate.
atmosphere
of human ear:
theparts
Label

Activitu in different
11. of various traditionalmusical instruments used
the pictures
Collect
it on a scrap book and also mention the parts which
the country. Paste
narts of

vibrates
to produce sound.

Answers (MCQ)
-a
1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-a 5-d, 6-d, 7-c,8-c,9-d,10-a, 11-a, 12- c, 13-d, 14- b, 15

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2022-23
TERM 2 Page 157 of 319