AKSUM UNIVERSITY

SHIRE CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF WATER TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES & IRRIGATION

ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR EFFICIENT USE

OF WATER AND OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

Name ID No

TETEMKE G/HIWET……………………....1619/06
SILIMON PETROS…………………………2516/06
SULEMAN TAHIR………………………....2525/06
YESHAY ABRAHA ………………………..2502/06
HAYLAY G/MECHEAL…………………...1261/06

Advisor Tsegay ayele (M.sc)

TIGRAY, SHIRE JUNE 2018

CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that he has read the Thesis entitled “DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
DESIGN FOR EFFICIENT USE OF WATER AND OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT OF
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE” and here by recommended for acceptance by Aksum university
department of water resource and irrigation enigneering in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for bachelor science degree.

Advisors Name: - Mr. Tsegay. Ayele (M.sc)

Signature ___________________________

Date ________________________
Acknowledgements
First of all, we would like to thank God for granting us his limitless care, love and blessings all
along the way including this for the completeness of this final year thesis. Secondly, we would
like to express our greatest gratitude to the Aksum University Shire campus Institute of Water
Technology and to Department of Water Resources And Irrigation Engineering for teaching us,
and developing our confidence by giving this helpful final year thesis which is very useful after
graduation for the last five years. Our sincere gratitude goes to our advisor Mr. Tsegay. Ayele
(M.sc) for all their regular advice and guidance from the beginning until the completion of the
work. We would like express our deepest appreciation for their encouragement and moral
support throughout the prepared of the thesis.

I
Executive summary
Shortage of moisture is the main production-limiting factor in Tigray region in general and at the
project area in particular. The project area is located and found in North Western zone, Woreda
T/Koraro, Tabia May Adrasha and Kushet Arada and it is accessible near the main road from
Axum to Shire. It is located at average altitudes of 1920m. The rainfall of the area is low,
variable (erratic) and undependable. The main specific objective of the project is to determine
the design parameters for the specific area, to Design drip irrigation system for the given area
and synthesis the workable semblance of drip irrigation components. Mai Adrasha irrigation
system is constructed in order to avoid the problems linked with the use of water suitably, means
that to avoid the loss of water due to many cases. The methods that we used to design drip
irrigation system are software’s like, Surfer- For generation of contour map and CROPWAT 8.0
for establishing crop water requirements and soil parameters. The maximum approximate
quantity of ETO that we found from 5 year metrological data of shire is 4.23mm/day. Based on
SIDIO ANALAYSSIS software application discharge of main fold is calculated by collecting of
different parameters from different sources the required discharge for the command area 95
hectare is 358.733m3/h. The type of pump that we selected for the command area is a centrifugal
pump. The design was prepared by taking in to consideration that direct drip system for every
plot is possible and it permits a 100% drip only. Of Corse the design focus with cotton maximum
water demand but we can irrigate other crops and vegetable that has lower water demand than
cotton.

II
Table of content
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... I

Executive summary......................................................................................................................... II

Table of content ............................................................................................................................ III

LIST OF TABELS ......................................................................................................................... V

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... VI

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 2

1.2 Objective of the Project Design ............................................................................................ 3

1.3 Location of project area......................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Humidity................................................................................................................................ 4

1.6 Geology ................................................................................................................................. 4

1.7 Hydrogeology ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.8 Crop /Agronomy Data ........................................................................................................... 6

2. REVIWE OF LITERATURE ..................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Overview of drip Irrigation ................................................................................................... 7

3. Material and Methodology used to Design ................................................................................. 9

3.1 Materials used to design drip irrigation in mai Adrasha ....................................................... 9

3.2 Methodology used to Design................................................................................................. 9

3.3 Field boundaries of the command area ............................................................................... 14

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 16

4.1 Climatic Data....................................................................................................................... 16

4.2 Crop Water Requirement .................................................................................................... 18

4.3 Irrigation Requirements....................................................................................................... 19

III
 4.3.1 Net depth of water application...................................................................................... 19

4.3.2 Irrigation frequency ...................................................................................................... 20

4.3.3 Gross depth of water application .................................................................................. 20

4.3.4 System Capacity ........................................................................................................... 20

4.4 Design discharge of drip irrigation components ................................................................. 21

4.4.1 Design of manifolds...................................................................................................... 21

4.4.2 Design of sub main ....................................................................................................... 22

4.4.3 Design of drip lateral .................................................................................................... 22

4.4.4 Selection and Design of Drip Emitters ......................................................................... 22

4.5 Wetting pattern and water distribution uniformity.............................................................. 23

4.6 Calculation of Head Losses ................................................................................................. 24

4.6.1 Head loss at the main line: ............................................................................................ 24

4.6.2 Head loss at the sub main line ...................................................................................... 25

4.6.3 Head loss at the laterals ................................................................................................ 26

4.6.4 Static head..................................................................................................................... 26

4.6.5 Velocity Head ............................................................................................................... 26

4.7 PUMP POWER ................................................................................................................... 27

4.8 Shelter calculation of the project ......................................................................................... 28

4.9 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 30

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 31

Recommendation .......................................................................................................................... 32

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 33

IV
LIST OF TABELS
Table 1; Elevations of the command area ..................................................................................... 10
Table 2; climate data the project ................................................................................................... 17
Table 3; Basic soil infiltration rates .............................................................................................. 18
Table 4; Parameters of the project ................................................................................................ 21
Table 5 ; Total dynamic head........................................................................................................ 27
Table 6; Cost Benefit Analysis ..................................................................................................... 30

V
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1; counter map of the command area ................................................................................ 11
Figure 2; View Command area of mai Adrasha in 3D surface ..................................................... 12
Figure 3; Flow direction of the command area; ............................................................................ 13
Figure 4; Blocks of the command area ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 5; Final drawing components of drip irrigation system .................................................... 29

VI
 1. Introduction
Shortage of moisture is the main production-limiting factor in Tigray region in general and at the
project area in particular. The rainfall of the area is low, variable (erratic) and undependable. The
area is hit by recurrent drought and it is classified as chronically food unsecured area like other
areas of the Region. Therefore, to alleviate the moisture shortage problem and to increase
production, it is imperative to use other sources of water other than rainfall. To this end, we are
using our studies techniques and knowledge to utilize the opportunity presented to implementing
Boreholes for Drip Irrigation systems to irrigate their land without waiting for the erratic and
undependable rain in the area of mai Adrasha, Woreda T/koraro Tabiya mai Adrasha Kushet areda
in north south Tigray. Mai Adrasha modern irrigation scheme is one of the schemes found in near
shire town to east direction that is ready for installation of Drip systems to be implemented. The
implementation of mai Adrasha, which comprises the general description of the site lay out, the
preliminary data used in the design, the design procedure followed, the property of the materials to
be supplied, specification and bill of quantities. The system is the result of new technology and it is
implemented using high initial cost and so needs a careful management and follow up after
installation of the system.

1
1.1 Problem Statement
As we know that irrigation method is one of the most needed things in our country. Because at
this time our country found at the development stage, so Drip irrigation method is one of the
important criteria to satisfy the aim of our country. So to address these issue mai Adrasha
irrigation system to solve the problems that occur in our country near shire town Woreda
T/koraro Tabiya mai Adrasha due to lack of the drip irrigation system.

Generally Mai Adrasha irrigation system is constructed in order to avoid to problems linked with
this system. These are;

1) In order to use water suitably, means that to avoid the loss of water due to many cases
2) In orders to use by a small outcome to get a large amount of income
3) To introduce new related agricultural technology being cost effective and efficient
products
4) Technological transformation from abroad in the modern drip irrigation systems.

2
 1.2 Objective of the Project Design
1. To determine the design parameters for the specific area.
2. To Design drip irrigation system for the given area.
3. To synthesis the workable semblance of drip irrigation components.
4. To estimate cost of pipes and other related components to the pipes.
5. To assure a workable, manageable and affordable implementation and sustainable use of
the land and water resource of the site.

3
1.3 Location of project area
The project area is located is found in North Western zone, Woreda T/Koraro, Tabia May
Adrasha and Kushet Arada. It is accessible near the main road from Axum to Shire. It is located
at average altitudes of 1920m.
Particular Geographical Location of the site:-
Latitude 42508 -426381
Longitude: 1559502 -1560947
Elévation: 1914-1925 m

1.4 Climate
The seasonal distribution of rainfall in the project area is associated with the annual progression
of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. The area is characterized by bimodal rainfall pattern
with a short rainy season (Belg: from February to March) and a long rainy season (Kirmet: from
June to September with a peak in August). The annual mean rainfall in the lower flat plain varies
from 700 mm to 800 mm. The mean daily temperature of the area is 26-30 0C.

1.5 Humidity
The humidity of the area depends on the presence of rainfall. When there is rainfall the area
becomes humid and creates good condition for disease causing organism that affects vegetables.
If there is no rain the area becomes dry and creates suitable condition for irrigated crops such as
tomato, onion, watermelon etc. Most of the time the relative humidity of the area is
comparatively lowers.

1.6 Geology
Based on previous studies regional geology and field observations, the geologic formations
Identified are mainly volcanic rock, sandstone, basement and alluvial deposit /Quaternary
Sediments. As it is observed at gully cuts and road cuts, the geological makeup of the study area
Is characterized by fractured thin beds of sandstone underlying by fractured to massive granite
Rock and in the low land around the campus is covered by alluvial deposit. Most of the
mountains And flat top hills of the area is either devoid of any or locally covered by thin
quaternary Sediments. The alluvial sediment in the study area includes, silt, clay, sand and gravel
layered pebbles and boulders are mainly outcropped around the main rivers of the catchment.

4
The alluvial formation normally the deposition from the upper ridge of the catchment, varies in
thickness across the area. The volcanic rock is the main aquifer in the study area mainly near to
the foot of the surrounding volcanic ridges of the area and also the recharging means in the lower
and flat area of the catchments. The unit is strongly affected by various weathering processes
including spheroidal weathering systems. In addition vertical and horizontal fractures (micro
fractures) and joints are common throughout the catchment area. The sandstone normally part of
the Adigrat sandstone formation, is exposed at the lower most margin of the catchments.
According the field study, the thickness of the sandstone locally varies from 4 to 45meters. Some
parts along the low land of the area as it was observed from the geological log of the site thin bed
volcanic rock overlies the sandstone bed. The Precambrian basement rock unit called basement
rock or hard rocks may comprise both the metamorphic and granite rocks in the area. The granite
porphyry (Feldspar granite) otherwise the Shire granite and granodiorite outcrops in the
downstream of the catchments river where part of the sandstone is eroded away and deep gorge
is formed.

1.7 Hydrogeology
Groundwater occurrence is greatly influenced by the geology, topography and climatic factors
that prevailed in a given area. By the same fact the hydro geologic condition of the study area is
mainly controlled by the geology and geological structure. The main source of groundwater is
Recharges from rainfall. On the other hand rate of recharge is influenced by the intensity of
Rainfall, topography and hydraulic properties of the rock formation out cropped in the
catchment. As previously drilled well data indicate, the main Aquifer around Shire area is mainly
the volcanic and thin bed of sandstone. Boreholes drilled along the foot of surrounding
mountains have volcanic aquifer while wells drilled along the low land area like the drilled well
have aquifer of thin bed sandstone and some parts highly fractured granite. Areas which are
characterized by very fine alluvial deposit and massive granite rock have low groundwater
Potential and this is manifested by the existence of low yield and dry boreholes. The main
recharge of the area is from rainfall and seasonal floods that generates from the surrounding
ridges of the area. The ground water occurrence in basaltic rocks in addition to the primary
structures is highly dependent on higher degrees of weathering and fracturing. Fractures due to
lineaments and occurrence of thick residual soils as a product of weathering play very important
role in the movement and occurrence of groundwater. The basement rocks are generally

5
considered as aquicludes /aquifuges; however, the fractured zones, the weathered mantle and the
foliation planes are important places of ground water occurrences. The fractures favor infiltration
of water from precipitation and increase the storage and ease of flow of ground water, especially
where they are crossed by a recharging stream. Hydro geologically, the sandstone with some thin
cover of fractured volcanic rock and highly fractured granite rock were the major water-bearing
layers that store and transmit substantial quantities of groundwater and these aquifers were
screened accordingly to withdraw maximum amount of groundwater in to the drilled well.

1.8 Crop /Agronomy Data

The crop, which is selected for the development of the project through drip irrigation System, is
cotton crops because this type crop needs high water demand compare with other type of crops.
And also used for different crops having the nearest emitter spacing.

The design has taken in to consideration the following factors.

 Required area coverage by each crop
 Required cropping pattern and rotation

6
2. REVIWE OF LITERATURE

2.1 Overview of drip Irrigation

For better understanding of the study, reviews of literature on related past works have been
done, and are presented below under the followings.
Bucks and Davis (1986) documented a number of potential advantages of adopting the drip
irrigation, which included increased benefits, increased water use efficiency, enhanced plant
growth and yield. They also reported the reduction in salinity hazard and improved application of
fertilizer through fertigation. Mane and Vijayakumar (1986) conducted a study on comparative
economics of cultivation of grapes by different methods of irrigation and revealed that net
benefits obtained under drip irrigation was Rs.1,11,853 per hectare and in flow irrigation it was
Rs. 1,02,540 per hectare. The increase in net return per ha under drip was 13 per cent over the
traditional method of irrigation. Wayse and Kulkarni (1987) conducted a study on drip irrigation
in Sangli district of Maharashtra. They found that expenditure on installing the drip for grapes
was Rs. 35, 000 per hectare. They also documented the advantages of drip irrigation as, saving in
expenditure towards fertilizers application, plant protection chemicals, free accessible field and
saving on labor costs like irrigation labor.
Kannaiyan (2001) reported that drip irrigation has resulted in significant water saving to the tune
of 40-70 per cent with yield increase as high as 100 per cent in various crops. The study also
indicated nutrient use efficiency and 20-25 percent reduction in fertilizer doses compared to the
conventional method of irrigation. Shiva Kumar et al. (2001) reported the advantages of drip
irrigation in their article as avoiding loss to conveyance seepage and loss of water from
unwanted area in the field. They also reported other benefits like higher efficiency of water and
land use. Drip irrigation resulted in saving of fertilizers and power apart from increasing yield
and quality of the produce. They observed there was reduction in pest and disease menace in drip
method of irrigation. The article also reported many other advantages like clubbing the practices
like fertigation, herbigation and chemigation operations along with irrigation. Sivanappan
(2002) has reported the advantages of drip irrigation like judicious use of water, uniform
application of water at low application rate, enhanced plant growth and yield, reduced salinity
hazards to crops, reduced weed growth and operational labor cost, controlled root zone
environment. He also reported that the main advantage of drip irrigation is it can be successfully

7
adopted in the areas with different terrains and problematic soils. He also reported that improved
quality of produce was another major advantage of then drip irrigation method.

Mehendale (2011) conducted a study on Economics of Different Irrigation Methods in Coconut-

based Cropping System in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra. The study was undertaken in the
district of Ratnagiri, with two tahsils having maximum proportionate irrigated area to gross
cropped area. Six villages and 90 farmers were selected randomly from study area. The data
collected pertained to agriculture year 2009-2010. At the overall level, the cultivated irrigated
area was 27.65 per cent of total landholding. Cropping pattern of the sample farmers was
dominated by coconut mix crops. The gross cropped area was 0.79 ha in flood method group and
1.42 ha in drip method (DM) group.

8
3. Material and Methodology used to Design
3.1 Materials used to design drip irrigation in mai Adrasha;

 GPS
 Control valve
 Flow meter
 HDPE type because;
 Long life time >50 years
 Very good chemical and corrosion resistance
 Low head loss
 Good weld ability
 High flexibility
 High temperature 40o-80oc etc.

3.2 Methodology used to Design

Software Inventory
A) Google Earth Pro – For viewing, modification of markers and measuring for the field.
B) TCX Converter- for converting points generated in Google Earth to comma separated
values that will be used in Surfer.
C) Surfer- For generation of contour map.
D) CROPWAT 8.0 – For establishing crop water requirements and soil parameters.
E) Auto – CAD – For drawing project diagrams.

9
No X Y Elevation (m) Remark

1. 425081 1559471 1918 corner of Akusc

2. 425202 1559452 1917 new road entrance Akusc
3. 425382 1559478 1918 near tele akusc
4. 425771 1559615 1914 near georgis tsebel
5. 426192 1559876 1922 corner of river and command area

6. 426305 1560222 1916 tsebel place

7. 426381 1560476 1916 Elementary school
8. 426181 1560724 1916 pump house E.school
9. 425860 1560746 1922 raya beer tapela
10. 425951 1560497 1920 around swamp area
11. 425637 1560425 1923 near 19
12. 425772 1560091 1922 near to core point
13. 425463 1559930 1920 core point
14. 425163 1560189 1921 near to s. Hospital
15. 425002 1560177 1920 S.hospital
16. 424886 1560105 1919 entrance main road to old road

17. 424936 1559913 1919 pump house

18. 425154 1559751 1917 center of new road
19. 425000 1559640 1918 milk house
20. 424915 1559560 1913 near corner of H.school
21. 424979 1559502 1915 near entrance akusc

Table 1; Elevations of the command area

10
Generation of contour map for the site
A contour map for the site was generated with the aid of Google Earth, TCX converter
and Surfer software. The diagram below is an illustration of the contour map output on Surfer:

Figure 1; counter map of the command area

11
Figure 2; View Command area of mai Adrasha in 3D surface

12
 Figure 3; Flow direction of the command area;

The designing is worked to enable and provide:

 Equal and adequate water and nutrients availability to all plants in the field
 High irrigation efficiency
 Creating easily managed and operated system
 Automatic remote controlling mechanism using electro-valves
 Manual fertigation system that can be replaced by automatic fertigation system whenever
the need arises.

The greater the amount of reliable information used to formulate a design, the lesser will be the
risk of failure due to design. The basic data that were collected from the previous Studies

13
Conducted on the Project area, from Meteorological stations, sectorial offices and from the site
to be used in the design process includes: Topographic data, Climate, Water Resource, Soil,
irrigation Agronomy related data, crops in need to be grown and their pattern, preference of
blocking system, preference of drip and other related points is identified and determined during
the study work.

3.3 Field boundaries of the command area

The field layout boundaries are laid out to suit the prevailing topographical condition. Depending
on field topographic conditions, the nature and shape of the field and requirement of
mechanization layouts is determined. The lay out has blocks of command area, which can get
water from sub mains and the blocks have been sub-divided in to further smaller irrigation units
or plots. Access roads from the head system to the field and within irrigated field are designed to
allow easy transportation of products, inputs and movement of tractors from and into the field.
The dimension is determined during study and design period. The field access roads having 5m
width to each field unit and it is connected to two block line way with width of 0.5m to allow
easy movement of human being at the interval of 300m along the width of the field and two inter
farm roads along the length of the field at the interval of 200m. Other roads in the farm are also
available with width of 12m to for the movement of vehicles to Aksum university shire campus.

14
Figure 4; Blocks of the command area

15
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Climatic Data
According to the climatic meteorological data of shire town average monthly rainfall data (mm),
maximum temperature (oC), minimum temperature (oC), sunshine hours, wind speed (km/hr) and
humidity from 1997 to 2002 was acquired shown below, based on crop wat software application
the highest average monthly reference evapotranspiration is 4.23mm/day with the lowest average
as 0.23mm/day. The mean maximum monthly temperature is 27.9 oC and a low temperature of
9.7 oC. The least mean sunshine hours are 7.625 hrs; this value was primal in the determination
of desirable operating hours since the irrigation system is electric powered. The highest average
of wind speed recorded per hr is 2km/day: the value will be used in the selection of appropriate
drip spacing.

Max
1997 Month Min Temp Temp Humidity Wind Sun Rad ETo max Eto min Eto
°C °C % km/day hours MJ/m²/day mm/day 4.23 0.23
2001 1998
January 13.9 26.7 40 2 0 4 0.74 june dece
February 14.3 26.8 44 2 0 5.2 1.07
March 14.4 26.8 51 2 7.5 15.9 2.44
April 14.3 26.7 55 2 0 8.7 1.9
May 14 26.6 63 2 7.3 20.2 3.75
June 13.8 26.4 57 2 7.2 20.6 3.83
July 13.7 26.3 77 2 6.9 19.9 3.79
August 13.5 26.5 73 2 6.7 18.2 3.36
September 13.4 26.5 57 2 8.2 17.6 2.82
October 13.2 27 55 2 9 15.1 1.97
November 12.4 26.8 69 2 9.2 12.1 1.26
December 11.6 26.5 63 2 0 3.6 0.68

1998 January 13.9 27.9 46 2 0 4 0.75

February 14.2 27.9 37 2 0 5.2 1.07
March 14.6 27.7 40 2 0 7 1.49
April 14.7 27.6 40 2 0 8.7 1.91
May 14.4 27.2 39 2 0 9.9 2.19
June 14 26.6 50 2 7.5 21.1 3.87
July 13.7 25.9 81 2 7.6 20.9 3.97
August 13.3 25.7 87 2 8.1 20.1 3.71
September 12.7 26.2 73 2 8.5 18 2.99
October 12.1 26.2 49 2 8.9 15 1.85
November 11.6 26.2 37 2 9.5 12.4 0.79
December 11.5 26.8 33 1 9.4 10.8 0.23
1999 January 12.9 26.8 45 2 0 4 0.74
February 13.2 26.9 40 2 7.8 13 1.42
March 13.6 26.9 51 2 7.6 16 2.44
April 13.6 26.8 42 2 7.4 18.6 3.11
May 13.3 26.4 44 2 7.3 20.2 3.58

16
 June 12.8 25.9 50 2 7.2 20.6 3.75
July 12.6 25.2 75 2 7 20 3.73
August 12.2 25.7 78 2 7.6 19.4 3.51
September 11.8 25.7 71 2 8.8 18.4 2.98
October 11.2 26 55 2 9.6 15.7 1.95
November 10.6 26 40 2 10.4 13.2 0.83
December 10.3 26.5 1 10.5
2000 January 12.8 27.9 39 2 7.4 10.1 0.67
February 13.1 26.9 35 2 7 12.2 1.34
March 13.2 26.8 27 2 7 15.3 2.1
April 13.2 26.5 40 2 7 18.1 3.01
May 12.8 26.3 38 2 7 19.8 3.45
June 12.5 26 50 1 7 20.4 3.69
July 12.3 25.5 70 1 7.1 20.1 3.72
August 12 25.5 77 1 7.7 19.6 3.5
September 11.6 25.9 62 1 8.6 18.1 2.86
October 11.1 26.4 59 1 9.4 15.5 1.98
November 10.5 26.7 49 1 10.2 13 0.97
December 9.8 26.8 45 2 9.9 11.2 0.42
2001 January 12.2 27.9 41 2 8.7 11.2 0.68
February 12.5 27.9 35 2 8.3 13.5 1.39
March 12.6 27.9 36 2 8.1 16.6 2.34
April 12.5 27.8 36 2 7.4 18.6 3.06
May 12.3 27.5 41 1 8.5 21.9 3.79
June 11.8 26.9 63 1 9 23.2 4.23
July 11.8 26.7 78 1 0 10.2 2.21
August 11.5 26.6 85 1 0 9.1 1.98
September 11 26.9 64 1 0 7.5 1.59
October 10.6 27.2 52 1 0 5.7 1.17
November 10.1 27.2 41 1 0 4.2 0.82
December 9.7 27.2 40 1 0 3.6 0.63

Table 2; climate data the project

17
 Basic soil infiltration rates

Soil type of the command area is clay loam so we can consider with the range which is 11.

Table 3; Basic soil infiltration rates

4.2 Crop Water Requirement

It is the quantity of water that is needed to meet the evapotranspiration rate for the crops
to thrive. The estimation of crop water requirement necessitates that the crop evapotranspiration
rate is measured first (Gipson, 2015). The reference rate (ETo), refers to the maximum
approximate quantity that we can found from 5 year metrological data of shire is 4.23mm/day
and peak kc factor of cotton is 1.06.
Then water requirement of the crop is (ETc) can be calculated as follows;
ETc = Kc × ETo

=1.06*4.23mm/day

=4.484mm/day
Where: ETc = evapotranspiration rate of the crop (mm/day)
Kc=crop Evapotranspiration factor

18
4.3 Irrigation Requirements
4.3.1 Net depth of water application

This the quantity of water that is applied during irrigation so as to replace the water utilized
during by the crop during evapotranspiration (Davis, 2015). The calculation of the net depth of
water application needs the following variable parameters:
 Allowable soil moisture depletion (P)
 Available soil moisture (FC-PWP)
 Effective root zone depth of the crop (RZD)

The net depth to be applied per irrigation is expressed as:

dnet =dn= (FC-PWP) × RZD × P

= (290mm/m-240mm/m)×1.06m×0.65

=34.45mm

Where:
dnet =dn= net depth of water application per irrigate on for a given crop (mm)
FC = soil moisture at field capacity (mm/m)
PWP = soil moisture at the permanent wilting point (mm/m)
RZD = depth of soil that the roots exploit effectively (m)
P = allowable moisture permitted for depletion by the crop before the next irrigation
These all the above parameters values founds from SIDIO Analysis software. In order to express
the depth of water in terms of the volume, the proposed area for irrigation is
multiplied by depth:
V = 10 × A × dn
=10×95×104×0.03445mm
=3272750m3

Where:
V = volume of water to be applied (m3) A = area proposed for irrigation (ha)
d = net depth of water application (mm)

19
4.3.2 Irrigation frequency
It is the duration it takes the crop to deplete the soil moisture at a given soil moisture depletion
level. For design purposes, the peak daily water used by the crop (evapotranspiration rate of the
crop) is of interest (Keesen, 2013). Following the establishment of dnet, the irrigation
frequency at peak water demand is obtained using the given equation:

IF =

=7.68 day=8 day

Where:
IF = irrigation frequency (days)
dnet = net depth of water application (mm)
ETc = evapotranspiration rate of the crop (mm/day)

4.3.3 Gross depth of water application

The gross depth of water application is given by dividing the net depth of irrigation with farm
irrigation efficiency. The farm irrigation efficiency of drip systems varies depending on whether
the climate is cool, moderate, hot or moderate (Keesen, 2013). Farm irrigation efficiency also
incorporates possible losses of water from pipe leakages:

= 40.53mm

Where: E = farm irrigation efficiency , Irrigation efficiency for moderate climate 85%

4.3.4 System Capacity

it is the volume of water to be supplied in an hour of irrigation (Keesen, 2013). The
system capacity is given by the following equation:

= 320.86m3/h

20
 Where:
Q =system capacity (m3/hr) A = design area (ha)
d = gross depth of water application (mm) I = irrigation cycle (days)
Ns = number of shifts per day T = irrigation time per shift (hr)

4.4 Design discharge of drip irrigation components

4.4.1 Design of manifolds
During design of drip manifolds, as we considered the use of drip systems, the manifolds are
designed for the system with maximum flow. Based on SIDIO ANALAYSSIS software
application discharge of main fold is calculated by collecting of different parameters from
different sources the required discharge for the command area 95 hectare is 358.733m3/h.

Parameter unit value

climate Peak evapotranspiration( ETo) mm/day 4.23

Peak effective precipitation mm/day 0

Capilary rise of soil mm/day 0

crop Crop type cotton

Peak Evapotranspiration of crop factor (kc) 1.06

Allowable moisture depletion factor 0.65

Root depth of cotton at mid-season stage m 1.35

Soil Basic soil infiltration rate clay loam mm/hr 11

Field capacity of irrigable block (fc) mm/m 290

Permanent welting point of area (pwp) mm/m 240

Soil leaching requirement of irrigable block mm/day 0

irrigation Irrigation interval mm/day 6

Irrigation efficiency 0.85

Table 4; Parameters of the project

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4.4.2 Design of sub main.
In order to determine Discharge of sub main first we can calculate number of sub main with one
hectare is 2 and within 95 is 190.

So: Q sub m =

3
= 1.888m /h

4.4.3 Design of drip lateral

The design of drip laterals along the manifold is performed in such a way that the change in flow
along the lateral from each of the drippers should not exceed 10% of the actual nominal flow of
dripper. The change in pressure along the lateral at each of the drippers should not exceed 20%
of the actual nominal operating pressure of the dripper.

The result of calculation of design discharge of Drip lateral is calculated as follows;

Q
Qi Lateral= i Hydrant/ No lateral

Where; No of lateral within 95 hectare is=9500.

99.648 l/s /9500= 0.0105L/S= 0.0378m3/h

4.4.4 Selection and Design of Drip Emitters

4.4.4.1 Selection of Emitter

The emitter is the most important part of a drip system because it delivers water at the desired
rate to the plant and maintains water application uniformity over the entire irrigated area. An
emitter should match particular field conditions including type of crop, spacing of the plants,
water requirement, water quality, operating time, pressure head, etc. Some of the criteria that can
be applied to the selection of dripper are given below:

1. Reliability against clogging and malfunctioning

2. Emission uniformity
3. Simple to install and maintain

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 4. Pressure compensation in case of undulated terrain
5. Percentage area wetted
6. Flow rate
7. Operating pressure
8. Cost

In selecting the specific emitter for drip emitter’s efficiency of the system shall have to be
determined. From availability and cost point of view, 2 Lph BT integrated cylindrical dripper 16
mm is selected for drip system. The coefficient of variability for this dripper is 2.67% which is a
Class A dripper.

4.4.4.2 Design of Drip Emitters

Where number of emitter for one lateral=length lateral × spacing emitter

=100×0.6=60

For one hectare number of emitter=60×100=6000

Therefore, for 95 hectare number of emitter =6000×95=570,000

Q emitter

4.5 Wetting pattern and water distribution uniformity

In order to evaluate the Wetting Portion, the monographs produced by empirical relationships of
the wetting diameter and the dripper discharge for the major soil types are used
 The percentage of the wetted area (WP) of a lateral is the ratio of the wetted areas to the
area served by an emitter

PW (%) =
3.14 * D  *100
2

4b * r
Where, D = Wetting Diameter
r = Spacing between laterals
b= Spacing between emitters
PW=Percentage of wetted area

23
 D=Emitter spacing/0.8
=0.6m/0.8
=0.75m
PW (%) = (3.14×0.752m2×100)/ (4×0.6m×1m)
=73.59%

Therefore, medium textured soil and flow rate of 2 lph the wetted diameter is determined to be
0.75 m, and

Wetted area = 3.14×0.75^2/4 = 0.442 m2

Area served by one dripper = b x r = 0.6×1.0 = 0.60 m2
Where b and r are dripper spacing along lateral and laterals spacing along manifold respectively
Wetted Portion = Wetted area/Area served = 0.442 m2/ 0.60 m2 = 0.736

4.6 Calculation of Head Losses

4.6.1 Head loss at the main line:
Based on SIDIO Analysis software by considering discharge of main line, Friction height of
HDPE is 0.4 and coefficient roughness of 0.0015mm of HDPE the diameter of the main pipe is
400mm. With the OD (outside diameter), 400mm &WT (well thickness) 10mm
 Then ID (the inside diameter) = OD-2*WT
=400mm-2 x 10mm
=380mm
After calculating the inside diameter of main pipe we have to know Head loss along the main
pipe. Using the Darcy-Weisbach equation
 Discharge of main=358.733 m3/h
 Gravity acceleration=9.81m/s2
 Pipe friction factor =0.0004m

=8×0.4×300×358.7332/ (3.142×9.81×0.385)
=7.025m

24
Where:
hf is friction loss (m);
l is pipe length (m);
qe flow rate in the pipe (m3/h);
di is internal lateral diameter (m);
g is gravity acceleration (m/s2);
f is pipe friction factor;
П is 3.14
4.6.2 Head loss at the sub main line:
In order to determine Discharge of sub main first we can calculate number of sub main with one
hectare is 2 and within 95 is 190.

So: Q sub m =

3
= 1.888m /h

Based on SIDIO Analysis software by considering discharge of sub main;

Friction height of HDPE is 0.4 and coefficient roughness of 0.0015mm HDPE diameter of the
pipe is 89mm so we can consider the nearest diameter which is 90mm.
With the OD (outside diameter), 90mm &WT (well thickness) 6mm
Then ID (the inside diameter) = OD-2*WT
=90mm-2 x 6mm
=78mm
After calculating the inside diameter of main pipe we have to know Head loss along the sub main
pipe. Using the Darcy-Weisbach equation;

=8×0.4×190×1.8882/ (3.142×9.81×0.0785)
=6.305m

25
4.6.3 Head loss at the laterals:
Based on SIDIO Analysis software by considering discharge of lateral which
3
0.0378m /h Friction height of HDPE is 0.4 and coefficient roughness of 0.0015mm HDPE

diameter of the pipe is 16mm.

With the OD (outside diameter), 16mm &WT (well thickness) 3mm
Then ID (the inside diameter) = OD-2*WT
=16mm-2 x 3mm
=10mm
After calculating the inside diameter of main pipe we have to know Head loss along the main
pipe. Using the Darcy-Weisbach equation;

=8×0.4×9500×0.03782/ (3.142×9.81×0.0165)
=6.403m

4.6.4 Static head:

A system's total static head is the vertical distance (elevation) the water must be raised or
lowered between the water source and highest point of discharging target. It is simply equal to
the difference in elevation between the highest discharging point and the starting point of the
given pressurized system. The highest point through which the pipe passes is at an altitude of
1923 m whereas the lowest altitude under consideration is 1920 m (the eye of the pump
impeller).

Loss due to elevation (HE) = 1923 – 1920 = 3.000 m.

4.6.5 Velocity Head:

Velocity head is the head required to accelerate the water from rest to the
velocity at that point. To satisfy the condition that the velocity in suction pipes used with
centrifugal pumps should not exceed 3.3 m/s. A velocity of 2.8 m/s in the suction pipe was
assumed. Using Darcy’s equation:

26
 = V2/2g = = 0.4m

Where; V is the flow velocity (m/s) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/S2).

main Line (MHL) 7.025

\ 6.305

Laterals (HL) 6.403

Velocity head 0.4

Static head 3
drip Operating head 16

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) 39.133

Table 5 ; Total dynamic head

4.7 PUMP POWER

The power of a pump is determined using the maximum discharge per operation and the
maximum head requirement of the system by using appropriate equation.
Water Horse Power = QxH
360 x Eff p

=60.99kwt
Metric conversion unit = 360
Q = Total flow (m3/hr)
H = Total operating head (m)
Eff p = pump Efficiency x motor efficiency
75%×90%=0.675
Head loss at the fitting; HF
Head loss at the lateral; HLl
Head loss at the sub main; HLsbm

27
 Head loss at the main; HLm
Therefore, a centrifugal pump of TDH = 39.133m, P = 60.99 kW and Ep = 75% was
recommended given that some of the energy is lost in power transmission and motor losses for a
motor of efficiency 90%.

4.8 Shelter calculation of the project

 The foundation shall be shock resistant absorbing vibration of the pump during operation,
bearing the load from the super structure of the shelter and other items housed in the shade.
 The dimension shall be 11mx 5.0m with adequate space for installation, maintenance and
enough ventilation for cooling.
 Sizable door dimension of not less than 2m wide is recommended for free access to the pump
and bringing and taking out the pumps.
 Sizeable window dimension of no less than 1.5m x 1.0m is recommended for ventilation &
luminosity, on side of the wall close to the pump.
Other shelter for:-
Guard house
 The dimension shall be 5mx4m at north of the site.
 The dimension shall be 5mx4m at west of the site.
 The dimension shall be 5mx5m at east of the site.
Product store
 The dimension shall be 20mx15m at east of the site.
Conference house
 The dimension shall be 15mx15m at east of the site.

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Figure 5; Final drawing components of drip irrigation system

29
1. Drip laterals and fittings

S/N ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY UNIT TOTALPRICE

PRICE
1. Off take with grommate 16mm barbed (Azud) Pcs 9500 2.00 19,000.00
2. Line end 16mm Pcs 9500 1.00 9,500 .00
3. Blind Pipe16mm/1mm m 9500 5.05 47,975.00
4. Drip laterals PE 16mm/1mm/2lph/60cm m 570000 3.40 1,938,000.00
5. Straight joint barbed 16 mm Pcs 10870 1.00 10,870.00
Sub total 2,025,345
2. Main and sub main line Pipes and Fittings

S/N ITEM DESCRIPTIO UNIT QUANTITY UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE

1 Stub flange 400mm with its backing ring Pcs 19 1100.78 20,900.00
2 PE HDPE pipe 90 mm/6 bar m 1583 48.41 76,633.03
3 Butt weld points HDPE pipe 90mm/6 bar Pcs 190 90.00 17,100.00
4 Butt weld points HDPE pipe400mm/6 bar No. Pcs 1062 250.00 265,500.00
5 PVC air release valve 2" doubl/tripple action Pcs 95 3809.01 361,855.95
Sub total 741,988.98
Table 6; Cost Benefit Analysis

4.9 Discussion
The irrigation system was design to 95 hectare with 2 shift per day with 9500 laterals from the
total irrigating command area 16 hectare irrigated per Daly with operating 14 hour . Therefore,
the system will irrigate with the least sunshine hour of 7.605 hrs (Table-2). This ensures that
irrigation is completed in the set duration and half of the field is irrigated in by the end of the 3
days. In addition, the precipitation rate is 6.59 mm/hr which is below the soil’s infiltration rate of
11 mm/hr or gross drip application rate which is (4.52mm/hr) is greater than net drip application
rate (3.84mm/hr). Therefore, no run off will be generated. Water source of the water source is
known, conveyance of extracted water from borehole by pump to the 95ha is designed based on
the boreholes relative water to the command area. From the existing history of command area
there is a bore well that has 55m, static head 17m and gives 20m3/h since our command area
needs 358.733m3/h for 95 hectare to meet this demand developing a number of new bore well by
increasing depth the bore well from existing bore well to meet the required demand.

30
 Conclusion
The efficiency of Drip irrigation depends on the quality and accuracy of design and specification
and the durability and service years of the system so that we should the pipe network is selected
by considering the most economical, efficient and that assures sustainable use for the proposed
objectives. However minor adjustments on the pipe network lay out may be expected during
actual laying out on the ground. The sustainable pump capacity is determined by considering
Mai Adrasha based on design discharge of command area, head losses and by considering pump
efficiency we are selected a centrifugal pump of with total dynamic head is 39.133m. Therefore,
60.99 kW is a most sustainable, efficient and economical pump capacity with regard to the
command area. The design was prepared by taking in to consideration that direct drip system for
every plot is possible and it permits a 100% drip only. The specification of fittings, laterals and
drip is prepared by considering at a time 100% of the area will be covered by Drip.
For the effective utilization of the area, we have tried to avoid the irregularities of the plots to be
constructed for different shelters such as meeting hall, product store, guard house…….etc.

31
Recommendation
1. Since our command area is large so we recommended detail ground water study will be
analyzed for the project area.
2. In acting environmental impact assessment is mandatory to project area.
3. Since our command area is too large and suitable for irrigation we are recommended that
will be detail design and cost analysis.
4. Of Corse the design focus with cotton maximum water demand but we can irrigate other
crops and vegetable that has lower water demand than cotton.
5. It is necessary to establish the decentralized autonomous body to responsible for mai
Adrasha irrigation system.
6. It is better to give awareness and education to the customer with how to use the irrigation.

32
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