Chapter 13 – Exponential functions and

logarithms
Solutions to Exercise 13A
1 a x2 x3 = x2+3 = x5 8a2 b × 3a5 b2
c = 4a2+5−2 b1+2−2 = 4a5 b
6a2 b2
b 2(x3 x4 )4 = 8x3+4 = 8x7
1 1
c x5 ÷ x3 = x5−3 = x2 4 a 7−2 = 2
=
7 49
d 4x6 ÷ 2x3 = 2x6−3 = 2x3  1 −3
b = 43 = 64
4
e (a3 )2 = a2×3 = a6
 5 −3  2 3 8
f (2 ) = 2
3 2 3×2
=2 6 c = =
2 5 125

g (xy)2 = x2 y2
5 a (b5 )2 = b10
h (x2 y3 )2 = (x2 )2 (y3 )2  1 −2 !3  1 −6
=x 2×2 3×2
y =xy
4 6 b = = 36 = 729
3 3
 x 3 x3 c (b5 )2 × (b2 )−3 = b10 × b−6 = b4
i =
y y3
 x3 2 (x3 )2 6 a (3a4 b3 )3 × (4a2 b4 )−2
j =
y2 (y2 )2 = 27a12 b9 × 4−2 a−4 b−8
x3×2 x6 = 27 8
16 a b
= =
y2×2 y4  5a3 b3 3
b 2 c2
÷ (a2 b−1 c)3
ab
2 a 35 × 312 = 35+12 = 317
 3
= 5a bc2 −2
× a−6 b3 c−3
b x3 y2 × x4 y3 = x3+4 y2+3 = x7 y5 = 125a6 b3 c−6 × a−6 b3 c−3
= 125b6 c−9
c 3 x+1 × 33x+2 = 3 x+1+3x+2 = 34x+3 125b6
=
c9
d 5a3 b2 × 6a2 b4 = 30a3+2 b2+4 = 30a5 b6
7 a (−2)6 = 64
5 2
xy
3 a = x5−3 y2−1 = x2 y
3
xy b (−3a)3 = −27a3

b5x × b2x+1 c (−2a)5 × 3a−2 = −32a5 × 3a−2

b = b5x+2x+1−3x = b4x+1
b3x = −96a3

417
8 a 36n × 12−2n = 2−2n (−2xy)2 2(x2 y)3 4x2 y2 2x6 y3
c =
8(xy)3 8x3 y3
2−3 × 84 × 32−3
b = 24 8
4−4 × 2−2 = x2+6−3 y2+3−3
8
52n × 10n 52n = x5 y2
c = 2n
8n × 5n 2
(−3x2 y3 )2 4x4 y3 9x4 y6 4x4 y3
d = 3 3 3 3
9 a x3 x4 x2 = x3+4+2 = x9 (2xy)3 (xy)3 8x y x y
9
= x4+4−3−3 y6+3−3−3
b 24 43 82 = 24 26 26 2
= 24+6+6 = 216 9x2 y3
=
2
c 34 92 273 = 34 34 39
= 34+4+9 = 317 11 a
m3 n2 p−2 (mn2 p)−3 = m3 n2 p−2 m−3 n−6 p−3
d (q2 p)3 (qp3 )2 = q6 p3 q2 p6 = m3−3 n2−6 p−2−3
= q6+2 p3+6 = q8 p9 1
= n−4 p−5 =
n4 p5
e a2 b−3 (a3 b2 )3 = a2 b−3 a9 b6
b
= a2+9 b6−3 = a11 b3 x3 yz−2 2(x3 y−2 z)2 2x3 yz−2 x6 y−4 z2
=
xyz−1 xyz−1
f (2x3 )2 (4x4 )3 = 22 x3x2 43 x3x4
= 2x3+6−1 y1−4−1 z−2+2+1
=2 2 x x
2 6 6 12
=2 x
8 18
2x8 z
= 2x y z = 4
8 −4
g m3 p2 (m2 n3 )4 (p−2 )2 = m3 p2 m8 n12 p−4 y

= m11 n12 p−2 a2 b(ab−2 )−3 a2 ba−3 b6

c =
(a−2 b−1 )−2 a4 b2
h 23 a3 b2 (2a−1 b2 )−2 = 23 a3 b2 2−2 a2 b−4
= a2−3−4 b1+6−2
= 2a b
5 −2
b5
= a−5 b5 =
a5
x3 y5
10 a = x3−1 y5−2 = x2 y3 a2 b3 c−4
xy2 d = a2+1 b3−2 c3−4
a−1 b2 c−3
16a5 b4a4 b3 64 5+4−1 1+3−1 a3 b
b = a b =
8ab 8 c
= 8a8 b3 a2n−1 b3 c1−n
e
an−3 b2−n c2−2n
= a2n−1−n+3 b3−2+n c1−n−2+2n
= an+2 bn+1 cn−1

418
12 a 34n 92n 273n = 34n 34n 39n 3n−2 9n+1 3n−2 32n+2
h =
27n−1 33n−3
= 317n
= 3n−2+2n+2−3n+3
2n 8n+1 2n 23n+3 = 33 = 27
b =
32n 25n
= 2n+3n+3−5n = 23−n 825 37 23 25 37
i =
9 27 81 32 27 34
3n−1 92n−3 3n−1 34n−6 = 23+5−7 37−2−4
c = 2 n+2
62 3n+2 63
4n−9 = (2)(3) = 6
3 34n−11
= =
36 22
(83 )4 236
22n 92n−1 22n 34n−2 13 a =
d = (212 )2 224
6n−1 6n−1
22n 34n−2 = 236−24
= n−1 n−1
2 3 = 212 = 4096
= 22n−n+1 34n−2−n+1
(125)3 59
=2 n+1 3n−1
3 b = 4
(25)2 5
252n 5n−1 54n 5n−1 = 59−4
e = 2n+1
52n+1 5 = 55 = 3125
=5 4n+n−1−2n−1
= 53n−2
(81)4 ÷ (273 ) 316 ÷ 39
x−3 x x−3 x−3 2x c =
6 4 3 2 2 92 34
f =
3 x+1 3 x+1 316 ÷ 39
=
= 3 x−3−x−1 2 x−3+2x 34
= 23x−3 3−4 = 316−9−4
= 33 = 27
62n 93 32n 22n 36
g =
27n 8n 16n 33n 23n 24n
= 32n+6−3n 22n−3n−4n
= 36−n 2−5n

419
Solutions to Exercise 13B
2  1 − 3
1 a 125 3 = 52 = 25 2
p = 73 = 343
3 49
b 243 5 = 33 = 27
1 1 1 2 1
c 81− 2 = √ = 1 √ a3 b3
81 9 2 a (a 2
b) 3 ÷ ab3 = 1 3
a2 b2
2 2 1 1 3
d 64 3 = 42 = 16 = a3−2 b3−2
11 1 7
3 1 = a 6 b− 6
e =
8 2
3
2 1 b = a−6 b3 b 2
f 32− 5 = 2 3 3 9
32 5 = a−6 b3+ 2 b 2 = a−6 b 2
1 1
= 2 = c 
2 4 1  3 3  2 1  3 3 3
45 3 ÷ 9 15 2
4 = 3 53
3 ÷ 32 32 52 )
2 1
g 125− 3 = 2 2 3 3 1 3
125 3 = 33−2−2 53−2
1 1 7 7
= 2 = = 3− 3 5− 6
5 25
4 3 1 3 3 1
h 32 5 = 24 = 16 d 2 2 4− 4 16− 4 = 2 2 2− 2 2−3
4 1
3 1 1
i 1000 3 = = 2 2 − 2 −3 = 2−2 =
4 4
100 3
e 
1 1 x3 y−2 −2  3−3 x−2 y 2  x−6 y4  x8 y−4 
= 4 = ÷ = 6 6
10 10 000 3−3 y−3 x4 y−2 3y 3−6 x−4 y2

j 10 000 4 = 103 = 1000

3
= 36−6 x−6+8+4 y4−4−6−2

3
= x6 y−8
k 81 4 = 33 = 27
3 1
 1  1 23 51
 27  1  3  3 3 2 5 2 5 3 5
3 3 f (a ) (a ) = a5 2 a3 5
l = =
125 5 5 3 1
= a5 a3
1
m (−8) 3 = −2 3 1 14
= a 5 + 3 = a 15
4  1 4 1
n (125)− 3 = =
5 625
4
o (−32) 5 = (−2)4 = 16

420
 √ 1 1
3 a (2x − 1) 2x − 1 = (2x − 1)1+ 2 d (x − 1)3 (x − 1) = (x − 1)3+ 2
p

3 7
= (2x − 1) 2 = (x − 1) 2
√ 1 1 √ 1+x−1
b (x − 1)2 x − 1 = (x − 1)2+ 2 e √ + x−1= √
5
x−1 x−1
= (x − 1) 2 1
= x(x − 1)− 2
√ 1
c (x2 + 1) x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)1+ 2 1 1
f (5x2 + 1)(5x2 + 1) 3 = (5x2 + 1)1+ 3
3
= (x2 + 1) 2 4
= (5x2 + 1) 3

421
Solutions to Exercise 13C
1 y i.e. x = 3.807

y = 0.5x y = 2.4x

y = 1.8x 4 y = 10 x ; x ∈ [−0.4, 0.8]

x
y = 0.9 1 y
x y = 10x
0
If the bases > 1 the function is 6
(0.778, 6)
increasing; if < 1 they are decreasing.
x
0
10 x = 6 : solution of the equation is
2 y
y = 5 × 3x
where the graph cuts the line y = 6,
i.e. x = 0.778
y = 2 × 3x

5
5 a f: R → R; f (x) = 3(2 x ) + 2
2 y
0

5 y=2
x
y = –2 × 3 0
x
x
y = –5 × 3
All graphs have an asymptote at y = 0.
The y-intercepts are wherever the
Asymptote at y = 2,
constant is in front of the exponential,
y-axis intercept at (0, 5),
however, at 2, −2, 5 and −5.
range = (2, ∞)
The negative values are also below the
axis instead of above. b f : R → R; f (x) = 3(2 x ) − 3
y
3 y = 2 x for x ∈ [−4, 4]:
y
y = 2x x
0
14
(3.807, 14)
y = –3
x
0 Asymptote at y = −3,
y-axis intercept at (0, 0),
a 23.1 = 8.574 range = (−3, ∞)
b 2 x = 14 : solution of the equation is c f : R → R; f (x) = −3 x − 2
where the graph cuts the line y = 14,

422
 x
y b y = 52
y

x
0 1
y = –2 x
(0, –3) 0

Asymptote at y = 0,
Asymptote at y = −2,
y-axis intercept at (0, 1),
y-axis intercept at (0, −3),
range = (0, ∞)
range = (−∞, −2)
 1 x
d f : R → R; f (x) = −2(3 x ) + 2 c f : R → R; f (x) = +2
2
y y

y=2 (0, 3)

x x
0 0

Asymptote at y = 2, Asymptote at y = 2,
y-axis intercept at (0, 0), y-axis intercept at (0, 3),
range = (−∞, 2) range = (2, ∞)

d f : R → R; f (x) = −2−3x + 2
6 a y=3 3x

1
x
0

Asymptote at y = 0,
y-axis intercept at (0, 1), Asymptote at y = 2
range = (0, ∞) y-axis intercept at (0, 1),
range = (−∞, 2)

423
Solutions to Exercise 13D
1 a 3 x = 27 = 33 , ∴ x = 3 3n−2
d =1
91−n
b 4 x = 64 = 43 , ∴ x = 3 ∴ 3n−2 = 91−n
1
c 49 x = 7 = 49 2 , ∴ x =
1 3n−2 = 32(1−n)
2
n − 2 = 2 − 2n
d 16 = 8, ∴ 2
x
=24x 3
4
3 3n = 4, n =
∴ 4x = 3, ∴ x = 3
4
e 125 x = 5, ∴ 53x = 5 e 33n 9−2n+1 = 27
1 ∴ 33n 32−4n = 33
∴ 3x = 1, ∴ x =
3
33n+2−4n = 33
f 5 x = 625 = 54 , ∴ x = 4
2 − n = 3, ∴ n = −1
g 16 x = 256 = 162 , ∴ x = 2
f 2−3n 42n−2 = 16
1
h 4−x = , ∴ 4 x = 64 ∴ 2−3n 24n−4 = 24
64
∴ 4 x = 43 , ∴ x = 3 24n−3n−4 = 24

1 n − 4 = 4, ∴ n = 8
i 5−x = , ∴ 5 x = 125
125
g 2n−6 = 82−n = 26−3n
∴ 5 x = 53 , ∴ x = 3
∴ n − 6 = 6 − 3n

2 a 5n 252n−1 = 125 4n =12, ∴ n = 3

∴ 5n 54n−2 = 53 h 93n+3 = 27n−2

55n−2 = 53 ∴ 36n+6 = 33n−6
5n − 2 = 3, ∴ n = 1 6n + 6 = 3n − 6

b 32n−4 = 1 3n = −12, ∴ n = −4

∴ 32n−4 = 30 i 4n+1 = 8n−2

2n − 4 = 0, ∴ n = 2 ∴ 22n+2 = 23n−6
1 2n + 2 = 3n − 6, n = 8
c 32n−1 =
81
∴ 32n−1 = 3−4
3
2n − 1 = −4, ∴ n = −
2

424
 1
j 322n+1 = 84n−1 c (27 3 x )2 = 27 x 3 2
∴ 210n+5 = 212n−3 1
∴ (33 3 x )2 = 33x 3 2
10n + 5 = 12n − 3
1
3x+
2n = 8, ∴ n = 4 36+2x
=3 2
1 11 1
k 25n+1 = 5 × 390 625 2x + 6 = 3x + , ∴ x = =5
2 2 2
1 9
∴ 25n+1 = (25) 2 (25)4 = 25 2
9 7 1 4 a 4(22x ) = 8(2 x ) − 4, A = 2 x
n+1= , ∴ n= =3
2 2 2 ∴ 4A2 = 8A − 4
l 1254−n = 56−2n A2 − 2A + 1 = 0
∴ 512−3n = 56−2n (A − 1)2 = 0
12 − 3n = 6 − 2n, ∴ n = 6 A = 2 x = 1, ∴ x = 0
1 8(22x ) − 10(2 x ) + 2 = 0, A = 2 x
m 42−n = b
2048
∴ 8A2 − 10A + 2 = 0
∴ 24−2n = 2−11
4A2 − 5A + 1 = 0
4 − 2n = −11
15 (4A − 1)(A − 1) = 0
2n = 15, ∴ n = 1
2 A = 2x = , 1
4
3 a 2 x−1 42x+1 = 32 ∴ x = −2, 0

∴ 2 x−1 24x+2 = 25 c 3(22x ) − 18(2 x ) + 24 = 0, A = 2 x

2 x−1+4x+2 = 25 ∴ 3A2 − 18A + 24 = 0
4 A2 − 6A + 8 = 0
5x + 1 = 5, ∴ x =
5
(A − 2)(A − 4) = 0
b 32x−1 9 x = 243
A = 2 x = 2, 4
∴ 3 2x−1 2x
3 =35
∴ x = 1, 2
3 2x−1+2x
=35

d 9 x − 4(3 x ) + 3 = 0, A = 3 x
4x − 1 = 5
3 ∴ (A − 1)(A − 3) = 0
4x = 6, ∴ x =
2 A = 3 x = 1, 3
∴ x = 0, 1

425
5 a 2 x = 5, ∴ x = 2.32 c 25 x ≤ 5, ∴ 52x ≤ 51
1
b 4 x = 6, ∴ x = 1.29 2x ≤ 1, ∴ x ≤
2
c 10 x = 18, ∴ x = 1.26 d 3 x+1 < 81, ∴ 3 x+1 < 34

d 10 x = 56, ∴ x = 1.75 x + 1 < 4, ∴ x < 3

e 92x+1 < 243, ∴ 34x+2 < 35

6 a 7 x > 49, ∴ 7 x > 72
4x + 2 < 5
∴ x>2 3
4x < 3, ∴ x <
4
b 8 x > 2, ∴ 23x > 21
1 f 42x+1 > 64, ∴ 42x+1 > 43
3x > 1, ∴ x >
3 2x + 1 > 3, ∴ x > 1

g 32x−2 ≤ 81, ∴ 32x−2 ≤ 34

2x − 2 ≤ 4, ∴ x ≤ 3

426
Solutions to Exercise 13E
1
1 a log2 128 = 7 d log4 = log4 4−3
64
b log3 81 = 4 = −3 log4 4 = −3

c log5 125 = 3 e log x x4 = 4 log x x = 4

d log10 0.1 = −1 f log2 0.125 = − log2 8

= −3 log2 2 = −3
2 a log2 10 + log2 a = log2 10a
g log10 10000 = log10 104
b log10 5 + log10 2 = log10 10 = 1 = 4 log10 10 = 4
9
c log2 9 − log2 4 = log2 h log10 0.000001 = log10 10−6
4
 10  = −6 log10 10 = −6
d log2 10 − log2 5 = log2
5
i −3 log5 125 = −3 log5 53
= log2 2 = 1
= −9 log5 5 = −9
e log2 a = 3 log2 a
3
j −4 log16 2 = − log16 16 = −1
f log2 83 = 3 log2 8 = 9
k 2 log3 9 = 4 log3 3 = 4
1
g log5 = − log5 6 l −4 log16 4 = −2 log16 16 = −2
6
1
h log5 = − log5 25 = −2 4 a
25 1 √
log10 16 + 2 log10 5 = log10 ( 16 (52 ))
2
3 a log3 27 = log3 33 = log10 100 = 2
= 3 log3 3 = 3
b log2 16 + log2 8 = log2 24 + log2 23
b log5 625 = log5 54 =4+3=7
= 4 log5 5 = 4
c log2 128 + log3 45 − log3 5
 1 
c log2 = log2 2−7 = log2 27 + log3 5(32 ) − log3 5
128
= 7 + 2 log3 3 + log3 5 − log3 5
= −7 log2 2 = −7
=7+2=9

427
 d log4 32 − log9 27 = log4 25 − log9 33 e
= log4 42 − log9 92 log10 2 + log10 5 + log10 x − log10 3 = 2
 10x 
=
5 3
− =1 log10 =2
2 2 3
10x
e = 102
√  1 3
logb b3 − logb b = logb b3 − logb b 2
∴ x = 30
1 5
=3− = 1
2 2 f log10 x = log10 36 − 2 log10 3
2
f 2 log x a + log x a3 = 2 log x a + 3 log x a √
log10 x = log10 36 − log10 32
= 5 log x a 6
log10 x = log10
= log x a 5 9
2
g ∴ x=
3
x log2 8 + log2 (81−x ) = log2 8 x + log2 (81−x )
g log x 64 = 2
= log2 (8 x+1−x )
64 = x2
= log x 8 = 3 x2 = 64, ∴ x = 8
(no negative solutions for log base)
3 √ 3  1
h loga a − loga a = − loga a 2
2 2 h log5 (2x − 3) = 3
3 1
= − =1 2x − 3 = 53
2 2
2x − 3 = 125, ∴ x = 64
5 a log3 9 = x
i log5 (x + 2) − log3 2 = 1
x = log3 3 = 2
2
x+2
log3 =1
2
b log3 x = 3 x+2
= 31
x = 33 , ∴ x = 27 2
x+2
c log5 x = −3 =3
2
1 x + 2 = 6, ∴ x = 4
x = 5−3 , ∴ x =
125
j log x 0.01 = −2
d log10 x = log10 4 + log10 2
0.01 = x−2
log10 x = log10 8
x−2 = 0.01
∴ x=8
x2 = 100, ∴ x = 10

428
 1
6 a log x = −2 7 log10 x = a; log10 y = c :
25
 100x3 y− 21  5
log x 25 = 2

log10 = log10 3 −2
100x y
y2
25 = x 2
5
x2 = 25, ∴ x = 5 = log10 (100x3 ) + log10 (y− 2 )
(No negative solutions for log base) 5
= log10 (100) + 3 log10 x − log10 y
2
b log4 (2x − 1) = 3 5c
= 3a − +2
2x − 1 = 4 3 2
65
2x − 1 = 64, ∴ x = = 32.5 ab2 c2
2 8 log10 + log10 − log10 (bc)
c ab
c log4 (3x + 2) − log4 6 = 1  ab2  c2 
x+2 = log10 − log10 (bc)
log4 =1 c ab
6 = log10 (bc) − log10 (bc)
x+2
= 41  bc 
6 = log10 = log10 1 = 0
x+2 bc
=4
6
x + 2 = 24, ∴ x = 22 9  11   490  7
loga + loga − 2 loga = loga (k)
3 297 9
d log4 (3x + 4) + log4 16 = 5  11  490  7
log4 (3x + 4) + 2 = 5 loga − 2 loga = loga (k)
3 297 9
 7 2
log4 (3x + 4) = 3
 490 
loga − loga = loga (k)
81 9
3x + 4 = 43
loga 10 + loga 1 = loga (k)
3x + 4 = 64, ∴ x = 20
loga 10 = loga (k)
e log3 (x − 3x − 1) = 0
2
∴ k = 10
x − 3x − 1 = 1
2

x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 10 a log10 (x2 − 2x + 8) = 2 log10 x

√
3± 17 log10 (x2 − 2x + 8) = log10 x2
∴ x=
2 x2 − 2x + 8 = x2
f log3 (x2 − 3x + 1) = 0 −2x + 8 = 0, ∴ x = 4
x2 − 3x + 1 = 1
x2 − 3x = 0
x(x − 3) = 0, x = 0, 3

429
b e LHS = 2 log10 5 + log10 (x + 1)
log10 (5x) − log10 (3 − 2x) = 1 = log10 52 + log10 (x + 1)
 5x 
log10 =1 = log10 25(x + 1)
3 − 2x
 5x  RHS = 1 + log10 (2x + 7)
= 101
3 − 2x = log10 10 + log10 (2x + 7)
5x = 10(3 − 2x)
= log10 10(2x + 7)
x = 2(3 − 2x)
∴ 25(x + 1) = 10(2x + 7)
5x = 6
5x + 5 = 4x + 14
6
∴ x= x=9
5

c 3 log10 (x − 1) = log10 8 f LHS = 1 + 2 log10 (x + 1)

3 log10 (x − 1) = 3 log10 2 = log10 10 + log10 (x + 1)2
x − 1 = 2, ∴ x = 3 = log10 10(x + 1)2

d RHS = log10 (2x + 1) + log10 (5x + 8)

log10 (20x) − log10 (x − 8) = 2 = log10 (2x + 1)(5x + 8)
 20x 
log10 =2 ∴ 10(x + 1)2 = (2x + 1)(5x + 8)
x−8
 20x  10x2 + 20x + 10 = 10x2 + 21x + 8
= 102
x−8 20x + 10 = 21x + 8
20x = 100(x − 8) x=2
x = 5x − 40
4x = 40
∴ x = 10

430
Solutions to Exercise 13F
1 a 2x = 7 or
log 7 3 x−1 = 10
∴ x= = 2.81
log 2 ∴ (x − 1) = log3 (10)

b 2 x = 0.4 x = log3 (10) + 1

log 0.4 x = 3.10
∴ x= = −1.32
log 2
c 0.2 x+1 = 0.6
c 3 x = 14 ∴ (x + 1) log 0.2 = log 0.6
log 14
∴ x= = 2.40 (x + 1) =
log 0.6
log 3 log 0.2
d 4x = 3 x + 1 = 0.32
log 3 x = −0.68
∴ x= = 0.79
log 4

e 2−x = 6 3 a 2 x > 8, ∴ 2 x > 23

log 6 ∴ x>3
∴ x=− = −2.58
log 2
b 3 x < 5, ∴ x log 3 < log 5
f 0.3 x = 2 log 5
log 2 ∴ x< < 1.46
∴ x= = −0.58 log 3
log 0.3
c
0.3 x > 4, ∴ x log 0.3 < log 4
2 a 5 2x−1
= 90 log 4
x<
∴ (2x − 1) = log5 90 log 0.3
2x = log5 (90) + 1 log 4
∴ x< < −1.15
log 0.3
1
x = (log5 (90) + 1)
2
x = 1.90

b 3 x−1 = 10
∴ (x − 1) log 3 = log 10
log 10
(x − 1) =
log 3
x − 1 = 2.10
x = 3.10

431
 d y
5
3 x−1
≤ 7, ∴ (x − 1) log 3 ≤ log 7 log10 ≈ 0.2218
3
log 7
(x − 1) ≤
log 3 x
0
log 7 –2
(x − 1) ≤ = 1.77
log 3
y = –5
∴ x ≤ 2.77
d f (x) = −2(10 x ) + 4
x
e 0.4 ≤ 0.3, ∴ x ≤ 2.77 Asymptote at y = 4,
log 0.3 axis intercepts at (0, 2) and
∴ x≥ ≥ 1.31 (log10 2, 0)
log 0.4
y

4 a f (x) = 2 x − 4 y=4
Asymptote at y = −4, 2
axis intercepts at (0, −3) and (2, 0) x
0
y
log102 ≈ 0.3010

2
x
e f (x) = −3(2 x ) + 6
0 Asymptote at y = 6,
–3 axis intercepts at (0, 3) and (1, 0)
y = –4 y

b f (x) = 2(3 x ) − 6 y=6

Asymptote at y = −6, 3
axis intercepts at (0, −4) and (1, 0) 1 x
0
y

x
f f (x) = 5(2 x ) − 6
0 1 Asymptote at y = −6,
–4 axis intercepts at (0, −1) and
y = –6 (log2 1.2, 0)
y
c f (x) = 3(10 x ) − 5 6
Asymptote at y = −5, log2 ≈ 0.2603
5
axis intercepts
5 at (0, −2) and
(log10 , 0) 0
x
3
–1
y = –6

432
Solutions to Exercise 13G
1 a f (x) = log2 (x − 4) y
Domain (4, ∞), asymptote x = 4,
x-intercept at (5,0)
y 1
x
x = –2 –1 0

x
0 5  x
e f (x) = log2
3
Domain (0, ∞), asymptote x = 0,
x=4 x-intercept at (3, 0)
b f (x) = log2 (x + 3) y
Domain (−3, ∞), asymptote x = −3,
x-intercept at (−2, 0), y-intercept
at (0, log2 3)
x
y 0 3

log2 3
x f f (x) = log2 (−2x)
–2 0 x = 0,
x = –3 Domain (−∞,0), asymptote
1 
x-intercept at − , 0
2
y
c f (x) = log2 (2x)
Domain (0, ∞),  1asymptote
 x = 0,
x-intercept at , 0
2 x
y –1 0
2

x g Domain = (0, ∞)
0 1
2

d f (x) = log2 (x + 2)
Domain (−2, ∞), asymptote x = −2,
x-intercept at (−1, 0), y-intercept
at (0, 1) h Domain = (−∞, 0)

433
  x
i y = log10 ; domain (0, ∞) range R, 3 a f (x) = 3 x + 2
2
x-intercept (2, 0) f −1 (x) : x = 3y + 2
y 3y = x − 2
Domain = R+
Range = R log3 3y = log3 (x − 2)

0.301 ∴ f −1 (x) = log3 (x − 2)

b f (x) = log2 (x − 3)
x
0 1 2 3 4 f −1 (x) : x = log2 (y − 3)
2x = y − 3
2 a f (x) = 100.5x ∴ f −1 (x) = 2 x + 3
f −1 (x) : x = 100.5y
c f (x) = 4 × 3 x + 2
log10 x = 0.5y
f −1 x : (x) = 4 × 3y + 2
∴ f −1 (x) = 2 log10 x
x − 2 = 4 × 3y
b y = 3 log10 x (x − 2)
f −1 (x) : x = 3 log10 y = 3y
4
x x−2
log10 y = ∴ f −1 (x) = log3 ( )
3 4
x
∴ f −1 (x) = 10 3
d f (x) = 5 x − 2
c f (x) = 103x f −1 (x) : x = 5y − 2
f −1 (x) : x = 103y 5y = x + 2
log10 x = 3y ∴ f −1 (x) = log5 (x + 2)
1
∴ f −1 (x) = log10 x e f (x) = log2 (3x)
3
f −1 (x) : x = log2 (3y)
d y = 2 log10 3x
f −1 (x) : x = 2 log10 3y 2 x = 3y
x 1
log10 3y = ∴ f −1 (x) = (2 x )
2 3
x
3y = 10 2 f f (x) = log2
x
1 x 3
∴ f −1 (x) = 10 2 f −1 (x) : x = log2
y
3 3
y
= 2x
3
∴ f −1 (x) = 3(2 x )

g f (x) = log2 (x + 3)

434
 f −1 (x) : x = log2 (y + 3) 5 y = log10 (x2 );
2x = y + 3 x ∈ [−10, 10], x , 0
y
∴ f −1 (x) = 2 x − 3
y = log10 (x 2)
h f (x) = 5(3 x ) − 2
x
f −1 (x) : x = 5(3y ) − 2 –1 0 1
5(3y ) = x + 2
x+2
3y = y = 2 log10 x;
5
x ∈ [−10, 10], x , 0
x+2
∴ f −1 (x) = log3 y
5
x+2 y = 2log10 x
∴ f −1 (x) = log3
5
x
0 1
4 a 2−x
= x, ∴ x = 0.64

b log10 (x) + x = 0, ∴ x = 0.40

6 y = log10 √X ;
x ∈ (0, 10], x , 0
1
y = log10 x;
2
x ∈ (0, 10], x , 0
y

y = log10 √x = 12 log10 x for x (0, 10]

x
0

7 y = log10 (2x) + log10 (3x)

y
y = log10 (2x) + log10 (3x)

x
0 1
√6

435
y = log10 (6x2 ) y
y = log10 (6x2)

x
–1 0 1
√6 √6

436
Solutions to Exercise 13H
1 Let N be the number of bacteria at time t minutes.
t
a N = 1000 × 2 15
t
b 10 000 = 1000 × 2 15
t
10 = 2 15
t
= log2 10
15
t = 49.8289...
t ≈ 50.
It will take approximately 50 minutes

2 Choose A(t) = A0 × 10−kt as the model where A0 = 10 is the original amount and t is the
time in years.
First find k:
5 = 10 × 10−24 000k
1
log10 = −24 000k
2
1 1
k=− log10 k = 1.254296... × 10−5
24 000 2
If A(t) = 1
1 = 10 × 10−kt
0.1 = 10−kt
∴ kt = 1
1
∴t=
1.254296 × 10−5
t ≈ 79 726.
It will take 79 726 years for there to be 10% of the original.

3 Choose A(t) = A0 × 10−kt as the model where A0 is the original amount and t is the time
in years.
First find k:

437
 1
A0 = A0 × 10−5730k
2
1
log10 = −5730k
2
1 1
k=− log10
5730 2
k = 5.2535...... × 10−5
When A(t) = 0.4A0
0.4A0 = A0 × 10−kt
0.4 = 10−kt
∴ kt = log10 0.4
1
∴t= × log10 0.4
5.2535... × 10−5
t ≈ 7575
It is approximately 7575 years old.

4 P(h) = 1000 × 10−0.0542h

a P(5) = 1000 × 10−0.0542×5

= 535.303 . . .
P(h) ≈ 535millibars

b If P(h) = 400
Then 400 = 1000 × 10−0.05428h
2
= 10−0.05428h
5
2
log 10 = −0.05428h
5
h ≈ 7331 metres correct to the nearest metre

5 N(t) = 500 000(1.1)t where N(t) is the number of bacteria at time t

4 000 000 = 500 000(1.1)t
8 = 1.1t
t = 21.817 . . .
The number will exceed 4 million bacteria after 22 hours.

6 T = T 0 10−kt
When t = 0, T = 100. Therefore T 0 = 100

438
 We have T = 100 × 10−kt
When t = 5, T = 40
∴ 40 = 100 × 10−5k
2
= 10−5k
5
1 2
k = − log 10
5 5
k = 0.07958 . . .
When t = 15
T = 100 × 10−15k = 6.4
The temperature is 6.4◦ C after 15 minutes.

7 A(t) = 0.9174t
When A(t) = 0.2
0.2 = 0.9174t
t = 18.668 . . .
t > 18.668 . . .

8 a

b i p=q
17
⇔ 20.04t =
12
∴ t = 12.56 (mid 1962)

439
 ii Solve the equation p = 2q
i.e. 1.2 × 20.08t = 2(1.7 × 20.04t )
6
× 20.04t = 1
17
17
20.04t =
6
t = 37.56 (mid 1987)

9 S = 5 × 10−kt

a S = 3.2 when t = 2
3.2 = 5 × 10−2k
0.64 = 10−2k
1
k = − log10 0.64
2
= 0.0969 . . .

b When S = 1
1 = 5 × 10−0.9969...t
10(−0.0969... )t = 0.2
(−0.0969 . . . )t = log10 0.2
t = 7.212...
There will be 1 kg of sugar remaining after approximatel 7.21 hours

10 a As t → ∞, T → 25

b −40 × (0.98)t + 25 = 0
0.98t = 0.625
t = 23.2643 . . .

440
 c

d The icecream will melt and the liquid will take the room temperature which is 250 C

11 a As t → ∞, V → 80 m/s

b 40 = 80(1 − 3−0.4t )
1 − 3−0.4t = 0.5
3−0.4t = 0.5
t = 1.1577 . . .

12 a As t → ∞, p(t) → 100 m/s

441
 b 75 = 100(1 − 3−0.05t )
1 − 3−0.05t = 0.75
3−0.05t = 0.25
t = 25.237 . . .

13 a We can write
a × b1 = 15 (1)
a × b4 = 1875 (2)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b3 = 125. Thus b = 5, and substituting
into equation (1) gives a = 3.
∴ y = 3 × 5x

b We can write
a × b2 = 1 (1)
1
a × b5 = (2)
8
1 1
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b3 = . Thus b = , and substituting
8 2
into equation (1) gives a = 4.
∴ y = 4 × ( 21 ) x

c We can write
15
a × b1 = (1)
2
√
1 5 6
a × b2 = (2)
2

442
 √
1 6 3
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives b−2
= . Thus b = , and substituting
3 2
into equation (1) gives a = 5.
y = 5 × ( 23 ) x

14 a When t = 0, N = 1000
N = abt
1000 = ab0
a = 1000
When t = 5, N = 10 000
∴ 10 = b5
1
∴ b = 10 5
t
∴ N = 1000 × 10 5

b When N = 5000
t
5 = 10 5
t
= log10 5
5
t = 5 log10 5
≈ 3.4948 hours
= 210 minutes

c When N = 1 000 000

t
1000 = 10 5
t
= log10 1000
5
t =5×3
= 15 hours
12
d N(12) = 1000 × 10 5 ≈ 251188.64

15 We can write
a × 102k = 6 (1)
a × 105k = 20 (2)

443
 10 1 10
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1) gives 103k = . Thus k = log10 , and
3 3 3
 10 − 2
3
substituting into equation (1) gives a = 6 × .
3

16 Use two points, say (0, 1.5) and (10, 0.006) to find y = ab x .
at (0, 1.5) 1.5 = a × b0
∴ 1.5 = a
∴ y = 1.5b x
at (10, 0.006) 0.006 = 1.5b10
0.006
∴ b10 =
1.5
= 0.004
1
∴ b = (0.004) 10 ≈ 0.5757
∴ y = 1.5 × 0.58 x
If CAS is used with exponential regression, a = 1.5 and b = 0.575, so y = 1.5(0.575) x

17 Use two points, say (0, 2.5) and (8, 27.56) to find p = abt .
at (0, 2.5) 2.5 = a × b0
∴ 2.5 = a
∴ p = 2.5bt
at (8, 27.56) 27.56 = 2.5b8
27.56
∴ b8 =
2.5
= 11.024
1
∴ b = (11.024) 8
≈ 1.3499
∴ p = 2.5 × 1.35t
If CAS is used with exponential regression, a = 1.5 and b = 0.575, so y = 1.5(0.575) x

18 a

444
 Cuts, n Sheets Total thickness, T (mm)
0 1 0.2
1 2 0.4
2 4 0.8
3 8 1.6
4 16 3.2
5 32 6.4
6 64 12.8
7 128 25.6
8 256 51.2
9 512 102.4
10 1024 204.8

b T = 0.2 × 2n

c T (mm)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
(0, 0.2)
0 n (cuts)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

d When n = 30, T = 0.2 × 230

= 214 748 364.8
Total thickness is 214 748364.8 mm = 214 748.4m

19 d = d0 (10mt )
d(1) = 52; d(3) = 80
∴ d0 (10m ) = 52; d0 (103m ) = 80
Take log10 both equations:
(1): log10 d0 + m log10 10 = log10 52
∴ log10 d0 + m = log10 52

445
(2): log10 d0 + 3m log10 10 = log10 80
∴ log10 d0 + 3m = log10 80
(2)–(1) gives
80 
2m = log10
52
1  20 
∴ m = log10 = 0.0935
2 13
Substitute into (1):
log10 d0 = log10 52 − 0.0935
= log10 52 − log10 (100.0935 )
 52 
= log10 = log10 41.88
1.240
∴ d0 = 41.88 cm

446
Solutions to Technology-free questions
a6 a4 + a8 a4
1 a = a6−2 = a4 l 2
= 2 (1 + a4 )
a2 a a
b8 = a2 (1 + a4 ) = a2 + a6
b 10
= b8−10
b
1 2 a 2 x = 7, ∴ x = log2 7
= b−2 =
b2
3 4
b 22x = 7, 2x = log2 7
mn
c = m3−5 n4−6 1
m5 n6 ∴x= log2 7
1 2
= m−2 n−2 =
m2 n2 c 10 x = 2, ∴ x = log10 2
a3 b2 4 a3 b2 d 10 x = 3.6, ∴ x = log10 3.6
d = 4 8
ab2 ab
1 e 10 x = 110, ∴ x = log10 110
= a3−4 b2−8 =
ab6 (or 1 + log10 11)
6a8  6  8−2 3a6 f 10 x = 1010, ∴ x = log10 1010
e = a =
4a2 4 2 (or 1 + log10 101)
10a7  10  7−9 5
f = a = g 25x = 100, ∴ 5x = log2 100
6a9 6 3a2 1
∴ x = log2 100
8(a3 )2 8a6 5
g = 3
2a3 8a h 2 x = 0.1, ∴ x = log2 0.1
= a6−3 = a3
= − log2 10
m−1 n2 m−1 n2
h =
(mn−2 )3 m3 n−6 3 a log2 4 = 2 since 22 = 4
n8
= m−1−3 n2+6 =
m4 b log3 27 = 3 since 33 = 27
1 c log4 64 = 3 since 43 = 64
i (p−1 q(−2))2 = p−2 q−4 =
p2 q4 !
1
(2a−4 )3 8a−12 d log2 = log2 2−1 = −1
j = 2
5a−1 5a−1
8a1−12 8
= = 11 4 a loga x + loga y = loga (xy)
5 5a
6a−1  6  −1+2 b log2 x + log2 (x + 3) = log2 (x(x + 3))
k = a = 2a
3a−2 3

447
 !
c logb (2x) − logb (3y) = logb
2x e 33x−8 = 1
3y
33x−8 = 30
! a 8 = loga 4 − loga 8
3
d 3 loga 4 − log 3x − 8 = 0
64
= loga 8
8 x=
= loga 8 3
1
52x+1 =
!
1 f
e log3 = −2 5
9
52x+1 = 5−1
f log3 (x2 ) + 4 log3 (x) 2x + 1 = −1
= log3 (x2 × x4 )
x = −1
= log3 (x6 )
= 6 log3 x
6 a 16 x = 64
5 a 22x−1 = 16 42x = 43
22x−1 = 24 2x = 3
2x − 1 = 4 3
x=
2
5
x=
2 b 8 x = 32
b 35x−2 = 27 23x = 25
35x−2 = 33 3x = 5
5x − 2 = 3 5
x=
3
x=1
c 27 x = 81
c 2 1−x
= 32
33x = 34
21−x = 25
3x = 4
1−x=5
4
x=
x = −4 3

1 d 25 x = 5
d 2 x+2 =
4 52x = 51
2 x+2
= 2−2
2x = 1
x + 2 = −2
1
x=
x = −4 2

7 a log3 x = 2 ⇔ x = 32 = 9

448
 b log2 x = 3 ⇔ x = 23 = 8 d 2 log10 a − 3 − log10 25
= log10 a2 − log10 25 − log10 103
c log x (16) = 4 ⇔ x4 = 16 ⇔ x = 2
 a2 
d log5 (x − 1) = 2 ⇔ x − 1 = 25 ⇔ x = = log10
25000
26
e log10 x + log10 y − log10 x = log10 y

8 a log2 64 = log2 26 f 2 log10 a + 3 log10 b − log10 c

= 6 log2 2 = 6 = log10 a2 + log10 b3 − log10 c

 a2 b3 
b log10 107 = 7 log10 10 = 7 = log10
c
c loga a2 = 2 loga a = 2
10 a 3 x (3 x − 27) = 0
d log4 1 = 0 by definition
3 x = 27, ∴ x = 3
e log3 27 = log3 33 (3 x , 0 for any real x)

= 3 log3 3 = 3 b (2 x − 8)(2 x − 1) = 0

1 2 x = 1, 8, ∴ x = 0, 3
f log2 = log2 2−2
4
c 22x − 2 x+1 = 0
= −2 log2 2 = −2
(2 x )(2 x − 2) = 0
g log10 0.001 = log10 10−3 2 x = 2, ∴ x = 1
x
= −3 log10 10 = −3 (2 , 0 for any real x)

h log2 16 = log2 24 d 22x − 12(2 x ) + 32 = 0

= 4 log2 2 = 4 (2 x − 8) (2 x − 4) = 0
2 x = 4, 8, ∴ x = 2, 3
9 a log10 2 + log10 3 = log10 (2 × 3) =
log10 6 11 a y = 2 × 2 x
Asymptote at y = 0, y-intercept
b log10 4 + 2 log10 3 − log10 6 at (0, 1)
= log10 4 + log10 (32 ) − log10 6 y
4(32 ) y = 2.2x
= log10 = log10 6
6 (1, 4)
c 2 log10 a − log10 b = log10 a2 − log10 b (0, 2)
 a2  x
0
= log10
b

449
b y = −3 × 2 x y
Asymptote at y = 0, y-intercept y = 2x – 1
at (0, 1)
y
0
x
y = –1

x
0 f y = 2x + 2
(0, –3) Asymptote at y = 2, y-intercept
at (0, 3)
y = –3.2x
y
c y = 5 × 2−x
Asymptote at y = 0, y-intercept
at (0, 1) (0, 3) y = 2
y x
0

(0, 5) y = 5.2–x
x 12 a
0

d y = 2−x + 1
Asymptote at y = 1, y-intercept
at (0, 2)
y

y = 2–x + 1
(0, 2)
y=1
x
0

e y = 2x − 1
Asymptote at y = −1, y-intercept
at (0, 0)

450
 b c
log29 (x) = 1 − log29 (x − 0.4)
log29 x(x − 0.4) = 1
x2 − 0.4x − 29 = 0
5x2 − 2x − 145 = 0
√
2± 4 + 4 × 5 × 145
x=
10
√
2 ± 4 + 4 × 5 × 145
=
10
√
1 ± 11 6
=
√ 5
c 1 + 11 6
Only x = is acceptable
5

14 a Let a = 2 x
a2 − 6a + 8 = 0
(a − 4)(a − 2) = 0
a = 4 or a = 2
Hence 2 x = 4 or 2 x = 2
x = 1 or x = 2

b Let a = 3 x 6a2 + a − 1 = 0
(3a − 1)(2a + 1) = 0
13 a log2 (x − 2) + log2 (x − 4) = 3
1
log2 (x2 − 6x + 8) = 3 a=
3
x2 − 6x + 8 = 8 Hence 3 = 3−1
x

x2 − 6x = 0 x = −1
x = 6 or x = 0
But log2 (x − 4) and log2 (x − 2) are not 15
defined for x = 0. Therefore x = 6

b log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x − 1) = 4
log2 (x2 − 1) = 4
x2 − 1 = 16
x2 = 17
√
x = 17

451
 log10 x + log10 2x − log10 (x + 1) = 0 18 a log p 7 + log p k = 0, ∴ log p 7k = 0
1
2x2 ∴ 7k = 1, ∴ k =
∴ log10 =0 7
x+1
2x2 b 4 logq 3 + 2 logq 2 − logq 144 = 2
=1
x+1 (34 )(22 )
∴ logq =2
2x2 = x + 1 144
9
2x2 − x − 1 = 0 logq =2
4
(2x + 1)(x − 1) = 0 9 3
1 = q2 , ∴ q =
∴ x = − ,1 4 2
2 (all log bases > 0)
Since log x is not defined for
x ≤ 0, x = 1
19 a 2(4a+1 ) = 162a
1
16 3 x = 4y = 12z ∴ 4 2 (4a+1 ) = 44a
∴ z(log 12) = x log 3 3
4a+ 2 = 44a
z log 12
x= 3
log 3 a+ = 4a
z log 12 2
y= 3 1
log 4 3a = , ∴ a =
xy (z log 12)2  z log 12 z log 12  2 2
= ÷ +
x + y (log 3)(log 4) log 3 log 4 b log2 y2 = 4 + log2 (y + 5)
z log 12 1 1 ∴ log2 y2 − log2 (y + 5) = 4
 
= ÷ +
(log 3)(log 4) log 3 log 4  y2 
z log 12 log 4 + log 3 log2 =4
= ÷ y+5
(log 3)(log 4) (log 3)(log 4)
y2
= (z log 12) ÷ (log 12) = z = 24
y+5
xy
∴ z= y2 = 16y + 80
x+y
y2 − 16y − 80 = 0

17 2 log2 12 + 3 log2 5 − log2 15 − log2 150 (y − 20)(y + 4) = 0

(122 )(53 ) ∴ y = −4, 20

= log2 (Both solutions must be included
(15)(150)
 18000  here, because the only domain
= log2 restriction is that y > −5)
2250
= log2 8 = 3

452
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
8x3 8 6 B 5(25x ) = 10, ∴ 25x = 21
1 C −3
= x3+3 = 2x6
4x 4 1
∴ 5x = 1, ∴ x =
ab2
ab 2
a b 16 5
2 A 2 3
÷ 0
= 3 6
(2ab ) 16a 8a b ab 7 A The vertical asymptote of y = log x is
16
= a2−3−1 b1−6−1 at x = 0. Here 5x = 0 so x = 0.
8 (y-direction translations don’t affect
= 2a−2 b−6 the vertical asymptote.)
2
= 8 A f (x) = 2ax + b; a, b > 0
a2 b6
Function must be increasing, with
3 C The range of y = 3 × 2 x is (0, ∞) but a horizontal asymptote at y = b
f (x) = 3(2 x ) − 1 is translated 1 unit which the graph approaches at large
down negative values of x, and there will
∴ range = (−1, ∞) be no x-intercept because b > 0

4 C f (x) = log2 3x 9 A Vertical asymptote, hence log or

f −1 (x) : x = log2 (3y) hyperbola. But B and C both have a
2 x = 3y vertical asymptote x = −b.
1 2mh 81m2
∴ f −1 (x) = 2 x 10 A
2mh
÷
mh
=
3 (3mh2 )3 81m2 27m3 h6 mh
5 A log10 (x − 2) − 3 log10 2x = 1 − log10 y = 6m1+2−3−1 h1−6−1
x−2
∴ log10 + log10 y = 1 = 6m−1 h−6
(2x)3
y(x − 2) 6
log10 =1 =
8x3 mh6
y(x − 2)
= 10
8x3
80x3
∴ y=
x−2

453
Solutions to extended-response questions
 1 n  1 3 n  1 3n
1 a = =
8 2 2
 1 n−1  1 3n  1 2 n−1  1 3n
b =
4 2 2 2
 1 2(n−1)  1 3n
=
2 2
 1 2n−2  1 3n  1 5n−2
= =
2 2 2
 1 n−3  1 5n−2  1 6n−5
c =
2 2 2
 1 6n−5 1 1  1 13
Now, = = 13 =
2 8192 2 2
∴ 6n − 5 = 13
∴ 6n = 18 ∴ n = 3

Times used 1 2 3 n
2 a  1 1  1 2  1 3  1 n
Caffeine remaining 729 729 729 729
4 4 4 4

Times used 1 2 3 n
b  1 1  1 2  1 3  1 n
Tannin remaining 128 128 128 128
2 2 2 2

c Can be re-used if amount of tannin ≤ 3× amount of caffeine.

 1 n  1 n
i.e. 128 ≤ 3 × 729
2 4
 1 n  1 2n
⇔ 128 ≤ 2187
2 2
 1 2n
128 2
⇔ ≤  n
2187 1
2
128  1 n
⇔ ≤
2187 2
 128   1 n
⇔ log10 ≤ log10
2187 2

454
  128  1
⇔ log10 ≤ n log10
2187 2
 128 
log10 1
2187
⇔  1  ≥ n as log10 <0
2
log10
2
∴ n ≤ 4.09
Hence, the tea leaves can be re-used 4 times.

3 a Brightness Batch 1 after n years = 15(0.95)n

Brightness of Batch 2 after n years = 20(0.94)n

b Let n be the number of years until brightness is the same.

15(0.95)n+1 = 20(0.94)n
(0.95)n+1 20
=
(0.94)n 15
 (0.95)n+1  4
log10 = log 10
(0.94)n 3
4
∴ log10 (0.95)n+1 − log10 (0.94)n = log10
3
4
(n + 1) log10 (0.95) − n log10 (0.94) = log10
3
4
n log10 (0.95) + log10 (0.95) − n log10 (0.94) = log10
3
4
n(log10 (0.95) − log10 (0.94)) = log10 − log10 (0.95)
3
 0.95   4 
n log10 = log10
0.94 3 × 0.95
 400 
log10
285
n=  95 
log10
94
= 32.033
Hence, the brightness is the same early in the 33rd year (i.e. after about 32 years).

4 x = 0.8 + 0.17t, y = 100.03t , z = 1.7 log10 (5(x + 1))

455
a For X: t = 6 implies
x = 1.82
i.e. the value is $ 1.82

For Y: t = 6 implies
y = 1.51
i.e. the value is $ 1.51

For Z: t = 6 implies
z = 2.62
i.e. the value is $ 2.62

456
 b For X: t = 21 implies x = 4.37 i.e. the value is $ 4.37
For Y: t = 21 implies y = 4.27 i.e. the value is $ 4.27
For Z: t = 21 implies z = 3.47 i.e. the value is $ 3.47

c The graphs of x(t) and y(t) intersect where t = 2.09 and t = 21.78.
From the graph, the shares of X have greater value than the shares of Y for
2.09 < t < 21.78, i.e. from February 2014 to September 2015.

d The graphs of x(t) and z(t) intersect at t = 14.06.

From the graphs, it can be seen that shares in X are most valuable for 14.06 < t <
21.78.
Therefore X were the most valuable shares for 7.72 months, or about 8 months, i.e.
from February 2015 to September 2015.

5 Let W be the number of wildebeest and n the number of years.

Then W = 700(1.03)n
Let Z be the number of zebras.
Then Z = (0.96)n × 1850
= 1850(0.96)n

a (0.96)n × 1850 = 700(1.03)n

1850  1.03 n
=
700 0.96
37  103 n
=
14 96
∴ n = 13.81
After 13.81 years, the number of wildebeest exceeds the number of zebras.

b Let A be the number of antelopes.

A = 1000 + 50n
The number of antelopes is greater than the number of zebras when
1000 + 50n > 1850(0.96)n
From a CAS calculator,
1000 + 50n > 1850(0.96)n for n > 7.38
After 7.38 years, the number of antelopes exceeds the number of zebras.

6 a TI: Type the given data into a new Lists & Spreadsheet application. Call column A
time, and column B temp
Press Menu → 4:Statistics → 1:Stat Calculations → A:Exponential
Regression
Set X List to time and Y List to temp then ENTER

457
 CP: Open the Statistics application. Type the time data into list1 and the temperature
data into list2
Tap Calc → abExponential Reg and set XList to list1 and YList to list2
The values of a and b are given as a = 87.06 and b = 0.94, correct to 2 decimal
places,
∴ T = 87.06 × 0.94t

b i When t = 0, T = 87.06◦ C

ii When t = 25, T = 18.56◦ C

c (12, 45.5) is the reading which appears to be incorrect.

Re-calculating gives a = 85.724. . . and b = 0.9400
∴ T = 85.72 × 0.94t

d i When t = 0, T = 85.72◦ C

ii When t = 12, T = 40.82◦ C

e When T = 15, t = 28.19 min

458
7 a At (1, 1) 1 = a × b1
∴ 1 = ab (1)
At (2, 5) 5 = a × b2 (2)
Divide (2) by (1) 5=b
Substitute b = 5 into (1) 1=a×5
1
∴ a= = 0.2
5
∴ a = 0.2, b = 5

b Let b x = 10z

i By the definition of logarithm:

z = log10 b x
∴ = x log10 b

ii y = a × 10kx
= a × bx where b x = 10kx
From b i, b x = 10kx can be rewritten
kx = x log10 b
∴ k = log10 b
From a, a = 0.2 and b = 5, ∴ k = log10 5

8 a Use two points, say (0, 2) and (10, 200) to find y = ab x .

At (0, 2) 2 = a × b0
∴ 2=a
∴ y = 2b x
At(10, 200) 200 = 2b10
200
∴ b10 = = 100
2
1
∴ b = (100) 10
= 1.5849 (correct to 4 decimal places)
∴ y = 2 × 1.5849 x
Using CAS regression y = 2 × 1.585 x

459
b From Question 9, k = log10 b
1
and from part a, a = 2 and b = (100) 10
1
∴ k = log10 (100) 10
1
= log10 100
10
1 1
= ×2=
10 5
x
∴ y = 2 × 10 5 = 2 × 100.2x
x
c y = 2 × 10 5
y x
can be written = 10 5
2
By definition of logarithms:
x y
= log10
5 2
y
x = 5 log10
2

460