Hydraulic

H=7m jump

y =im

Fig. 10.4

Solution. Discharge through the sluice gate

Q= Ca(6 x 1) v2gH as width of channel = 6 m
area of low =6 mx 1m
where C¡ = C C,
Assuming C= 0.95
C =0.62
Ca=Cy C =0.59
Q=0.59 x6x 1x V2x9.81 x 7= 41.49 m'/s Ans.
(b) Force acting on concrete blocks is given by the rate of change of momentum
per unit channel width.

41.49 =6.91 m'/s

where q= 6 6
6.91
/s =7.28m/s
ViC. y170.95 x1
6.91
V=. 3
= 2.3 m/s
Y2
1000 x 6.91
9.81 (7.28 - 2.3)
= 3504 kg =3504 x 9.81 Newton = 34.37 kN. Ans.]
104.
Locat ion and Profile of the Jump on a Sloping Glacis
(speruch104.1,
as awei Position of the Jump. Let water be passing over the crest of a work
r, etc.) with a certain head, as shown in Fig. 10.5. Then discharge
unit
twthe width = Ca where His the head measured from the total energy line
1S crest and Ca is the coefficient of discharge. Knowing H, the levelof ws TEL
faugeknown,discharge
in the
For thecurves
given ofdischarge,
the channel.
the This
depthfixes the d/s is known from
TEL onon the
of water ds. The difference
levels of uws TEL and d/s
TEL gives H.
 IRRIGATION ENGINEIERING AND
306
HYDRAULIC
Knowing q and H, Ef
can be obtained from
Blench Curves (Plate 10.1).
U/S T,E.L
STRUCTURE
Subtracting E, from d/s
TEL, the level at which the
jump will form can be easi- A
ly obtained and hence the
position of point P is fixed. P=POINT AT WHICH
JUMP IS FORMED
This is how the position of
the jump on the sloping Fig. 10.5
glacis is obtained.

Knowing Er, E, can also be calculated by using., Ef, - E, = H. The

ing values ofy and y, for the known values of Er. and E. can be
the 'Energy of Flow Curves' given by Montague (Plate 10.2). directly read from
correspond-
10.4.2. Profile Before the Jump. The water surface profile before thet
of jump formation (P) can be easily plotted with the
help of Montague's cu
(Plate 10.2) as follows : For different points on the glacis
E( will vary, being equal to u/s TEL minus glacis fromn B to P, (Fig. 10%
level at the considered noint
Since glacis level is different at different points in
the length BP, the E; will be
different at different points and shall go on increasing. For
of Er., different corresponding values of y1 these different values
can be tabulated from Montague's
Curves (Plate 10.2). These values of y1 shall go on
reached. These values can be plotted over the reducing tÉll the point P is
profile before the jump can be plotted easily. glacis, and hence, water surface
10.4.3. Profile after the
jump point (P), it is necessary Jump. To plot the water surface profile after the
to know the Incoming
Froude No. F1:

Knowing q and y1, Fi can be determined.

Vs
Graphs are available t
Vsfor different values of FroudeNo. F,. as shown in
Plate 10.3
(a.
diflerent póints beyond Palong the profile, different values of x and hence that &
x/y, can be tabulated. Corresponding to these values of x/y1 for afixed F, ditterend
values of y/y1, can be read out from Plate 10.3 (a). Hence, different values of.raxdy
are known, where (x, y) is any pt. in the direction of flow W.r.t. the point P(ie.gis
level at the point ofjump
tion) as origin, as forna
Fig. 10.6. Hence, theshown in
surface profile after the water
point can be easily plotted.jump A
The water
after the jumpsurface profile
can also be
plotted with the help of curves
shown in Plate 10.3 (b). Fig. 10.6
of
Values whee
for known values of - ofFj:
y2-'1 can be rend out for a given value
y2-Y1
 JUMPANDITs USEFULNESS
HIDRAULIC 307
case are the ordinates of any point on the profile w.r.t. the point of
i nthis
4)
tornmation(P) as origin, as shown in Fig. 10.7.Hence, for any assumed values
jump ding values of y can be worked out and profile plotted easily.
correspon
ofs, WATER SUR FALE ANY POINT
PRO FILE AFTER JUMP ON PR0F! LE

B
A

Fig. 10.7
10.5. Hydraulic Jump on a Sloping Glacis as Energy Dissipator
Moch has already been said about the use of hydraulic jump phenomenon :
energy dissipation device in the design of hydraulic and irrigation structures, The
8e of slopingglacis' for bringing out hydraulicjump to occur is of utmost impor
ance because of the fact : that the position of the hydraulic jump on a sloping glacis
snstable.
definiteHowever,
and can beonpredicted, while on a level floor the position of the jump is
a 'sloping glacis', the energy dissipation is less efficient
because of the vertical component of the velocity remaining intact. In a jump on a
tacis, it is only the horizontal component of velocity which takes part in the impact
and vertical component remains uneffected.
The length of the jump, i.e. the region in which heavy turbulence is created is
generally found to be five times the height. Morcover, the start point of the jump
is fairly definite but the lower end is indefinite. This point is,
the place where water surface becomes sensibly level. however, taken as
Due to heavy turbulence created in the region of
provide a pucca hard floor in this region. A junp if thejump.
It is necessary to
allowed to form on a level
surtace,
of the
cannot be confined precisely this definite region, because the position
to
jump varies through a wide range with a slight change in the discharge.
Hence the Jump, if formed on a level
platform and may travel to downstream surface, may not confine itself to the pucca
channel
a causing deep scours and sometimes protection or natural erodible bed of the
sloping glacis is alwaysthe preferred
cven failure of the structure. Hence,
phenomenon, because position of the jump on a 'glacis' is always definite
to a horizontal bed for affecting hydraulic jump
aln thoughal y efficient. Hence, a sloping glacis having a slope of 2: 1to 5: 1 is
leess
gener
no case provided, and hydraulic jump is
lower made to occur on the glacis itself, and
 ENERGY
SPLLWAYS

DIsSIPATORS, AND SPILLWAY GATES

H, =6m 88

Pp+a V +
H, =
2g 5.7 = 10 +o. (0.5 V, y 5.7 m =6-0.3
2g 13 a.V
P =(10.5.7) + . VË 0.25 +1.3 2g
2g
Pr =4.3 4 0.55 aV
2g
Pr =4.3 + 0.55 x 1.03 V
2g
Pp= 4.3+ 0.567 V}
2g
Equating(i) aand(ü), we get
...(ii)
10 - 1.236 V = 4.3 +
2g 0.567 V
2g
5.7 = 1.803 V
2g
5.7
1803-x 2x9,81 = 7.88 m/sec.
V
V=0.5 V,=0.5 x 7.88 = 3.94 m/sec.
Q= Discharge
= V,x Area of siphon bore
Q= Vo x L. (R,-R)
Q=3.94 m/sec. x 2.2 mx
=3.94 >x 2.2 × 1.4 = 12.13(3-1.6)
m³lsec
m
6) From (i), Ans.

Pp =10-.1.236 V}
2g
Py=10n 1.236 x (7.88)
2x9.81
P,= 10- 3.91 = 6.09 m, Ans.
ENERGY DISSIPATORS
21.13.
The Energy
water Dissipation
below Overflow Spillways
ime it
reachesflowing
over the spillway acquires a lot of kinetic energy by the
near the toe of the spillway (because of conversion of potential
hugeenergykinetic
into kinetic energy). If arrangements are not made to dissipate this
scale scour energy of water, and if the velocity of water is not reduced, large
can take place the dam and
on the downstream side near the toe of
from it., These arrangements are known as energy dissipation
atrangements Or
energy dissipators.
 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
AND HYDRAULIC
888In general,the kineticenergyoffthis super-critical flow can

two ways : super critical flowinto sub-critical

flow by
STRUCTUPES
be dissipated in

() By
converting
thetoeByofdirecting
(iü)
the
of water
theflowThe
the structure.
into air and then making it
energy is dissipated by the aeration of jet und
impact of water ontheriver bed. Though some scour will take place, but it i,
hydrfallauawaylic jufmp.rom
away from the dam to endanger it.
too small or
too far
dissipators work on
this principle. Bucket type energy
Jump Formation. The phenomenon
Hydraulic details 10. It of
horizontal rectangularhydr
mentiaoulrnedie
X.13.1. explained in in Chapter
been was
jump has already hydraulic jump can form in a
therein, that a
when the following relation is satisfied between the pre-jump
post-jump depth (y,), w.r.t.
to Fig. 21.30. channeland,
depth (y)
2q²
14 i.e. Eq. (10.4)
8Y1
where g is the discharge intensity.
For agiven discharge intensity over a spillway, the depth y, is equal to gV.
and V, is determined by the drop H, being equal to 2gH,.
UIS T.E.L.

H
H,
DIS T.E.L.

Fig. 21.30
Hence, for agiven discharge intensity and given height of spillway, y, 153
fixed and thus y, (i.e. the depth required for the formation of hydraulicjump)
is also fixed. But the
the level,onwhich
waterchannel
ds cannot be guaranteed availability
as it ofa
depends
depth upon
equalthe , in the
to tail
depends upon the hydraulic dimensions and slope of the river channelbelow.
The problem should, therefore, be analysed before any Solutioncan be found.
Hence, for different discharges, the tail water depth is found by actualgauge
discharge
(y,) observations and by
for all those discharges, are also computed from equation jump
The (10.4).
post. Ifagraph
depths
is now plotted between gand tailhydraulic
computations.
water depth, the curve obtainedis knownas
the Tail Water Curve (T.W.C.). Similarly, if a curve is plotted on thesame
graph, between qand y,, the curve obtained is known as theJumpHeghi
Curve (J.H.C) ory,
curve.
 DISSIPATORS
ENERGY
SPLLWAYs, AND SPLLWAY GATES
889
Now
thherearefüve possibilities :
(a)T. W.C. coinciding with, y, curve at all discharges |Fig. 21.31 (a).
(6)T. W.C. lying above the y, curve at all discharges |Fig. 21.31 (h)1.
c)T W.C. lying belowthe y, curve at all discharges (Fig. 21.31 (c)).
d)T W.C.Iying above the y, curve at smaller discharges And lying below
curve at larger discharges (Fig. 21.31 (d).
(e)T W.C. lying below the y, curve at smaller discharges and lying above
they,

CUrveat larger discharges [Fig. 21.31 (e)].

they, T.W.C. coinciding
y, CUrve T.W.C.

Depth

yT Curve

(a) (b)

Y CUrve,
Depth
Depth I.W.C.
T.W.C.

YT Curve

(d)
(c)
T.W.C.

.Depth y Curve

(e)
Fig. 21.31
energy
positions of T.W.C. and y, curve, theexplained
Depending
isipation
upon the relative
arrangements can be provided below the spillway, as
below for all these five cases.
(a): When T. W.C.
coincides with
case formation.
J,c21.urve13.1.1, Energy
dissipators formost ideal condition for jump
discharges. In
at all This is the spillway at all
ehydraulic discharges.
such a case, a jump will form at the
simple concrete
toe
apron of
of the
length 5 (y
hydraulic
- y) is
jump,
generally
as shown in
suficient to provide protection in the region of
Fig, 21.32 (a).
 ENGINEERING
AND

HYDRAULICST RUGTURES
IRRIGATION
890

T.W.L.

-5(y2 -Y) Stilling

basin

horizontal apron.
Fig. 21.32. (a) Simple
T.WC ie L:
Energy dissipators for case (6): When
21.13.1.2. discharges. In this case, when y, is always belowand
the tail
all
the y, curve forming at toe willbe drowned out by the tail water.
at
water. the jump velocity s
will be dissipated. Water may continue to flow at high
energy considerable distance.
the channelbottom for a
solved:
The problem can be above the river bed level as shown
constructing a sloping apron
(i)by depth equei
Fig. 21.32 (b,). The jump will form on the sloping apron where slope of the
in depth at toe) is available. The
to y, (lesser than the tail water jump will ocur
that proper conditions for a
apron is made in such a waydischarges.
on the apron at all A lot of extra concreting is required
somewhere
to be done, as shown.

T.W.L.
River
Tail water depth bed

Stilling
basin

Sloping apron above

the bed roller
bed. a
Fig. 21.32. (b,) Sloping apron above the providingupturned
(iü) Asecond solution of this the formof whichis
bucket type of energy can bein
problemconsists of an apron,
sharply at ends, as showndissipator. It
in Fig. 21.32 (b,).
SPLLWA
SPILLWNAY GATES
891

TWL

Fig. 21.32. (b,) Roller

bucket or submerged bucket.
Two main rollers are formed
which dissipate the
turbulence. In case of roller 45° bucket exit energy
bucket, due to
is most internal
The roller which is formed angle effective.
scoured bed material towards the downstream of the
bucket,
dam, thus, preventing tends to move the
dam. Sometimes, the scoured material may enter the serious scour at toe of
on of us roller, and
may cause severe abrasion. A bucket under the
bueket lip may, therefore, have to be dentated or slotted
material caught in the bucket. provided, so as to permit removal of
21.13.1.3. Energy
curve at all discharges.dissipators
for case (c): When T. W.
(i) If the tail water is very low, the C. lies belowthe y,
out of the above bucket, and fall water may shoot up
harmlessly into the
downstream of the bucket, as shown in Fig. 21.32 (c,). This river at some, distance
known as ski jump bucket (also called Flip bucket or bucket is then
Ihajectory bucket) and can be used for energy dissipation inDeflector
case
bucket or
the tail water depth is insufficient or low at (c): i.e. when
all discharges. The ski jump
UuCket type of an energy dissipator
eause a part of the energy dissipationrequires sound and rocky river bed,
takes place by impact, although some
Me energy is dissipated in air by diffusion and
aeration.

Fig. 21.32. (c) Ski jump bucket or Trajectory bucket or Deflector bucket or Flip bucket.
(in) The se
aprTeuionredas dept
in h 2 which is greater than T.W. depth, can thus be made
Second solution to the problen can be the provision21.32
Case (b) but below the river bed, as shown in Fig.
of a sloping
(c, ). The
892 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC

available by letting the jump form on this sloping apron as shown. Thie
STRUCTURES
sloping apron and the horizontal cistern of length 5(,- y) shall be entire
in cutting and may be expensive, though otherwise quite satisfactory.

TW.L.
A
Tail water depth
: River bed 1

Sloping apron (1 :4)

Stilling basin
5(y2-y1)
Fig. 21.32. (c,) Slopping apron below the bed.

(iiü) The third solution to this problem may be the construction of a

subsidiary dam below the main dam, so as to increase the tail water depth and
cause a jump to form at the toe of themain dam, as shown in Fig. 21.32 (c).

Baffle wall

Tail water depth

TW.L.

Subsidiary dam
Main dam

Fig. 21.32. (c,) Subsidiary dam construction.

offriction blocks
If the tail water deficiency is small, a baffle wall or a row generally
may be provided so as to dissipate the residual energy. The baffles,
give way, under high velocity jets due to their cavitation effects, and strong
ne
sufficiently
are suitable only for low spillways or weirs. They should be S1ze
towithstand impact from ice and floating debris. The location, shape,
Their usefor
spacing of these baffles can be best determined by model studies.
explained in the earlier chaptets
weirs and canal falls have already been abovethe y,
21.13.1.4. Energy dissipators for case (d). When T. W.C. lies In this
discharges. tail
curve at low discharges and lies below the Y Curve at high
at low discharges, the jump will be drowned and at highdischarges,
providing&
case, in shownin
lies
water depth is insufficient. The solution to the problem bed as
sloping apron partly above and partly below the river be provided.
The horizontal apron and end sill should also
Fig. 21.32 (d).
 DISSIPATORS
ENERGY
SPLLWAYS AND SPILLWAY GATES
Low 893
discharges
High discharges

Lowdischarges High discharges

TW.D
T.W.D.
(d) (d')

Sloping apron

Stilling basin
Eig. 21.32. (d) Sloping apron partly above and partly below the ground level.
low discharges, tBhe jump will form on the apron above the river bed,
where the available depth is equal to the required depth and less than the
rW. depth. Similarly, at high discharges, the jump will form on the apron
hlow the river bed, where the available depth is more than the T.W. depth
and equal to the depth required for jump formation.
is
21.13.1.5. Energy dissipators for case (e). When tail water depth
insufficient at low discharges and is greater at high discharges. This case is
which was made in case
just the reverse of case (d) and the same arrangement
that at low discharges,
d) willserve the purpose. The only difference will be high discharges, the
at
ine jump will form on the apron below the bed; and
Jump will form on the apron at a point above the bed.
4.14. Energy Dissipation Below Other Types of Spillways
Ine ive hydraulic conditions between tailwater depthanyand post jump depth
y) discussed in the previous article, can occur below type of spillway or
even below outlets, and erosion control can be obtained
the described. A chute or a shaft or a side channel spillway
by the methods damn
sluiceways
or
from the dam. Hence, the
Benerally water at a point far away
protection discharges
is
as the danger to the main dam
is required
Dot there. Due only for the spillway, generally sufficient,
to this hydraulic stilling basin is
and may be reason, a point of the spillway. If sound rocks
are available,prrovided at the
a Ski Jump discharging
bucket may be provided at low cost.
1.15. Dam Outlets
Ener
tequiDirsecdharge
gy Dissipation Below Sluiceways or and less protection is
through the sluiceways is generally small,
sluiceway is often allowed
to fall

itheretdly below
jet deflectorinto the
them. The water from
at the outlet. basin.
stilling Sometimes
the
thedissipation
the energy
Sometimes,
spread by a
jet may bearrangement of
main spillw ay may be utilised for sluiceways also.
Dissipator and Design of
of Energy
Hydraulic Jump as
Stilstated
ing Basins hydraulicjump formation depends

tniderably in prejump
chapter 10, that thethe incoming flow(F,). The
upon the Froude number of
 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
AND
894
HYDRAULIC
depth (y,) and post-jump
[derived in chapter 10]as
depth (y,) are also governed by
the SequatiToRnUCTUm(10g,
I+8 -1
Y1
where F; =

in the same chapter, that

the energy
jump,
It was also
depends
described
stated
upon the
for different
Froude number. Different types of Froud
values of Froude numbers. If the incoming
energy dissipation can take
dis ipation
jump wee
in tha
the greater
number F, is higher,
approximate percentage loss of energy
for various values of
F, areplace.givenThein
Table 21.14.
Formation
Table 21.14. Percent Loss of Energy in Jump
different values of Froude Nos.
% loss of energy

2.5 17

4.5 45

9.0 70

14.0 80

20.0 85

However, the real problem in the design of of stilling basins, is not the absoiute
this energy in as short a length as
dissipation of energy, but is the dissipation
hydraulic jump has to be viewed in s
possible. Hence, the effectiveness of a ranges of Froude numbers, given
different
light. The types of jumps for
chapter 10, are again summarised below : is low. No blocksor
loss
(i) When F, < 2.5, the jump is weak and energy
other devices are provided in this range. barrages waves anndcanal
of weirs,
(i) WhenF, lies between 2.5 to 4.5, as in casewhich
heavy
givesrisetochuteblocks
falls, the jump is trouble-some and oscillating,
Suppressor devices
likeJumporthe
on the surface. Stilling basins with wave length of the.
or friction blocks may be needed in this range. The foram
basin may be taken as 5 (y, -y). casse
generally thethencalled
a
is ths
(üi) When F, lies between 4.5 and 9.0 ; as The jump
is
to6v,
in
and
spillways, the jump performance is at its best. eqqual long
and
steady jump. The length of the jump is almost constant
be quite high, very may
alsob
the
range. Hence for large spillways, where y mayauxiliary deviceslengthof
expensive stilling basins may be required. Someand to reduce
the
is likely
tos
introduced for further stabilising the flow twa
basin. Strongjump.But thejump.preferred
(iv) When F, =9.0and larger;it is a dissipator is
rough and choppy. Hence, abucket type of energy
diterenl
stilling basin of hydraulic jump type. basinshave
on beest
Use
217. Standard Stilling Basins generalisedfor
Various types of stilling basins have been
designs ofthese
types of works, by various agencies. The
 SPILLWAYS ENERGY DISSIPATORS.
AND
SPILLWAY GATES
developedon the basis of long
view
protection
the
obtained experiencewithandtheon
consistent model
studies,
895
simple concrete aprons but
are economy. These keeping in
not
devices such as chute
blocks, sills, baffle generally
walls, provided with basins are
of
dissipatingthe energy flow by
offering etc. These devices auxiliary
can
the flow
in a shorter length of the basin,thusresistance to flow and may help in
In general, a stilling basin may be affecting economy. stabilise
energy dissipating action is confined. If the
defined, as a structure in
basically used for dissipating this energy, itphenomenon of hydraulic jump is
which the
basin, The may be called a
type of stilling auxiliary
measuresfor controlling the jump, etc. devices may be usedhydraulic
as jump
additional
Before we reproduce a few standard stilling basins, let
brietthe effects produced by us first
auxiliary devices. describe, in
Chute Blocks. Chute blocks are a kind of
projecetionslike serrated device (i.e.
of saw) and
teeth
provided at the entrance of the row of small
incoming jet of water is furrowed and partly lifted stilling basin.
producing ashorter length ofjump than from the floor.
hey also help in stabilising the flow and what would have been
thus improve the jump without them.
Fig. 21.33). performance
SHls and Dentated Sills. Sill (wall) or more
Cenerally provided at the end of the stilling basin. preferably dentated sill is
The dentated sill diffuses
the residual portion of high velocity jet reaching the end of
the basin. They,
therefore, help in dissipating residual energy and to reduce the length of the
jump or the basin (Refer Fig. 21.33 and 21.45).
Báffle Piers. They are the blocks placed within the basin, across the basin
loor. They help in breaking the flow and dissipate energy mostly by
impact.
These baffle piers, sometimes called friction blocks or basin blocks, are very
BSerul in Small structures, such as low spillways and weirs, etc. (Refer Fig.
1.05). They, however, give way due to cavitation, under the influence of high
velocity jets, and hence are unsuitable for large works/
21.ode17.1 ISI(Sttandardised Stilling Basins. TheISI (now BIS) has, vide their
IS:
type of 4997-1968,
stilling
laid down the criteria for the design of hydraulic jump
of rectanggular cross-section with horizontal or sloping
aprons, utilisingbasins
auxiliary energy dissipation devices, such as chute blocks,
basin or floor or friction blocks, and end sills, etc. Stilling basin is aconcrete
truoiuctd urerosion
e, in which
of the alldownstream
or part basin, confined,
In a stillingaction
river bed. dissipation
of the energy
to
the kinetic is
Cnergy, first causes turbulence, and is ultimately lost as heat energy.
Ahydraulic jump type stilling basin is a basin in which dissipation of
energy is basically accomplish ed by hydraulic jump, which may be stabilised
sing auxiliary devices like chute blocks, friction, blocks and sill, etc. A
ybsoapsiindcgratuylpeshcapron.
j. ump Hence,
type of stillingbasin may either have a
stilling basins may be divided
horizontal apron or a
into the following two
the
8) Hydr aulic jump
Hydraulic juump Lype stilling basins with horizontal
type stilling basins with sloping
upron; and
apron.