What is Pulse Width Modulation? Pulse-width modulation, commonly known as PWM, is a modulation method that changes the pulse signal's width In electrical systems to regulate the average power supplied to a load. PWM Is particularly helpful for effectively regulating the output of audio amplifiers, the speed of motors, and the brightness of light. PWM is an elegant way of referring to a particular kind of digital signal. Applications for pulse width modulation are numerous and include complex control circutts. « Mew actos From #18150.00/mo. for 6 months with No Cost EMI or 114900,00" suoerraoed brim ne Pulse width modulation enables us to adjust the amount of time the signal is high in an analog fashion, allowing us to achieve a range of effects in both applications. Although the signal can only ever be high ( often SV) or low (ground) at one point in time, we can alter the ratio of high to low signal times over a regular length of time. PWM is stil essential to contemporary electronics as technology develops, and for convenience of use, itis frequently Included in microcontrollers and specialist PWM controller integrated circuits (ICs). Because of its versatility and effectiveness, itis @ key componentin the design and management of a broad range of electronic systems, greatly advancing the fields of power electronics and control engineering.Applications of PWM + Modulation in electronics refers to the application of a regulating or shifting force on an object. Similar to the human voice, we also refer to it as a variation in the pitch, intensity, or tone of a frequency. + We frequently witness the usage of modulation techniques to operate devices such as | D's or DC motors. ‘+ Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in conjunction with PWM isa crucial technique for reducing a solar panel's output in order to align it with a battery's use + By adjusting the duty cycle, an LED's brightness can be somewhat controlled. By diluting each of the three hues with varying amounts, an RGB (red, green, and blue) LED allows you to regulate the quantity of each color you require in the blend of variety. + The PWM process regulates the fan within the PC's CPU, which effectively disperses heat. Advantages and Disadvantages of PWM Given Below are Advantages and Disadvantages of PWM Advantages + PWM technology keeps LEDs from overheating while preserving their brightness, ‘+ PWM technology responds quickly and with accuracy, + Ahigh input power factor is provided by the PWM technique. ‘+ Motors may provide their full torque even at lower speeds thanks to the PWM technology Disadvantages + The significant switching losses are a result of the high PWM frequency. + Radio Frequency Interference is caused by it (RFI)Duty Cycle of PWM. We refer to this as “on time” when the signal is high. We employ the idea of duty cycle to define the quantity of “on time’. A duty cycle's percentage is expressed. The proportion of time a digital signal is on throughout a period of lume or interval is precisely described by the percentage duty cycle. The waveforrr's time is equal to its inverse frequency. Duty Cycle: On Time / On Time + Off Time We would say a digital signal has a 50% duty cycle and looks like a perfect square wave if it is on for half of the time and off for the other half. The digital signal spends more time in the high state than the low state if the percentage is greater than 50%, and vice versa if the duty cycle is lower than 50% Here is @ graph depicting the three scenarios. 79% duyy cycle 2s aduy qe Pze-with mechan PW) 3G Duty Cycle of PWM, ‘A100% duty cycle is equivalent to a 5 volt (high) voltage setting, Grounding the signal would be equivalent to 0% duty cycleAdvantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): 1. The noise interference is less due to amplitude has been made constant. 2. Signal can be separated very easily at demodulation and noise can also be separated easily. 3.Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is not required unlike pulse position modulation.Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): 1. Power will be variable because of varying in width of pulse. Transmitt 2. Bandwidth is large as compared to BW of PAM. Applications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): 1. PWM is used in telecommunication systems. 2. PWM can be used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring the losses. So, this can be used in power delivering systems. 3. Audio effects and amplifications purposes also used. 4. PWM signals are used to control the speed of the robot by controlling the motors. oApplications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): 1. PWN is used in telecommunication systems. ~ 2. PWM can be used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring the losses. So, this can be used in power delivering systems. 3. Audio effects and amplifications purposes also used. 4. PWM signals are used to control the speed of the robot by controlling the motors. 5. PWM is also used in robotics. 6. Embedded applications. 7. Analog and digital applications etc.Demodulation of PPM‘ @a<: Oemodwetion > 1. Corrupted PPM > Clean ppM Vv 2. This PPM geet to Reset Pin 3 Reference pulse generator > Constant width pulses —— me *\ eset — li Reberene puke |s) — Set pin1 2. This PPM goer to Reset Pin 3 Reference pulse generator + Constant width pulses with constant delay mw SW hest — Sek pinAdvantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): 1. Pulse position modulation has low noise interference as compared to PAM ( Noise does not distort info ) 2. Noise removal and separation is very easy in pulse position modulation. 3. Power usage is also very low when compared to other modulations due to constant pulse amplitude and width.G@a<:i Disadvantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): 1. The synchronization between transmitter and receiver is required. Transmitter has to send synchronizing pulse to operate the timing circuit in the reciever. 3. Large bandwidth is required for transmission.Applications of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): 1. Used in non coherent detection where a receiver does not need any Phase lock loop for tracking the phase of carrier. 2. Used in radio frequency (RF) communication. 3. Also used in contactless smart card, high frequency, RFID (radio frequency ID) tags and etce(nTs) = xlnTs) - Lats) oO (nt) = e(nt (nts) -- --- Quantizer a yore Outpul Moise Yq(nTs) = eqn) + x(als) La == dubput of adder Aglnte) = elars) + qlnTe) + Rlnfe) - - -—- eglnts) replaced Aloe) = xbete) ~ ent) eo tm OHale) = elater+ 4lnTs) +xlnte) - elt) ae Ss (nts) = X(nTs) + alt)Decoder veconstructs 4uantized Version Predictor output is added Reciever ovdpd = elnTs) + Se(nTs) = xbt)Advantages — 1, Bandwidth requirement is less than Pom 2+ Quantization envoy 's reduced because of Predictor 3. No. of bits used to represent. Sample is reduced ‘ApplicationsOo< 3. No. of bits used to represent ample is reduced Applications vt Speech vimage and vudio Enpresion> 2 Suitable for Yea time applicationsDM Transmitter Block diagram Ewer Signal Accumulator o<Working 1. Ulnte) and staircase appromited 2(nTs) ave subtracted get error signal CGT) e(nTs) = x(nts) — x(nts) Sample latest, approximated Value of x(t) Uns) zn) glans) (fee 0SB @ ee BN a 8 @ med (rd) > Rn) —> ever will be itive Ga) Te ulnts) < X (nts) —8 error will be negative + — A Depending upon sign oF elnts), 1 bit quantizer Gererates + ov - (1 or 0)Delta Modulation Reciever Bwe fm 1Tf xtt) > X(t) then compen caledt ~ Seo tba eat ‘Tis eaipat is XU) < XU) 7 a this level —” tasnitted He) on mille a om Updowon_Counter Counter increments by 1 if Sly op=t Counter decrements by 1 if siy op=0 ak Falling edge oF clock pale } Counter output will be converted inte analog signal by 0/A converterDelta Modulation RecieverSlope overload evvoy rvanulay noise Ly toput signal xl Approximated signal U4)LL. Taput signal xlt) Approximated signal (4) Tt Slope of x(t) is much higher than x(t) over a long duvation then Y(t) will_not_be able to fallow x/t) Gite between rit) & 2H) is calledOo< TF Slope of x(t) is much higher than xt) over a long duvation then %(t) will_wot_be able to fallod x(t) Oi between xct) ¢ fH) is called slope overload evo hy slope of statvease | + gecause ‘step ste is small CS Go to veduee ervey + increase step size ov \ntrease Frequency [ stope = ak = Ss |y Gut Tr Step size 4 the granular nise t ¢«€ pegbarmeemncmns | fe TE fs T then signalling vate $f Gondwidth2. Cronulay noise When input Signel xt ult) is relatively ‘Conse in emgilade, £ the #(t) is bouncing updwnHouwd to Veduee granular woice 7 Le decrease skep size pe o<. Le decease skep size But if step size is veduce ao SeGad W shop shee ix veduced, SSPENGURERINERpD C2) In om, step size is not Variable. Tr it is made Variable then the Woth evrovs Can be Controlled ce we need a system with vayiable step sizeTn 0m, step size is not Variable . Th it is made Variable then the loth evrovs Can be Controlled Cy we need a system with variable step size a P That's ADM Adoptive Delta Modulation‘block diagram of adaptive delta modulation is shown below which incl transmitter & receiver. The transmitter has a summer, a quantizer, a jit, and a logic circuit. Here, the step size is kept fixed between jefined maximum and minimum values. upper limit is used to control the used to control the , The step size increase or } certain set of rules. 2 lower limit based on Tog or tap Se Cont