1/18/2024

Diagnosing computer Diagnosis

controlled engine  ECU has a self diagnostic system which
system constantly monitors the input signal
(voltage).
 Compares them to the standard values
and determines any abnormality
 ECU illuminates the MIL (Malfunction
Indicator Light) and stores a DTC
(Diagnostic Trouble Code) in its memory.

Example for water temperature

sensor
Fault detection principles
0.1v-4.8v normal
 ECU is programmed:
Less than 0.1v short
 to accept sensor signal values within a
certain range to be normal, and More than 4.8v open
 signals outside of that range to be abnormal

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Diagnosis...
 Depending on the vehicle model, the Reading or
diagnostic system has; retrieving DTCs
 Normal mode: malfunction is registered in
keep alive memory.  Using malfunction lamp (check engine
 Test mode: detects intermittent problems such lamp) blink code or (OBD I), for vehicles
as poor contact which are difficult to detect in made before 1996
the normal mode. For cars with TDCL (Toyota
diagnostic communication link.  Using OBD II code, for vehicles made
after 1996 with J1962 female connector

Retrieving trouble Reading DTCs…

codes
1. Using check engine lamp  Check engine lamp (MIL) should come
on when the ignition switch is turned on
(engine not running).
 MIL should go off. If the light remains on,
it indicates that the diagnostic system
has detected a malfunction or
abnormality in the system.

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MIL circuit diagram

Location of check
connector
 Usually it is located under the hood near
break booster

Reading DTCs using check DTC reading

engine lamp
Normal mode  On DLC1. TE1&E1
 Initial conditions:  On DLC2. TE1&E1
 Battery voltage at 11v or higher  On DLC3. TC&CG
 Transmission in “N” range
 All accessories switched off
 Switch on ignition key
 With special cable connect terminal T or TE1
with terminal E1 on check connector or
TDCL.
 Read the diagnostic code by the number of
flashes of the check engine lamp.

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Diagnostic code…
Diagnostic codes…
Test mode
 One digit system
 Switch of IG key and short circuit TE2 & E1
 Switch on IG key, start the engine and drive at Normal code
least 6mph or higher.(code 42, vehicle speed
sensor will set if the speed is not exceed 6mph)
 Simulate driving conditions that problems occurs
under Malfunction code
 When check lamp coms on connect TE1&E1
without disconnecting TE2
 Record the diagnostic code
 Exis test mode by disconnecting TE2 and turning
the ignition switch off

Diagnostic codes…
 Two digit code system Clearing diagnostic codes
Normal code Malfunction code
After the diagnostic code check, remove
the special cable from the check
connector
 Repair the fault and clear the diagnostic
code by removing BATT 15A fuse or
negative battery terminal for 10 seconds.

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Reading DTCs… Onboard diagnostic tool

(OBD II)
2. Using scan tool (OBD II)  It is also called intelligent tester,
 1996 or newer cars are OBD II compliant (or Handheld tester, or scan tool.
European OBD, EOBD, or Japan OBD, JODB),
and are provided with16 pin connector, called a  It displays DTCs by communicating
J1962 connector. directly with ECU
 Clear the DTCs from the ECU's memory
 Displays other information data (live
data) , output test, or serving as a
voltmeter or an oscilloscope.

OBD II… L
I
V
E

D
A
T
A

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OBD-II connector OBD-II pin layout

interface and pin layout
 Pin 1. manufacture specific  Pin 11. Manufacturer Specific
 Pin 2. Bus (+) Positive Line  Pin 12. Manufacturer Specific
 Pin 3. Manufacturer Specific  Pin 13. Manufacturer Specific
 Pin 4. Chassis Ground  Pin 14. CAN Low
 Pin 5. Signal Ground  Pin 15. ISO L Line
 Pin 6. CAN High  Pin 16. Battery Voltage
 Pin 7. ISO K Line
 Pin 8. Manufacturer Specific
 Pin 9. Manufacturer Specific
 Pin 10. Bus (–) Negative Line

1st character DTCs identification

OBD-II fault codes  BXXX– Body Systems (lighting, airbags,
climate control system, etc.)
 Also called diagnostic trouble codes  Cxxxx – Chassis Systems (anti-lock brake
(DTCs) system, electronic suspension and
 Are made up of a letter followed by four steering systems, etc)
numbers  Pxxxx – Powertrain Systems (engine,
 Each code has a total of five characters. emission and transmission systems)
 Uxxxx – Network Communication and
Vehicle Integration Systems (controller
area network wiring bus and modules, etc)

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3rd character…
 xx0xx – Overall System
2nd character…  xx1xx – Secondary Air Injection System
 xx2xx – Fuel System

 x0xxx – Standardized ISO/SAE Code  xx3xx – Ignition System

 x1xxx – Manufacturer Specific Code  xx4xx – Exhaust Monitoring System

 x2xxx – Manufacturer Specific Code or  xx5xx – Idle Speed Control or Cruise Control
ISO/SAE Code  xx6xx – Input/Output Signal from Control
 x3xxx – Manufacturer Specific Code or Units
ISO/SAE Code  xx7xx – Transmission System
 xx8xx – Transmission System
 xx9xx – Transmission System

DTC code example

DTC reading…
 Switch off the vehicle ignition key
 Connect the OBD II male connector to the
OBD II female connector on the vehicle
 Switch on the ignition key
 Switch on the OBD II
 Read the DTC as per the specific procedure
of the scan tool
 Repair the faulty sensor or actuator
 Erase the DTCs
 Check again till the problem is solved

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Reading DTCs… Fail-safe function

3.Using computers with diagnostic software  If faulty signal is detected, ECU uses
and cable with J1962 and USB data stored in memory to continue
Use same procedure as engine operation or stops the engine
Before with OBD II  Example, IGF…….no injection,
MAP/VS/KS….standard data,
KNK…maximum retard, etc

Back-up function
 If trouble occurs with the microprocessor
inside ECU, it switches to back-up IC for
fixed signal control.
 Back-up IC uses programmed data of
 Ignition timing
 Injection duration