University of Kalyani

Curriculum & Credit Framework

for
Four-Year Undergraduate Program (FYUP)
in
Mathematics

(As per provisions of NEP 2020)

WITH EFFECT FROM THE ACADEMIC SESSION

2023-2024
 FOREWORD

The draft syllabus for the Four-Year Undergraduate Programme (FYUP) in Mathematics as per NEP-
2020 was prepared by the Undergraduate Board of Studies (UGBOS) in Mathematics, University of
Kalyani after detailed discussions through a series of meetings of UGBOS (from 08.06.2023 to
01.08.2023). The draft syllabus is prepared by following the guidelines of the course structure (NEP-
2020) as notified by the University of Kalyani (vide Ref. No: CoE/NEP/2020/01/2023 dated
06.06.2023). The Board, after a thorough perusal, recommended the same and authorized the Chairman
to forward the proposed syllabus draft to the appropriate section of the University administration so that
it could be finalized and introduced from the academic session of 2023-2024.

The following members of UGBOS in Mathematics, KU attended the meetings to frame the syllabus
for the Four-Year Undergraduate Programme in Mathematics:

1. Prof. Samares Pal, HOD, Mathematics, KU – Chairperson

2. Prof. Pulak Sahoo, Department of Mathematics, KU – Member
3. Dr. Sahidul Islam, Department of Mathematics, KU – Member
4. Dr. Debi Prasad Acharyya, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nadia – Member
5. Dr. Manob Kumar Ghosh, Kalyani Mahavidyalaya, Nadia – Member
6. Dr. Joydeb Bhattacharya, Karimpur Pannadevi College, Nadia – Member
7. Mr. Dipankar Pal, Prof. Syed Nurul Hassan College, Murshidabad – Member
8. Dr. Sudhansu Kumar Biswas, Sripat Singh College, Murshidabad – Member

Kalyani --Chairperson,

01st Aug 2023 UGBOS in Mathematics, KU

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 2

 PREAMBLE
The Government of India notified National Education Policy (NEP-2020) on July 29, 2020, based on Dr
Kasturirangan committee’s report. The objective is to have holistic and multidisciplinary undergraduate education
to produce employable graduates with integrated personalities.
The University of Kalyani recommends NEP and designed a curriculum framework for undergraduate programs
(vide Ref. No: CoE/NEP/2020/01/2023 dated 06.06.2023) in semester mode under various disciplines from the
academic year 2023-2024. The framework aims at making the academic programs student-oriented, flexible,
interdisciplinary, and relevant to the times. The students will have ample freedom to select the electives that suit
their interests, aptitude, and needs. The students are provided abundant opportunities during the program of study
to accumulate credits by opting for Major Courses, Minor Courses, Multidisciplinary Courses
(MDC), Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC), Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC), and Value-Added
Courses (VAC) under various disciplines. The students will choose major, minor, multidisciplinary, and other
courses at the time of their admission. The system aims to strengthen the academic potential of the students, as it
provides flexibility in the choice of courses offered beyond the framework of the respective disciplines of study.
The undergraduate degree programmes of either 3 or 4-year duration, has multiple entries and exit points and re-
entry options, with appropriate certifications such as
➢ Certificate after completing 1 year (2 semesters) of study in the chosen fields of study.
➢ Diploma after 2 years (4 semesters) of study.
➢ Bachelor after a 3-year (6 semesters) programme of study.
➢ Bachelor (Hons. with / without Research) after a 4-year (8 semesters) programme of study.
Progression under FYUP (K.U.)

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 3

 CREDIT FRAMEWORK FOR THE FOUR-YEAR UG PROGRAMME IN B.Sc.

Sem-VIII

Course
Sem-I Sem-II Sem-III Sem-IV Sem-V Sem-VI Sem-VII Hons.
(Credit)
Hons. with
Research

Major (6) 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 -

Major (4) - - - - - - - 3 3

Exit Point: B.Sc. Honours with/without Research.

Minor (4) 1 1 1 1 2 - 2 - -
Exit Point: Undergraduate Certificate

SEC (3) 1 1 1 - - - - - -

Exit Point: Undergraduate Diploma

AEC (4) - 1 - 1 - - - - -

Exit Point: B.Sc.

VAC (4) 1 - 1 - - - - - -

MDC (3) 1 1 1 - - - - - -
(for Certificate)

(for Diploma)

Summer
- 1 - 1 - - - - -
Course (4)

Outreach /
Internship - - - - - 1 - - -
(2)

Research
Project /
Dissertation
- - - - - - - - 1
(12)

Total
Courses 5 (20) 5 (20) 5 (20) 4 (20) 4 (20) 3 (20) 5 (26) 5 (24)
(Credits)

*Abbreviations:
SEC: Skill Enhancement Course
AEC: Ability Enhancement Course
VAC: Value-added Course
MDC: Multidisciplinary Course

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 4

 SEMESTER & COURSE-WISE CREDIT DISTRIBUTION IN B.Sc. (Mathematics)
Year-1
SEMESTER-I
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-01 Major Calculus & Analytical Geometry 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-SEC-T-01 Skill Enhancement Logic & Boolean Algebra 3:0:0 3 10 35 45
*MATH-MI-T-01 Minor Algebra & Analytical Geometry 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
*MATH-MD-T-01 Multidisciplinary Basic Mathematics 3:0:0 3 10 35 45
VAC-01 Value Added Environmental Studies 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
SEMESTER-II
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-02 Major Algebra-I 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-SEC-T-02 Skill Enhancement Fuzzy Set Theory 3:0:0 3 10 35 45
*MATH-MI-T-01 Minor Algebra & Analytical Geometry 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
*MATH-MD-T-02 Multidisciplinary Basic Mathematics 3:0:0 3 10 35 45
AEC-01 Ability Enhancement Communicative English 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
MATH-SI-01 Summer Internship Summer Internship (Additional for Certificate) 4
Year-2
SEMESTER-III
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-03 Major Real Analysis-I 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-SEC-T&P-03 Skill Enhancement Programming in C (Theory & Practical) 1:1:1 3 10 35 45
*MATH-MI-T-02 Minor Calculus & Differential Equations 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
*MATH-MD-T-03 Multidisciplinary Basic Mathematics 3:0:0 3 10 35 45
VAC-02 Value Added To be selected from the prescribed pool 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
SEMESTER-IV
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-04 Major Differential Equations 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T-05 Major Algebra-II 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
*MATH-MI-T-02 Minor Calculus & Differential Equations 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
AEC-02 Ability Enhancement MIL 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
MATH-SI-02 Summer Internship Summer Internship (Additional for Diploma) 4
Year-3
SEMESTER-V
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-06 Major Riemann integration & Series of functions 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T&P-07 Major Numerical Analysis (Theory & Practical) 3:1:2 6 15 60 75
*MATH-MI-T-03 Minor Linear Programming Problem 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
SEMESTER-VI
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-08 Major Mechanics-I 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T-09 Major LPP & Game Theory 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T-10 Major Multivariate Calculus, Vector & Tensor Analysis 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-SI-03 Outreach / Internship Outreach / Internship 2
Year-4
SEMESTER-VII
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-11 Major Probability & Statistics 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T-12 Major Mechanics-II 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T-13 Major Metric Spaces & Complex Analysis 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
*MATH-MI-T-04 Minor Dynamics of a Particle 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
SEMESTER-VIII
Evaluation
Course Code Nature of Course Course Title Class (L+T+P) Credit Internal End-Sem Total
MATH-M-T-14 Major Ordinary & Partial Differential equations 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
MATH-M-T-15 Major Classical Mechanics & Operations Research 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
MATH-M-T-16 Major Differential Geometry & Topology 3:1:0 4 10 40 50
Honours without Research
MATH-M-T-17 Major Real Analysis-II & Functional Analysis 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
MATH-M-T-18 Major Non-linear Dynamics & Fluid Dynamics 5:1:0 6 15 60 75
Honours with Research
MATH-SI-04 Summer Internship Research Project / Dissertation 12
*These courses are to be taken by students of other major subject groups. Partial Differentia
 l Detailed Course & Contents of Mathematics syllabus
B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)
SEMESTER-I
Course Code: MATH-M-T-01
Course Title: Calculus & Analytical Geometry
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75

COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [25L]
● Hyperbolic functions and its derivative, higher order derivatives, Leibnitz rule and its applications to
problems of type 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 sinx, 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
● Pedal equations.
● Curvature, radius of curvature, centre of curvature, circle of curvature
● Asymptotes
● Envelopes.
● Singular points, concavity and inflection points.
● Curve tracing in Cartesian coordinates, tracing in polar coordinates of standard curves.
● L’Hospital’s rule, applications in business, economics and life sciences.
Unit 2. [16L]
● Reduction formulae, derivations and illustrations of reduction formulae of the type
∫𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫(log 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
● Parametric equations, parameterizing a curve, arc length of a curve, arc length of parametric curves, area
under a curve, area and volume of surface of revolution, techniques of sketching conics.
Unit 3. [30L]
● Transformation of coordinate axes, pair of straight line, reflection properties of conics, rotation of axes
and second-degree equations, classification of conics using the discriminant, polar equations of conics.
● Straight lines in 3D, sphere, cylindrical surfaces. central conicoids, paraboloids, plane sections of
conicoids, generating lines, classification of quadrics, illustrations of graphing standard quadric surfaces
like cone, ellipsoid.
Graphical Demonstration (Teaching Aid) [4L]
1. Plotting of graphs of function 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 , log(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) , 1⁄(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) , sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) , cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) , |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏|

and to illustrate the effect of a and b on the graph.

2. Plotting the graphs of polynomials of degree 4 and 5, the derivative graph, the second derivative graph
and comparing them.
3. Sketching parametric curves (Eg. trochoid, cycloid, epicycloids, hypocycloid).
4. Obtaining the surface of the revolution of curves.
5. Tracing of conics in Cartesian coordinates / polar coordinates.
6. Sketching ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets, elliptic cone, elliptic, paraboloid, and hyperbolic
paraboloid using Cartesian coordinates.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. T. Apostol, Calculus, Volumes I and II, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 6

 2. G. B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi.
3. M. J. Strauss, G. L. Bradley and K. J. Smith, Calculus, 3rd Ed., Dorling Kindersley (India) P. Ltd.
(Pearson Education), Delhi.
4. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, 7th Ed., John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd., Singapore.
5. Santi Narayan, Integral Calculus, S. Chand.
6. P. R. Vittal, Analytical Geometry 2D and 3D, Pearson.
7. V. A. llyin and E. G. Poznyak, Analytical Geometry, Mir Publishers.
8. M. Postnikov, Lectures in Geometry, Firebird Publications.
9. Robert J. T. Bell, Co-ordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions, Ingram short title.
10. S. L. Loney, Co-ordinate Geometry, Arihant Publications.
11. M. S. Speizel, Vector Analysis, McGraw Hill Education.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-I
Course Code: MATH-SEC-T-01
Course Title: Logic & Boolean Algebra
Skill Enhancement Course; Credit-3; Full Marks-45
COURSE CONTENT: 3 Credits (2+1) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1. [15L]
● Introduction, propositions, truth table, negation, conjunction and disjunction. Implications, biconditional
propositions, converse, contrapositive and inverse propositions and precedence of logical operators.
● Propositional equivalence, Logical equivalences.
● Predicates and quantifiers: Introduction, quantifiers, binding variables and negations.
Unit 2. [10L]
• Definition, examples and basic properties of ordered sets, maps between ordered sets, duality principle.
● Lattices as ordered sets, lattices as algebraic structures, sublattices, products and homomorphisms.

Unit-3 [20L]
• Definition, examples and properties of modular and distributive lattices, Boolean algebras, Boolean
polynomials, minimal and maximal forms of Boolean polynomials.
● Quinn-McCluskey method, Karnaugh diagrams, logic gates, switching circuits and applications of
switching circuits.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. R. P. Grimaldi, Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorial Mathematics, Pearson Education.
2. P. R. Halmos, Naive Set Theory, Springer.
3. E. Kamke, Theory of Sets, Dover Publishers.
4. B.A. Davey, H.A. Priestley, Introduction to Lattices and Order, Cambridge University Press.
5. Edgar G. Goodaire and Michael M. Parmenter, Discrete Mathematics with Graph Theory, (2nd Ed.),
Pearson Education (Singapore) P.Ltd., Indian Reprint.
6. Rudolf Lidl and Günter Pilz, Applied Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics,
Springer (SIE), Indian reprint.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 7

 B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)
SEMESTER-I
Course Code: MATH-MI-T-01
Course title: Algebra & Analytical Geometry
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
● Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s theorem and its applications. Exponential, Sine, Cosine and Logarithm
of a complex number. Definition of az. Inverse circular and hyperbolic functions.
● Polynomials: Fundamental theorem of algebra (Statement only). Polynomials with real coefficients,
nature of roots of an equation (surd or complex roots occur in pairs). Statement of Descartes's rule of
signs and its applications. Relation between roots and coefficients, transformations of equations.
Cardan’s method of solution of a cubic equation.
● Rank of a matrix: Determination of rank either by considering minors or by the sweep-out process.
Consistency and solution of a system of linear equations (not more than 3 variables) by matrix method.
● Equivalence relations and partitions. Functions, composition of functions, invertible functions, one-to-
one correspondence and cardinality of a set
● Definition and elementary properties of groups. Concepts of permutation Group, alternating group,
finite groups: 𝑆3 , 𝑉4 . The group 𝑍𝑛 of integers under addition modulo n.
● Order of an element, order of a group, subgroups and examples of subgroups.
Unit 2. [30L]
● Transformations of rectangular axes: Translation, rotation and their combinations. Invariants.

● General equation of second degree in x and y: Reduction to canonical forms. Classification of conics.

● Pair of straight lines: Condition that the general equation of 2 nd degree in x and y may represent two
straight lines. Point of intersection of two intersecting straight lines. Angle between two lines given by
ax2+2hxy+by2=0. Equation of bisectors. Equation of two lines joining the origin to the points in which a
line meets a conic.
● Polar equation of straight lines and circles. Polar equation of a conic refers to a focus as a pole. Equation
of chord joining two points. Equations of tangents and normals.

● Sphere and its tangent planes. Right circular cone.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Titu Andreescu and Dorin Andrica, Complex Numbers from A to Z, Birkhauser.
2. W. S. Burnstine and A.W. Panton, Theory of Equations, Nabu Press.
3. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited, India.
4. K. B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
5. David C. Lay, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education Asia, Indian Reprint.
6. P. K. Saikai, Linear Algebra, Pearson.
7. K. Hoffman, R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, Pearson.
8. P. R. Vittal, Analytical Geometry 2D and 3D, Pearson.
9. S. L. Loney, Co-ordinate Geometry, Arihant Publications.
Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 8
 B.Sc. Mathematics (Multidisciplinary)
SEMESTER-I
Course Code: MATH-MD-T-01
Course title: Basic Mathematics
Multidisciplinary Course; Credit-3; Full Marks-45
COURSE CONTENT: 3 Credits (3+0) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. Set Theory: [5L]

• Introduction to sets and their representations. The empty set, finite and infinite sets, equal sets, subsets,
power set, and Universal set.
• Venn Diagrams, operations on sets, complement of a set, problems on union and intersection of sets.
Unit 2. Complex Numbers: [5L]
• Polar representation of complex numbers.
• De Moivre’s theorem (without proof) for rational indices and their applications.

Unit 3. Theory of Equations: [10L]

• Introduction and definition of equation. Types of equations.
• Relation between roots and coefficients. Descartes’s rule of signs.
• Linear and quadratic equations and their solution. Nature of the roots of quadratic equations.

Unit 4. Matrix & Determinant: [10L]

• Definition of a Matrix. Types of Matrices. Elementary operations on Matrices.
• Determinant of a square matrix (up to third order). Properties of determinants. Cofactors and minor of a
determinant.
• Transpose and Adjoint of a matrix. Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices.
• Inverse of a matrix. Solution of system of linear equations (up to third order) using matrix inversion
method and Cramer’s Rule.
Unit 5. [5L]
• Definition and scope of statistics, concepts of statistical population and sample.
• Data: qualitative and quantitative, discrete and continuous data types, primary and secondary data.
• Presentation of data: tabular and graphical.
• Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution and their graphical representations: histogram,
frequency polygon, frequency curve, and O-gives.
Unit 6. [10L]
• Measures of Central Tendency: mean, weighted mean, median, mode.
• Measures of Dispersion: range, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, moments,
skewness and kurtosis.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. A. Kumar, S. Kumaresan, B.K. Sarma, A Foundation Course in Mathematics, Narosa Publishing House.
2. Bernard and Child: Higher Algebra, Arihant Publications.
3. I. Stewart, D. Tall, The Foundations of Mathematics. Oxford University Press.
4. M.K. Sen, S. Ghosh and P. Mukhopadhyay, Topics in Abstract Algebra, University Press.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 9

 5. K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
6. Shanti Narayan: A Textbook of Matrices, S Chand.
7. A.M. Goon, M.K. Gupta, B. Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. I & II, 8th Edn. The World Press.
8. Irwin Miller, Marylees Miller, John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with Applications, (7th Edn.),
Pearson Education, Asia.
9. A.M. Mood, F.A. Graybill, D.C. Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, Tata McGraw-Hill.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-II
Course Code: MATH-T-02
Course Title: Algebra-I
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [30L]
● Polar representation of complex numbers, nth roots of unity, De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices
and its applications. Direct and inverse circular form of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.
Exponential & Logarithm of a complex number. Definition of az.
● Relation between roots and coefficients, transformation of equation, Descartes rule of signs, solution of
cubic equation (Cardan’s method), solution of biquadratic equation (Ferrari’s method).
● Well-ordering property of positive integers, division algorithm, divisibility and Euclidean algorithm.
Congruence relation between integers. Principles of mathematical induction, statement of fundamental
theorem of arithmetic.
Unit 2. [25L]
● Equivalence relations and partitions. Functions, composition of functions, Invertible functions, one to
one correspondence and cardinality of a set.
● Permutations, cycle notation for permutations, even and odd permutations.
● Definition and elementary properties of groups. Symmetries of a square, dihedral groups. quaternion
groups (through matrices). Permutation group, alternating group, finite groups: 𝑆3 , 𝑉4 . The group 𝑍𝑛 of
integers under addition modulo n and the group 𝑈𝑛 of units under multiplication modulo n.
● Order of an element, order of a group, simple properties.
● Subgroups and examples of subgroups. Product of two subgroups.
● Cyclic group. Properties of cyclic groups.
● Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups.
Unit 3. [20L]
● Rank of a matrix, inverse of a matrix, characterizations of invertible matrices. Row reduced and
echelon forms, Normal form and congruence operations.
● Solutions of systems of linear equations of the form 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏 and their applications.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. W. S. Burnstine and A. W. Panton, Theory of Equations, Nabu Press.
2. Bernard and Child: Higher Algebra, Arihant Publications.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 10

 3. Titu Andreescu and Dorin Andrica, Complex Numbers from A to Z, Birkhauser.
4. M. K. Sen, S. Ghosh and P. Mukhopadhyay, Topics in Abstract Algebra, University Press.
5. K. Hoffman, R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, Pearson.
6. David C. Lay, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education Asia, Indian Reprint.
7. K. B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
8. P. K. Saikai, Linear Algebra, Pearson.
9. Neal H. McCoy: Introduction to Modern Algebra, Brown (William C.) Co.
10. Shanti Narayan: A Textbook of Matrices, S Chand.
11. V. Krishnamurthy, V.P. Arora: An Introduction to Linear Algebra, Affiliated East-West Press.
12. L. Mirsky: An Introduction to Linear Algebra, Dover Publications.
13. J. B. Fraleigh: A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Pearson.
14. I. N. Herstein: Topics in Algebra, Wiley.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-II
Course Code: MATH-SEC-T-02
Course Title: Fuzzy Set Theory
Skill Enhancement Course; Credit-3; Full Marks-45
COURSE CONTENT: 3 Credits (2+1) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1. [20L]
● Fuzzy Sets: Basic concepts, 𝛼-cuts and its properties
● Representations of fuzzy sets, decomposition theorems.
● Support, convexity, normality, cardinality of fuzzy sets.
● Standard set-theoretic operations on fuzzy sets.
● Zadeh’s extension principle.
Unit 2. [15L]
● Interval numbers, arithmetic operations on interval numbers,
● Fuzzy numbers.
● Arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers (multiplication and division on ℝ+ only).
● Fuzzy equations.
Unit 3. [10L]
● Crisp versus fuzzy relations.
● Fuzzy matrices and fuzzy graphs.
● Composition of fuzzy relations, relational joins.
● Binary fuzzy relations.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. H. J. Zimmermann, Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications, Springer.
2. G. J. Klir, B. Yuan, Fuzzy Sets & Fuzzy Logic, Theory and Applications, Pearson.
3. A. Kaufmann, M.M. Gupta, Introduction to Fuzzy Arithmetic: Theory and Applications, Van Nostrand.
4. R. Lowen, Fuzzy Set Theory, Springer.
5. G. Bojadziev and M. Bojadziev, Fuzzy Set, Fuzzy Logic, Applications, World Scientific.
Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 11
 B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)
SEMESTER-II
Course Code: MATH-MI-T-01
Course title: Algebra & Analytical Geometry
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
● Complex Numbers: De Moivre’s theorem and its applications. Exponential, Sine, Cosine and Logarithm
of a complex number. Definition of az. Inverse circular and hyperbolic functions.
● Polynomials: Fundamental theorem of algebra (Statement only). Polynomials with real coefficients,
nature of roots of an equation (surd or complex roots occur in pairs). Statement of Descartes rule of signs
and its applications. Relation between roots and coefficients, transformations of equations. Cardan’s
method of solution of a cubic equation.
● Rank of a matrix: Determination of rank either by considering minors or by sweep-out process.
Consistency and solution of a system of linear equations (not more than 3 variables) by matrix method.
● Equivalence relations and partitions. Functions, composition of functions, invertible functions, one to
one correspondence and cardinality of a set
● Definition and elementary properties of groups. Concepts of permutation Group, alternating group,
finite groups: 𝑆3 , 𝑉4 . The group 𝑍𝑛 of integers under addition modulo n.
● Order of an element, order of a group, subgroups and examples of subgroups.
Unit 2. [30L]
● Transformations of rectangular axes: Translation, rotation and their combinations. Invariants.

● General equation of second degree in x and y: Reduction to canonical forms. Classification of conics.

● Pair of straight lines: Condition that the general equation of 2 nd degree in x and y may represent two
straight lines. Point of intersection of two intersecting straight lines. Angle between two lines given by
ax2+2hxy+by2=0. Equation of bisectors. Equation of two lines joining the origin to the points in which a
line meets a conic.

● Polar equation of straight lines and circles. Polar equation of a conic refers to a focus as a pole. Equation
of chord joining two points. Equations of tangents and normals.

● Sphere and its tangent planes. Right circular cone.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Titu Andreescu and Dorin Andrica, Complex Numbers from A to Z, Birkhauser.
2. W.S. Burnstine and A.W. Panton, Theory of Equations, Nabu Press.
3. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited, India.
4. K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
5. David C. Lay, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 3rd Ed., Pearson Education Asia, Indian Reprint.
6. K. Hoffman, R. Kunze, Linear Algebra, Pearson.
8. P. R. Vittal, Analytical Geometry 2D and 3D, Pearson.
9. S. L. Loney, Co-ordinate Geometry, Arihant Publications.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 12

 B.Sc. Mathematics (Multidisciplinary)
SEMESTER-II
Course Code: MATH-MD-T-02
Course title: Basic Mathematics
Multidisciplinary Course; Credit-3; Full Marks-45
COURSE CONTENT: 3 Credits (3+0) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. Set Theory: [5L]

• Introduction to sets and their representations. The empty set, finite and infinite sets, equal sets, subsets,
power set, and Universal set.
• Venn Diagrams, operations on sets, complement of a set, problems on union and intersection of sets.
Unit 2. Complex Numbers: [5L]
• Polar representation of complex numbers.
• De Moivre’s theorem (without proof) for rational indices and their applications.

Unit 3. Theory of Equations: [10L]

• Introduction and definition of equation. Types of equations.
• Relation between roots and coefficients. Descartes’s rule of signs.
• Linear and quadratic equations and their solution. Nature of the roots of quadratic equations.

Unit 4. Matrix & Determinant: [10L]

• Definition of a Matrix. Types of Matrices. Elementary operations on Matrices.
• Determinant of a square matrix (up to third order). Properties of determinants. Cofactors and minor of a
determinant.
• Transpose and Adjoint of a matrix. Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices.
• Inverse of a matrix. Solution of system of linear equations (up to third order) using matrix inversion
method and Cramer’s Rule.
Unit 5. [5L]
• Definition and scope of statistics, concepts of statistical population and sample.
• Data: qualitative and quantitative, discrete and continuous data types, primary and secondary data.
• Presentation of data: tabular and graphical.
• Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution and their graphical representations: histogram,
frequency polygon, frequency curve, and O-gives.
Unit 6. [10L]
• Measures of Central Tendency: mean, weighted mean, median, mode.
• Measures of Dispersion: range, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, moments,
skewness and kurtosis.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. A. Kumar, S. Kumaresan, B.K. Sarma, A Foundation Course in Mathematics, Narosa Publishing House.
2. Bernard and Child: Higher Algebra, Arihant Publications.
3. I. Stewart, D. Tall, The Foundations of Mathematics. Oxford University Press.
4. M.K. Sen, S. Ghosh and P. Mukhopadhyay, Topics in Abstract Algebra, University Press.
5. K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
6. Shanti Narayan: A Textbook of Matrices, S Chand.
7. A.M. Goon, M.K. Gupta, B. Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. I & II, 8th Edn. The World Press.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 13

 8. Irwin Miller, Marylees Miller, John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with Applications, (7th Edn.),
Pearson Education, Asia.
9. A.M. Mood, F.A. Graybill, D.C. Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, Tata McGraw-Hill.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-III
Course Code: MATH-M-T-03
Course title: Real Analysis-I
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [10L]
● Review of algebraic and order properties of R.
● Idea of countable sets, uncountable sets and uncountability of R. Countability of Q.
● Bounded above sets, bounded below sets, bounded sets, unbounded sets. Suprema and infima.
● Completeness property of R and its equivalent properties.
● The Archimedean property, density of rational (and irrational) numbers in R, intervals.
● Intervals, ε-neighbourhood of a point in R, interior points, limit points, isolated points, open set, closed
set, union and intersection of open and closed sets. Derived set, closure of a set, interior of a set.
● Illustrations of Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem for sets.
Unit 2. [15L]
● Sequences, bounded sequence, convergent sequence, limit of a sequence, lim inf, lim sup.
● Limit theorems. Sandwich theorem. Nested interval theorem
● Monotone sequences, monotone convergence theorem.
● Subsequences, divergence criteria. Monotone subsequence theorem (statement only).
● Bolzano Weierstrass theorem for sequences.
● Cauchy sequence, Cauchy’s convergence criterion, Cauchy’s 1st and 2nd limit theorem
Unit 3. [ 15L]
● Infinite series, convergence and divergence of infinite series, Cauchy criterion.
● Tests for convergence: comparison test, limit comparison test, ratio test: D'Alembert's ratio test,
Raabe's test, Cauchy’s root test, Gauss test, integral test, Cauchy's condensation test with examples.
● Alternating series, Leibnitz test. Absolute and conditional convergence.
Unit 4: [15L]
● Limits of functions (ε - δ approach). Sequential criterion for limits. Divergence criteria. Limit
theorems, one sided limit. Infinite limits and limits at infinity.
● Continuous functions, neighbourhood property. Sequential criterion for continuity and discontinuity.
Algebra of continuous functions. Continuous functions on an interval,
● Bolzano’s Theorem, intermediate value theorem. Location of roots theorem, preservation of intervals
theorem.
● Uniform continuity, non-uniform continuity criteria, uniform continuity theorem.
● Differentiability of a function at a point and in an interval,

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 14

 ● Caratheodory’s theorem,
● Algebra of differentiable functions.
● Darboux’s theorem.
Unit 5. [15L]
● Rolle’s theorem.
● Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s mean value theorems.
● Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of remainder.
● Application of Taylor’s theorem to convex functions.
● Applications of mean value theorem to inequalities and approximation of polynomials.
● Relative extrema, interior extremum theorem.
● Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series expansions of exponential and trigonometric functions,
log(1 + 𝑥 ) , 1⁄(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) , (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 .

● Application of Taylor’s theorem to inequalities.

Graphical Demonstration (Teaching aid) [5L]
1. Plotting of recursive sequences.
2. Study the convergence of sequences through plotting.
3. Verify Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem through plotting of sequences and hence identify convergent
subsequences from the plot.
4. Study the convergence/divergence of infinite series by plotting their sequences of partial sum.
5. Cauchy's root test by plotting nth roots.
6. Ratio test by plotting the ratio of nth and (n+1)th term.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. R.G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt.
Ltd., Singapore.
2. Gerald G. Bilodeau, Paul R. Thie, G.E. Keough, An Introduction to Analysis, 2nd Ed., Jones& Bartlett.
3. Brian S. Thomson, Andrew. M. Bruckner and Judith B. Bruckner, Elementary Real Analysis, Prentice
Hall.
4. S.K. Berberian, a First Course in Real Analysis, Springer Verlag, New York.
5. T. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.
6. Courant and John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol I, Springer.
7. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill.
8. V. Karunakaran, Real Analysis, Pearson.
9. Terence, Tao, Analysis I, Hindustan Book Agency.
10. S. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis, Oxford & IBH Publishing.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 15

 B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)
SEMESTER-III
Course Code: MATH-SEC-T-03
Course title: Programming in C
Skill Enhancement Course; Credit-3; Full Marks-45
COURSE CONTENT: 2+1 Credits (T+P)

Unit 1. [15L]
● Brief historical development. Computer generation. Basic structure and elementary ideas of computer
systems, operating systems, hardware and software.
● Positional number systems: Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal systems. Binary arithmetic.
● BIT, BYTE, WORD. Coding of data -ASCII, EBCDIC, etc.
● Algorithms and flow chart: Important features, ideas about complexities of algorithms. Application in
simple problems.
Unit 2. [30L]
● Programming language and importance of ‘C’ programming.
● Constants, variables and data type of ‘C’-Program: Character set. Constants and variables data types,
expression, assignment statements, declaration.
● Operation and expressions: Arithmetic operators, relational operators, logical operators.
● Decision making and branching: Decision making with if statement, if-else statement, nesting if
statement, switch statement, break and continue statement.
● Control statements: While statement, do-while statement, for statement.
● Arrays: One-dimension, two-dimensional and multidimensional arrays, declaration of arrays,
initialization of one and multi-dimensional arrays.
● User-defined Functions: Definition of functions, scope of variables, return values and their types,
function declaration, function call by value, nesting of functions, passing of arrays to functions,
recurrence of function.
● Application to simple problems: Evaluation of functional values, solution of quadratic equations with
real coefficients, approximate sum of convergent infinite series, sorting of real numbers.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Yashvant Kanetkar, Let us C, BPB Publications.
2. V. Krishnamoorthy, K.R. Radhakrishnan, Programming in C, Tata McGraw Hilll.
3. Noel Kalicharan, C by Example, Cambridge Low price edition.
4. E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSI C, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. C. Xavier, C-Language and Numerical Methods, New Age International.
6. Byron S. Gottfried, Programming with C, McGraw Hill Education.
7. A. N. Kamthane, Programming in C, Pearson.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 16

 B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)
SEMESTER-III
Course Code: MATH-MI-T-02
Course title: Calculus & Differential Equations
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1. [25L]
● Real-valued functions defined on an interval, limit and Continuity of a function (using 𝜀 − 𝛿 ). Algebra
of limits. Differentiability of a function.
● Successive derivative: Leibnitz’s theorem and its application to problems of type
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 sinx, 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
● Partial derivatives. Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function of two and three variables.
● Curvature, rectilinear asymptotes.

● Indeterminate Forms: L’Hospital’s Rule (Statement and Problems only).

● Statement of Rolle’s Theorem and its geometrical interpretation. Mean value theorems of Lagrange and
Cauchy. Statements of Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorems with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of
remainders. Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s infinite series of functions like ex, sinx, cosx, (1+x)n, log(1+x) with
restrictions wherever necessary.
● Application of the principle of maxima and minima for a function of a single variable.

Unit 2. [5L]
● Reduction formulae, derivations and illustrations of reduction formulae of the type
∫𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫(log 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Unit 3. [ 20L]
● First order equations: (i) Exact equations and those reducible to such equations. (ii) Euler’s and
Bernoulli’s equations (Linear). (iii) Clairaut’s Equations: General and Singular solutions.

● Second order differential equation: (i) Method of variation of parameters, (ii) Method of undetermined
coefficients.

● Linear homogeneous equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters,

simultaneous differential equations.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:

1. R. G. Bartle and D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd.,
Singapore.
2. T. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.
3. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill
4. Anton, I. Birens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
5. G. B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, Pearson Education.
6. Santi Narayan, Integral Calculus, S. Chand.
7. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 17

8. E. L. Ince, Ordinary Differential Equations, Dover Publications.
9. E. Rukmangadachari, Differential Equations, Pearson.
10. D. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Longmans Green and Co.
11. G. F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, Tata McGraw Hill.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Multidisciplinary)

SEMESTER-III
Course Code: MATH-MD-T-03
Course title: Basic Mathematics
Multidisciplinary Course; Credit-3; Full Marks-45
COURSE CONTENT: 3 Credits (3+0) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1. Set Theory: [5L]
• Introduction to sets and their representations. The empty set, finite and infinite sets, equal sets, subsets,
power set, and Universal set.
• Venn Diagrams, operations on sets, complement of a set, problems on union and intersection of sets.
Unit 2. Complex Numbers: [5L]
• Polar representation of complex numbers.
• De Moivre’s theorem (without proof) for rational indices and their applications.

Unit 3. Theory of Equations: [10L]

• Introduction and definition of equation. Types of equations.
• Relation between roots and coefficients. Descartes’s rule of signs.
• Linear and quadratic equations and their solution. Nature of the roots of quadratic equations.

Unit 4. Matrix & Determinant: [10L]

• Definition of a Matrix. Types of Matrices. Elementary operations on Matrices.
• Determinant of a square matrix (up to third order). Properties of determinants. Cofactors and minor of a
determinant.
• Transpose and Adjoint of a matrix. Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices.
• Inverse of a matrix. Solution of system of linear equations (up to third order) using matrix inversion
method and Cramer’s Rule.
Unit 5. [5L]
• Definition and scope of statistics, concepts of statistical population and sample.
• Data: qualitative and quantitative, discrete and continuous data types, primary and secondary data.
• Presentation of data: tabular and graphical.
• Frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution and their graphical representations: histogram,
frequency polygon, frequency curve, and O-gives.
Unit 6. [10L]
• Measures of Central Tendency: mean, weighted mean, median, mode.
• Measures of Dispersion: range, mean deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, moments,
skewness and kurtosis.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. A. Kumar, S. Kumaresan, B.K. Sarma, A Foundation Course in Mathematics, Narosa Publishing House.
2. Bernard and Child: Higher Algebra, Arihant Publications.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 18

 3. I. Stewart, D. Tall, The Foundations of Mathematics. Oxford University Press.
4. M.K. Sen, S. Ghosh and P. Mukhopadhyay, Topics in Abstract Algebra, University Press.
5. K.B. Dutta, Matrix and Linear Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
6. Shanti Narayan: A Textbook of Matrices, S Chand.
7. A.M. Goon, M.K. Gupta, B. Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. I & II, The World Press.
8. Irwin Miller, Marylees Miller, John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with Applications, Pearson
Education, Asia.
9. A.M. Mood, F.A. Graybill, D.C. Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, Tata McGraw-Hill.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-IV
Course Code: MATH-M-T-04
Course title: Differential Equations
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [15L]
● Differential equations and mathematical models.
● General, particular, explicit, implicit and singular solutions of a differential equation.
● Separable equations and equations reducible to this form.
● Exact differential equations and integrating factors.
● Linear equation and Bernoulli equations, special integrating factors and transformations.
● First order and higher degree differential equations, solvable for x, y and p, Clairaut’s Equations: general
and singular solutions.
Unit 2. [15L]
● Lipschitz condition and Picard’s Theorem (Statement only).
● General solution of homogeneous equation of second order, principle of superposition.
● Wronskian: its properties and applications, linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations of
higher order with constant coefficients.
● Euler’s equation, method of undetermined coefficients.
● Method of variation of parameters.
Unit 3. [15L]
● Systems of linear differential equations.
● Types of linear systems.,
● Differential operators.
● An operator method for linear systems with constant coefficients.
● Basic Theory of linear systems in normal form.
● Homogeneous linear systems with constant coefficients, two Equations in two unknown functions.
Unit 4. [10L]
● Equilibrium points.
● Interpretation of the phase plane.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 19

 ● Power series solution of a differential equation about an ordinary point, solution about a regular singular
point.
Unit 5. [15L]
● Partial differential equations – Basic concepts and definitions. Mathematical problems.
● First order equations: classification, construction and geometrical interpretation, Lagrange’s method,
Charpit’s method.
● Method of characteristics for obtaining general solution of quasi linear equations.
● Canonical forms of first-order linear equations.
● Method of separation of variables for solving first order partial differential equations.
Graphical demonstration (Teaching aid) [5L]
1. Plotting a family of curves which are solutions of second order differential equations.
2. Plotting a family of curves which are solutions of third order differential equations.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. S.L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India.
2. E.L. Ince, Ordinary Differential Equations, Dover Publications.
3. E. Rukmangadachari, Differential Equations, Pearson.
4. D. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Longmans Green and Co.
5. G.F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, Tata Mcgraw Hill.
6. Belinda Barnes, Glenn R. Fulford, Mathematical Modeling with Case Studies, A Differential Equation
Approach using Maple and Matlab, 2nd Ed., Taylor and Francis group, London and New York.
7. C.H. Edwards, D.E. Penny, Differential Equations and Boundary Value problems Computing and
Modeling, Pearson Education India.
8. Martha L Abell, James P Braselton, Differential Equations with MATHEMATICA, 3rd Ed., Elsevier
Academic Press.
9. Boyce and DiPrima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, John Wiley.
10. I. N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, Mcgraw-Hill International Edition.
11. K. Sankara Rao, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, PHI, Third Edition.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-IV
Course Code: MATH-M-T-05
Course title: Algebra-II
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
● Properties of cosets.
● Lagrange’s theorem and consequences including Fermat’s little theorem.
● External direct product of a finite number of groups.
● Center of a group, centralizer, normalizer.
● Normal subgroups.
● Factor groups.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 20

 ● Cauchy’s theorem for finite abelian groups.
● Group homomorphisms, basic properties of homomorphisms.
● Cayley’s theorem.
● Properties of isomorphisms. First, second and third isomorphism theorems.
● Automorphism, inner automorphism, automorphism groups, automorphism groups of finite and infinite
cyclic groups, applications of factor groups to automorphism groups.
● Characteristic subgroups, Commutator subgroups and its properties.
Unit 2. [10L]
● Properties of external direct products, the group of units modulo n as an external direct product, internal
direct products.
● Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups.
● Sylow’s theorems and consequences.
● Cauchy’s theorem, Simplicity of An for n ≥ 5, non-simplicity tests.
Unit 3. [15L]
● Definition and examples of rings. Properties of rings,
● Subrings.
● Integral domains and fields. Characteristics of a ring.
● Ideal, ideal generated by a subset of a ring.
● Factor rings.
● Operations on ideals.
● Prime and maximal ideals.
● Ring homomorphisms, properties of ring homomorphisms.
● Isomorphism theorems I, II and III.
Unit 4: [15L]
● Concept of Vector space over a field: Examples, concepts of Linear combinations, linear dependence
and independence of a finite number of vectors.
● Sub- space, concepts of generators and basis of a finite dimensional vector space.
● Replacement theorem. Extension theorem. Deletion theorem and their applications.
● Row space, column space.
● Euclidean Spaces. Orthogonal and orthonormal vectors. Gram-Schmidt process of orthogonalization
Unit 5. [15L]
● Linear transformations. Null space. Range, rank and nullity of a linear transformation, matrix
representation of a linear transformation, algebra of linear transformations.
● Eigenvalues, eigen vectors and characteristic equation of a matrix. Matric polynomials, Cayley-
Hamilton theorem and its use in finding the inverse of a matrix.
● Diagonalization, Canonical forms.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. D. S. Malik, John M. Mordeson and M.K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill.
2. John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson.
3. M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson.
4. Joseph A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 21

 5. Joseph J. Rotman, An Introduction to the Theory of Groups, 4th Ed., Springer Verlag.
6. R. K. Sharma, S. K. Shah and A. G. Shankar, Algebra-I, Pearson.
7. U. M. Swamy, A.R.S.N. Murthy, Algebra, Pearson.
8. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited, India.

B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)

SEMESTER-IV
Course Code: MATH-MI-T-02
Course title: Calculus & Differential Equations
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [25L]
● Real-valued functions defined on an interval, limit and Continuity of a function (using 𝜀 − 𝛿 ). Algebra
of limits. Differentiability of a function.
● Successive derivative: Leibnitz’s theorem and its application to problems of type
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 sinx, 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
● Partial derivatives. Euler’s theorem on homogeneous function of two and three variables.
● Curvature, rectilinear asymptotes.
● Indeterminate Forms: L’Hospital’s Rule (Statement and Problems only).
● Statement of Rolle’s Theorem and its geometrical interpretation. Mean value theorems of Lagrange and
Cauchy. Statements of Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorems with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of
remainders. Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s infinite series of functions like ex, sinx, cosx, (1+x)n, log(1+x) with
restrictions wherever necessary.
● Application of the principle of maxima and minima for a function of a single variable.

Unit 2. [5L]
● Reduction formulae, derivations and illustrations of reduction formulae of the type
● ∫𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫(log 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Unit 3. [ 20L]
● First order equations: (i) Exact equations and those reducible to such equations. (ii) Euler’s and
Bernoulli’s equations (Linear). (iii) Clairaut’s Equations: General and Singular solutions.
● Second order differential equation: (i) Method of variation of parameters, (ii) Method of undetermined
coefficients.
● Linear homogeneous equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters,
simultaneous differential equations.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. R.G. Bartle, D.R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
2. T. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.
3. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill
4. Anton, I. Birens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
5. G. B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, Pearson Education.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 22

6. Santi Narayan, Integral Calculus, S. Chand.
7. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India.
8. E. L. Ince, Ordinary Differential Equations, Dover Publications.
9. E. Rukmangadachari, Differential Equations, Pearson.
10. D. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Longmans Green and Co.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-V
Course Code: MATH-M-T-06
Course title: Riemann Integration and Series of Functions
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
● Riemann integration: inequalities of upper and lower sums, Darbaux theorem, Riemann conditions of
integrability, Riemann sum and definition, Riemann integral through Riemann sums.
● Equivalence of two definitions. Riemann integrability of monotone and continuous functions, properties
of the Riemann integral; definition and integrability of piecewise continuous and monotone functions.
● Fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
● 1st and 2nd mean value theorems for integral calculus.
Unit 2. [25L]
● Improper integration: Type1, Type2. Necessary and sufficient condition for convergence of improper
integral in both cases. Cauchy’s Criterion. Cauchy’s principal value.
● Tests of convergence: Comparison and 𝜇-test. Absolute and non-absolute convergence and. Abel’s and
Dirichlet’s test for convergence on the integral of a product.
● Convergence of Beta and Gamma functions. Relation between beta and gamma functions and related
problems.
Unit 3. [25L]
● Pointwise and uniform convergence of sequence of functions. Theorems on continuity, derivability and
integrability of the limit function of a sequence of functions.
● Series of functions. Theorems on the continuity and derivability of the sum function of a series of
functions; Cauchy criterion for uniform convergence and Weierstrass M-Test.
● Power series, radius of convergence, Cauchy Hadamard theorem. Differentiation and integration of
power series; Abel’s theorem; Weierstrass approximation theorem.
Unit 4. [5L]
● Fourier series: Definition of Fourier coefficients and series, examples of Fourier expansions and
summation results for series.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. R. G. Bartle D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd.
2. K. A. Ross, Elementary Analysis, The Theory of Calculus, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics,
Springer (SIE), Indian reprint.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 23

 3. V. Karunakaran, Real Analysis, Pearson.
4. Charles G. Denlinger, Elements of Real Analysis, Jones & Bartlett (Student Edition).
5. S. Goldberg, Calculus and mathematical analysis.
6. T. Apostol, Calculus I, II, John Wiley & Sons.
7. G. P. Tolstov, Fourier Series, Dover Publications.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-V
Course Code: MATH-M-T&P-07
Course title: Numerical Analysis (Theory & Practical)
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75

COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (4+0+2) (Theory + Tutorial + Practical)

Numerical Methods (Theory)

Unit 1. [10L]
● Algorithms, convergence, errors, relative, absolute, round-off, truncation errors.
● Interpolation, Lagrange and Newton’s methods. Error bounds. Finite difference operators. Gregory
forward and backward difference interpolation. Central difference interpolation formula: Stirling and
Bessel interpolation
● Numerical differentiation, methods based on interpolations, methods based on finite differences.
Unit 2. [10L]
• Numerical integration, Newton Cotes formula, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, Simpson’s 3/8th
rule, Weddle’s rule, Boole’s rule. Midpoint rule, composite trapezoidal rule, composite Simpson’s 1/3rd
rule, Gauss quadrature formula.
Unit 3. [10L]
● Transcendental and polynomial equations, bisection method, Newton’s method, secant method, Regula-
falsi method, fixed point iteration, Newton-Raphson method, rate of convergence of these methods.
● System of linear algebraic equations, Gaussian elimination and Gauss Jordan methods, Gauss Jacobi
method, Gauss Seidel method and their convergence analysis, LU decomposition
Unit 4. [10L]
● The algebraic eigenvalue problem, power method.
● Approximation, least square polynomial approximation.
Unit 5: [10L]
● Ordinary differential equations: The method of successive approximations, Euler’s method, the modified
Euler method, Runge-Kutta methods of orders two and four.
List of Practical Problems (Using C programming) [25L]
(Two experiments are to be performed in the presence of External Examiner (7.5x2) and viva: 5)
(A practical notebook must be maintained as a part of internal Assessment)
(i) Bisection Method.

(ii) Newton Raphson Method.

(iii) Secant Method.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 24

(iv) Regula Falsi Method.

(v) LU decomposition Method.

(vi) Gauss-Jacobi Method.

(vi) Gauss-Seidel Method.

(vii) Lagrange’s Interpolation

(viii) Trapezoidal Rule.

(ix) Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.

(x) Euler’s method.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Scarborough, James B., Numerical Mathematical Analysis, Oxford and IBH publishing Co.
2. M.K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar and R.K. Jain, Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering, New Age
International Publishers.
3. S. S. Sastry, Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, PHI.
4. Brian Bradie, A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, India.
5. C. F. Gerald and P. O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson Education, India.
6. Uri M. Ascher and Chen Greif, A First Course in Numerical Methods, PHI Learning Private Limited.
7. P. S. Das, C. Vijayakumari, Numerical analysis, Pearson.
8. John H. Mathews and Kurtis D. Fink, Numerical Methods using Matlab, PHI Learning Private Limited.

B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)

SEMESTER-V
Course Code: MATH-MI-T-03
Course title: Linear Programming Problem
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50

COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [10L]
● Introduction to linear programming problems, Graphical solution of LPP.
● Convex sets. Basic solutions and non-basic solutions. Reduction of B.F.S from B.S.
Unit 2 [20L]
● Simplex method, Big‐𝑀, two‐phase method, method and their comparison.
● Duality, formulation of the dual problem, primal‐dual relationships, economic interpretation of the dual.
Unit 3. [20L]
● Transportation problem and its mathematical formulation, northwest‐corner method, least cost method
and Vogel approximation method for determination of initial basic solution. Algorithms for solving
transportation problems.
● Assignment problem and its mathematical formulation, Hungarian method for solving assignment
problem.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 25

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, Prentice‐Hall India.
2. G. Hadley, Linear Programming, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. M.S. Bazaraa, J.J. Jarvis, H.D. Sherali, Linear Programming and Network Flows, John Wiley and Sons.
4. F.S. Hillier and G.J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, Tata McGraw Hill, Singapore.
5. S.I. Gass, Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, Dover Publications.
6. T. Veerarajan, Operation Research, University Press.
7. K. Swarup, P.K. Gupta and Man Mohan, Operations Research, Sultanchand.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VI
Course Code: MATH-M-T-08
Course title: Mechanics-I
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75

COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1: [15L]
● Motion in a straight line, motion under attractive and repulsive forces, motion under acceleration due to
gravity.
● Simple harmonic motion, horizontal oscillation, composition of two S.H.M.’s, damped harmonic motion,
forced oscillation, damped forced oscillation.
● Motion in a resisting medium: Vertical and curvilinear motion in a resisting medium.
● Motion of varying mass: Equations of motion.
Unit 2: [15L]
● Work, Power and Energy: Definitions. Work done in stretching an elastic string.
● Conservative forces. Conservation of energy.
● Impulse and impulsive forces: Impulse of a force. Impulsive forces. Conservation of linear momentum.
● Collision of elastic bodies: Elasticity. Impact of smooth bodies. Impact on a fixed plane. Direct and
oblique impact of two smooth spheres. Loss of kinetic energy. Angle of deflection
Unit 3: [20L]
● Motion in a Plane: Velocity and acceleration of a particle moving on a plane in Cartesian and polar
coordinates. Motion of a particle moving on a plane refers to a set of rotating rectangular axes. Angular
velocity and acceleration. Circular motion. Tangential and normal accelerations.
● Central orbit: Characteristics of central orbits. Areal velocity. Law of force for elliptic, parabolic and
hyperbolic orbits. Velocity under central forces. Orbit under radial and transverse accelerations. Stability
of nearly circular orbits.
● Planetary motion: Newtonian law. Orbit under inverse square law. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
Time of description of an arc of an elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbit. Effect of disturbing forces on
the orbit. Artificial satellites: Orbit round the earth. Parking orbits. Escape velocity.
Unit 4: [25L]
● Degrees of freedom. Moments and products of inertia: Moment of inertia (M.I) and product of inertia
(P.I.) of some simple cases. M.I. about a perpendicular axis. Routh’s rule. M.I. about parallel axes. M.I.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 26

 about any straight line. M.I. of a lamina about a straight line in its plane. Momental ellipsoid. Equi-
momental systems.
● General equations of motion: D’Alembert’s principle and its application to deduce general equations of
motion of a rigid body. Motion of the centre of inertia (C.I.) of a rigid body. Motion relative to C.I.
● Motion about an axis: Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed body. Equation of motion. K.E. of the body
rotating about an axis. Compound pendulum and its minimum time of oscillation.
● Motion in two dimensions under finite forces: Equations of motion. K.E. and angular momentum about
the origin of a rigid body moving in two dimensions. Two – dimensional of a solid of revolution down a
rough inclined plane. Necessary and sufficient conditions for pure rolling.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. J. L. Synge and B. A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.
2. I. H. Shames and G. K. M. Rao, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Dorling Kindersley Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
3. R. C. Hibbeler and A. Gupta, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Dorling Kindersley Pvt.
Ltd. (Pearson Education).
4. F. Chorlton, Textbook of Dynamics, John Wiley & Sons.
5. S. L. Loney, An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of particle and of Rigid Bodies, New Age
International Pvt. Ltd.
6. S. L. Loney, Elements of Statics and Dynamics I and II, AITBS.
7. A. S. Ramsey, Dynamics (Part I), CBS Publishers & Distributors.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VI
Course Code: MATH-M-T-09
Course title: Linear Programming Problems & Game Theory
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [10L]
● Introduction to linear programming problems. Mathematical formulation of LPP. Graphical solution.
● Convex sets. Basic solutions (B.S.) and non-basic solutions. Reduction of B.F.S from B.S.
Unit 2 [20L]
● Theory of simplex method. Optimality and unboundedness, the simplex algorithm, simplex method in
tableau format, introduction to artificial variables. Big‐M method. Two‐phase method.
● Duality, formulation of the dual problem, primal‐dual relationships, economic interpretation of dual.
Unit 3. [25L]
● Transportation problem and its mathematical formulation, northwest‐corner, row-minima, column
minima, matrix-minima, and Vogel approximation methods for determination of initial basic solution.
Algorithms for solving transportation problems.
● Assignment problem and its mathematical formulation, Hungarian method for solving assignment
problems.
● Travelling Salesman Problems.
Unit 4. [20L]
● Game theory: Formulation of two-person zero sum games.
Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 27
 ● Solving two-person zero sum games. Games with mixed strategies. Graphical solution procedure.
● Solving game using simplex algorithm.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, Prentice‐Hall India.
2. G. Hadley, Linear Programming, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Mokhtar S. Bazaraa, John J. Jarvis and Hanif D. Sherali, Linear Programming and Network Flows, John
Wiley and Sons, India.
4. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, Tata McGraw Hill, Singapore.
5. S. I. Gass, Linear Programming: Methods and Applications, Dover Publications.
6. T. Veerarajan, Operations Research, University Press.
7. K. Swarup, P. K. Gupta and Man Mohan, Operations Research, Sultanchand.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VI
Course Code: MATH-M-T-10
Course title: Multivariate Calculus, Vector & Tensor Analysis
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
● Functions of several variables, limit and continuity of functions of two or more variables.
● Differentiability and total differentiability. Partial differentiation
● Sufficient condition for differentiability. Schwarz’s theorem, Young’s theorem.
● Chain rule for one and two independent parameters.
● Homogeneous function and Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions and its converse.
● Jacobians and functional dependence.
● Extrema of functions of two variables, method of Lagrange multipliers, constrained optimization
problems.
Unit 2. [15L]
● Double integration over a rectangular region. Double integration over non-rectangular regions. Double
integrals in polar coordinates,
● Triple integrals. Triple integral over parallelepiped and solid regions. Volume by triple integrals,
cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
● Change of variables in double integrals and triple integrals.
Unit 3. [15L]
● Introduction to vector functions, operations with vector-valued function
● Limits and continuity of vector functions,
● Directional derivatives. Gradient, divergence, curl of vector functions
● Differentiation and integration of vector functions of one variable.
● Line integrals, applications of line integrals: Mass and work. Fundamental theorem for line integrals,
conservative vector fields, independence of path.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 28

 ● Green’s theorem, surface integrals, integrals over parametrically defined surfaces. Stoke’s theorem, The
divergence theorem. Applications of Green’s, Stoke’s and divergence theorems.
Unit 4. [25L]
● A tensor as a generalized concept of a vector in E3 and its generalization in En . Space of n –dimension.
Transformation of coordinates. Summation convention.
● Definition of scalar or invariant. Contravariant, covariant vectors and tensors, mixed tensors of
arbitrary order. Kronecker delta
● Equality of tensors, addition, subtraction of two tensors.
● Outer product of tensors, contraction and inner product of tensors.
● Symmetric and skew symmetric tensors.
● Quotient law, reciprocal tensor of a tensor.
● Metric tensor, Christoffel symbol, covariant derivative.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:

1. G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi.

2. M. J. Strauss, G. L. Bradley and K. J. Smith, Calculus, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson
Education), Delhi.
3. E. Marsden, A. J. Tromba and A. Weinstein, Basic Multivariable Calculus, Springer (SIE).
4. J. Stewart, Multivariable Calculus, Concepts and Contexts, Brooks /Cole, Thomson Learning, USA.
5. L. J. Goldstein, D. C. Lay and N. H. Asmar and D. I. Schneider, Calculus and its applications, Pearson.
6. Courant and John, Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol II, Springer.
7. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill.
8. Marsden, J., and Tromba, Vector Calculus, McGraw Hill.
9. Terence Tao, Analysis II, Hindustan Book Agency.
10. M. R. Spiegel, Schaum’s Outline of Vector Analysis.
11. P.K. Nayak, Vector Algebra and Analysis with Application, University Press.
12. M. S. Speizel, Vector Analysis, McGraw Hill Education.
13. Barry Spain, Vector Analysis, Von Nostrand.
14. B. Spain, Tensor Calculus: A Concise Course, Dover Publications.
15. D. C. Kay, Tensor Calculus, McGraw Hill Education.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-11
Course title: Probability & Statistics
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
● Sample space, probability axioms, real random variables (discrete and continuous).
● Probability distribution function, probability mass/density functions. Discrete distributions: uniform,
binomial, Poisson, geometric, negative binomial, continuous distributions: uniform, normal, exponential.
● Mathematical expectation, moments, moment generating function, characteristic function.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 29

Unit 2. [20L]
● Joint cumulative distribution function and its properties, joint probability density functions, marginal
and conditional distributions.
● Expectation of function of two random variables, conditional expectations, independent random
variables, bivariate normal distribution, correlation coefficient. Linear regression for two variables.
Unit 3. [15L]
● Chebyshev’s inequality, statement and interpretation of (weak) law of large numbers and strong law of
large numbers.
● Central limit theorem for independent and identically distributed random variables with finite variance.
Unit 4. [20L]
● Random samples, sampling distributions.
● Estimation of parameters and estimate – consistent and biased. Maximum likelihood estimation.
Applications to binomial, Poisson and normal populations.
● Confidence interval. Interval estimation for parameters of normal population. Confidence intervals for
mean and standard deviation of a normal population. Approximate confidence limits for the parameter
of a binomial population.
● Testing of hypotheses.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. A. Gupta, Groundwork of Mathematical Probability and Statistics, Academic publishers.
2. E. Rukmangadachari, Probability and Statistics, Pearson.
3. G. S. Rao, Probability and Statistics, University Press.
4. R.V. Hogg, J.W. McKean, A.T. Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Pearson Education, Asia.
5. Irwin Miller, Marylees Miller, John E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics with Applications, Pearson
Education, Asia.
6. Sheldon Ross, Introduction to Probability Models, Academic Press.
7. V. K. Rohatgi, A. K. Saleh, An Introduction to Probability and Statistics, Wiley.
8. S. Lipschutz, Probability: Schaum’s Outlines Series, McGraw Hill Education.
9. Alexander M. Mood, Franklin A. Graybill and Duane C. Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics,
Tata McGraw- Hill.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-12
Course title: Mechanics-II
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [15L]
● Coplanar forces: Reduction of a system of coplanar forces. Moment about any point as base. Equation
of the line of resultant. Necessary and sufficient conditions of equilibrium. Astatic equilibrium. Case of
three forces. Action at joint in a framework.
● Principle of Virtual work. Constraint forces and applied forces.
Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 30
 ● Forces in three dimensions: Moment of a force about a line. Reduction of a system of forces in space.
Poinsot’s central axis. Invariants of a system of forces. Equations of the central axis. Wrench and screw.
Condition for a single resultant force.
Unit 2: [15L]
● Centre of gravity: Centre of gravity of areas, surfaces and volumes (variation of gravity included). Pappus
theorem (statement only).
● Stable and unstable equilibrium. stability of equilibrium of two bodies other than spherical bodies.
Energy test of stability. Condition of stability of equilibrium of a perfectly rough heavy body lying on a
fixed body.
Unit 3: [15L]
● Real and ideal fluids. Pressure of fluid. Transmission of fluid pressure. Elasticity. Specific gravity. (* No
broad question is to be set from this section)
● Pressure of heavy fluids: Magnitude of pressure at a point in a liquid. Pressure at all points at the same
horizontal level in a liquid at rest under gravity. For a liquid in equilibrium under gravity, the difference
of pressure between any two points is proportional to their depths. Free surface of a homogeneous in
equilibrium under gravity is horizontal. Horizontal planes in a liquid in equilibrium under gravity are
surfaces of equal density. Pressure at any point in the lower of two immiscible liquids in equilibrium
under gravity; Surface of separation is a horizontal plane. Thrust of homogeneous liquids on the plane
surface.
● Condition of equilibrium of fluids: Pressure derivative in terms of force. Pressure equation and the
conditions of equilibrium. Surfaces of equal pressure. Fluid of equilibrium under gravity. Fluid in relative
equilibrium. Rotating fluid.
Unit 4: [15L]
● Centre of pressure: Definition, position of the centre of pressure (C.P.) of a plane area. C.P. of a plane
area immersed in a heavy liquid under gravity. Positions of centres of pressure of some simple areas, e.g.
triangular area, parallelogram, circular area, composite plane area. C.P. of a plane area immersed in a
number of liquids with different densities. Locus of the C.P. C.P. of a plane area referred to the axes
through its centroid.
● Thrusts on curved surfaces: Resultant thrust on a curved surface of a heavy homogeneous fluid at rest.
Resultant thrust on a solid body wholly or partially immersed in a heavy fluid at rest. Resultant vertical
thrust on a surface exposed to the pressure of a heavy fluid at rest. Resultant horizontal thrust in a given
direction on a given surface. Resultant thrust on any surface of a liquid at rest under given forces.
Resultant thrust on the curved surface of a solid bounded by a plane curve.
Unit 5: [15L]
● Equilibrium of floating bodies: Conditions of equilibrium. Bodies floating under constraint. Potential
energy of a liquid.
● Stability of floating bodies: Plane and surface of floatation. Buoyancy. Metacentre and metacentric
height. Conditions of stability of equilibrium. Properties of surface of buoyancy. Equilibrium of a vessel
containing liquid. Some elementary curves of buoyancy, e.g., triangle, rectangle. Oscillation of floating
bodies.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 31

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. Verma, R. S., A Textbook on Statics, Pothishala.
2. I.H. Shames, G.K.M. Rao, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd.
3. R.C. Hibbeler, A. Gupta, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd.
4. A.S. Ramsey, Hydrostatics, Cambridge University Press.
5. W.H. Besant, A.S. Ramsey, A Treatise on Hydromechanics: Part 1, CBS Publishers.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-13
Course title: Metric Spaces & Complex Analysis
Major Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [15L]
● Metric spaces: Definition and examples. Open and closed balls, neighbourhood, open set, interior of a
set. Limit point of a set, closed set, diameter of a set.
● Sequences in metric spaces, Cauchy sequences. Complete metric spaces, Cantor’s intersection theorem
(statement only), subspaces, dense sets, separable spaces.
Unit 2. [20L]
● Continuous mappings, sequential criterion, and other characterizations of continuity. Uniform continuity.
Connectedness in metric space and its basic properties, connected subsets of R.
● Compactness, sequential compactness, Heine-Borel property, countable compactness, totally bounded
spaces, finite intersection property, and continuous functions on compact sets.
Unit 3. [10L]
● Complex plane, functions of complex variables, limits, limits involving the point at infinity, continuity.
● Derivatives of functions, analytic functions, examples of analytic functions, differentiation formulas,
Cauchy-Riemann equations, sufficient conditions for differentiability.
Unit 4. [15L]
● Taylor series and its examples. Laurent series and its examples, absolute and uniform convergence of
power series.
● Complex line integral. Cauchy- Goursat theorem (statement only). Cauchy integral formula. Liouville’s
theorem. Fundamental theorem of classical algebra.
Unit 5. [15L]
● Zeros of an analytic function. Singularities and their classifications. Riemann’s Theorem, Rouche’s
Theorem. Argument Principle (statement only).
● Bilinear transformation. Conformal mapping. Contour integration.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. S. Kumaresan, Topology of Metric Spaces, Narosa Publishing House.
2. G. F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
3. S. Shirali, H. L. Vasudeva, Metric Spaces, Springer Verlag, London.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 32

 4. B. K. Lahiri, Elements of Functional Analysis, World Press.
5. L. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw Hill Education.
6. J. W. Brown, R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, McGraw-Hill.
7. R. Roopkumar, Complex Analysis, Pearson.
8. J. Bak and D. J. Newman, Complex Analysis, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag.
9. S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Complex Analysis.
10. E. M. Stein and R. Shakrachi, Complex Analysis, Princeton University Press.

B.Sc. Other than Mathematics (Minor)

SEMESTER-VII
Course: MATH-MI-T-04
Course title: Dynamics of a Particle
Minor Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50

COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1: [15L]
● Motion in a straight line, motion under attractive and repulsive forces, motion under acceleration due to
gravity.
● Simple Harmonic Motion, Horizontal Oscillation, Composition of two S.H.M.’s, damped harmonic
motion, forced oscillation, damped forced oscillation.
● Motion in a resisting medium: Vertical and curvilinear motion in a resisting medium.
● Motion of varying mass: Equations of motion.
Unit 2: [15L]
● Work, Power and Energy: Definitions. Work done in stretching an elastic string.
● Conservative forces. Conservation of energy.
● Impulse and impulsive forces: Impulse of a force. Impulsive forces. Conservation of linear momentum.
● Collision of elastic bodies: Elasticity. Impact of smooth bodies. Impact on a fixed plane. Direct and
oblique impact of two smooth spheres. Loss of kinetic energy. Angle of deflection
Unit 3: [20L]
● Motion in a Plane: Velocity and acceleration of a particle moving on a plane in Cartesian and polar
coordinates. Motion of a particle moving on a plane refers to a set of rotating rectangular axes. Angular
velocity and acceleration. Circular motion. Tangential and normal accelerations.
● Central orbit: Characteristics of central orbits. Areal velocity. Law of force for elliptic, parabolic and
hyperbolic orbits. Velocity under central forces. Orbit under radial and transverse accelerations. Stability
of nearly circular orbits.
● Planetary motion: Newtonian law. Orbit under inverse square law. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
Time of description of an arc of an elliptic, Parabolic and hyperbolic orbit. Effect of disturbing forces on
the orbit. Artificial satellites: Orbit round the earth. Parking orbits. Escape velocity.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. J. L. Synge and B. A. Griffith, Principles of Mechanics, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.
2. I. H. Shames and G. Krishna Mohan Rao, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 33

 3. R. C. Hibbeler and Ashok Gupta, Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, Dorling Kindersley
(India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
4. F. Chorlton, Textbook of Dynamics, John Wiley & Sons.
5. S. L. Loney, An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of particle and of Rigid Bodies, New Age
International Private Limited.
6. S. L. Loney, Elements of Statics and Dynamics I and II, AITBS.
7. A. S.Ramsey, Dynamics (Part I), CBS Publishers & Distributors.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VIII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-14
Course title: Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations
Major Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [20L]
• Existence and uniqueness of Initial Value Problems: Picard's Theorem, Gronwall's lemma.
• Boundary Value Problems: Regular Sturm-Liouville problems, Sturm Separation theorem, Sturm
Comparison theorem.
• Green's functions.
• Series solution of second order linear equations: ordinary points, regular singular points: Fuchs’ theorem
and Frobenius theorem (statement only).
• Legendre polynomials and properties, Bessel functions and properties.
Unit 2. [10L]
● Derivation of heat equation, wave equation and Laplace equation.
● Classification of second order linear equations as hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic.
● Reduction of second order linear equations to canonical forms.
Unit 3. [20L]
● The Cauchy problem, Cauchy-Kowalewskaya theorem, Cauchy problem of an infinite string.
● Initial boundary value problems. Semi-infinite string with a fixed end, semi-infinite string with a free
end.
● Equations with non-homogeneous boundary conditions. Non- homogeneous wave equation.
● Method of separation of variables, solving the vibrating string problem. Solving the heat conduction
problem.
● One dimensional diffusion equation and parabolic differential equations. Method of separation of
variables. Solving the vibrating string problem and the heat conduction problem.
● Wave equation. Travelling Waves.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. I. N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw Hill.
2. L. C. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, American Mathematical Society Press.
3. P. J. Oliver, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Springer.
4. Tyn Myint-U, L. Debnath, Linear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, Springer.
5. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, John Wiley and Sons.
Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 34
 6. F. H. Miller, Partial Differential Equations, John Wiley and Sons.
7. G. B. Folland, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Princeton University Press.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VIII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-15
Course title: Classical Mechanics & Operations Research
Major Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Classical Mechanics
Unit 1. [10L]
• Generalized coordinates. Generalized forces. Constraints. Virtual work. Holonomic and non-holonomic
systems.
• Lagrange’s equations of first kind and second kind. Lagrange’s equations using D’ Alembert’s Principle
for a holonomic conservative system.
• Hamilton’s Principle. Derivation of Hamilton’s principle from D’Alembert’s principle. Derivation of
Lagrange equations from Hamilton’s principle.
Unit 2. [10L]
• Physical significance of Hamiltonian.
• Hamilton equations of motion.
• Derivation of Hamilton’s equations from variational principle.
• Cyclic coordinates and Routhian procedure.
Unit 3. [5L]
• Canonical transformations, Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Method of Separation of variables.
• Hamilton’s equations in Poisson bracket.

Operations Research
Unit 4. [5L]
• Extension of Linear Programming Methods: Theory of Revised Simplex Method and algorithmic
solution approaches to linear programs, Dual-Simplex Method.
Unit 5. [5L]
• Sensitivity Analysis: Changes in price vector of objective function, changes in resource requirement
vector, addition of decision variable, addition of a constraint.
Unit 6. [5L]
• Parametric Programming: Variation in price vector, Variation in requirement vector.
Unit 7. [10L]
• Integer Programming (IP): The concept of cutting plane for linear integer programs, Gomory’s cutting
plane method, Gomory’s All-Integer Programming Method, Mixed integer programming method,
Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for general integer programs.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 35

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Narosa publishing house, New Delhi.
2. Donald T. Greenwood, Classical Dynamics, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall Private Limited, New Delhi.
3. N.C. Rane, P.S.C. Joag, Classical Mechanics, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
4. S. Chandra, Classical Mechanics: A Textbook, UK: Alpha Science International.
5. John R. Taylor, Classical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, California: University Science Books, Sausalito.
6. J.E. Marsden, Lectures on Mechanics, Cambridge University Press.
7. Linear Programming – G. Hadley.
8. Mathematical Programming Techniques – N. S.Kambo.
9. Nonlinear and Dynamic Programming – G. Hadley.
10. Operations Research – K. Swarup, P. K. Gupta and Man Mohan.
11. Operations Research – H. A. Taha.
12. Operations Research – S. D. Sharma.
13. Introduction to Operations Research – A. Frederick, F. S. Hillier and G. J. Lieberman.
14. Optimization: Theory and Applications – S. S. Rao.
15. Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Optimization – Christodoulos A. Floudas.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VIII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-16
Course title: Differential Geometry & Topology
Major Course; Credit-4; Full Marks-50
COURSE CONTENT: 4 Credits (3+1) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1 [15L]
• Topological spaces, definition and examples, basis and sub-basis for a given topology, topology on a set
generated by a family of subsets, metric topology.
• Neighbourhood of a point, interior points, limit points, derived set, boundary of a set, closed sets, closure
and interior of set, their basic properties and their relations, dense subsets.
• Subspace topology, definition, examples and basic properties
Unit 2 [10L]
• Continuous, open, closed mappings, examples and counter examples, their different characterizations
and basic properties, homeomorphism, topological properties.
• First, second countable and separable spaces with examples and basic properties.
• Separation axioms, 𝑇0 , 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 spaces, regular topological spaces with examples, basic
characterizations
Unit 3. [15L]
• Functions of several variables, continuity, differentiability,
• Directional derivatives, inverse and implicit function theorems (statement only).
• Parametrised curves, reparametrisation, curvature and torsion.
Unit 4. [10L]
• 3
ℝ and its subspaces as topological spaces, homeomorphisms, surfaces, tangents, normal, orientability.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 36

 • First fundamental quadratic forms of surfaces, Second fundamental quadratic forms of surfaces,
curvature of curves on surfaces, Principal curvatures, Gaussian curvatures, Geodesics.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:

1. J. Dugundji, Topology, Allyn and Bacon.

2. J. R. Munkres, Topology, A First Course, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
3. M. A. Armstrong, Basic Topology, Springer.
4. G. F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw Hill.
5. S. Kumaresan, Topology of Metric Spaces.
6. L. Steen, J. Seebach, Counter Examples in Topology, Holt, Reinhart and Winston, New York.
7. Andrew Pressley, Elementary Differential Geometry.
8. M. P. Do Carmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces.
9. Banchoff Lovett, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces.
10. S. Dinees, Multivariate Calculus and Geometry.
11. James Munkres, Analysis on Manifolds.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VIII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-17
Course title: Real Analysis-II & Functional Analysis
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)

Unit 1. [15L]
• Functions of bounded variation, Definition and basic properties, Lipschitz condition.
• Absolutely continuous functions, Definition and basic properties.
• Characterization of an absolutely continuous function in terms of its derivative vanishing almost everywhere.
• Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Basic properties and conditions for existence, integration by parts, change of
variable.

Unit 2. [20L]

• The Lebesgue measure, Definition of the Lebesgue outer measure on the power set of R.
• Countable subadditivity, Measurability of an interval, Countable additivity.
• Characterizations of measurable sets by open sets.
• 𝑮𝜹 sets, closed sets and 𝑭𝝈 sets, Measurability of Borel sets.
• Measurable functions, Definition on a measurable set in R and basic properties.
• Simple functions, Sequences of measurable functions.
• Measurable functions as the limits of sequences of simple functions.

Unit 3. [15L]
• Hölder’s and Minkowski’s inequalities (statement only), Baire’s category theorem. The spaces ℝ𝑘 , ℂ𝑘 ,
ℂ[𝑎, 𝑏], ℓ𝑝 .

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 37

• Contraction, Banach’s fixed point theorem, simple applications
• Normed-linear spaces, Banach spaces, Riesz’s lemma (statement only). Finite dimensional normed linear
spaces and subspaces, completeness, compactness criteria, Equivalent norms.
Unit 4. [25L]
• Linear operators, Linear operators on normed linear spaces, continuity, bounded linear operators, norm of an
operator, Inverse of an operator.
• Linear functionals. Hahn-Banach theorem (statement only), simple applications, Uniform boundedness
principle (statement only), simple applications.
• Inner product spaces, Cauchy Schwarz’s inequality, polarization identity, parallelogram law.
• Orthogonality, Pythagorean theorem, orthonormality, Bessel’s inequality.
SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. W. Rudin: Principles of Mathematical Analysis.
2. H. L. Royden: Real Analysis.
3. B. K. Lahiri and K. C. Ray: Real Analysis.
4. W. Sierpinsky: Cardinal Number and Ordinal Number.
5. I. P. Natanson: Theory of Integrals of a Real Variable (Vol. I and II).
6. Malik and Arora: Mathematical Analysis.
7. G. de BARRA: Measure theory and integration.
8. B. K. Lahiri and K. C. Ray: Real Analysis.
9. P. K. Jain, V. P. Gupta and P. Jain: Lebesgue measure and integration
10. E. Kreyszig: Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications.
11. W. Rudin: Functional Analysis.
12. N. Dunford and L. Schwart: Linear Operators ( Part I).
13. A. E. Taylor: Introduction to Functional Analysis.
14. B. V. Limaye: Functional Analysis.
15. K. Yoshida: Functional Analysis.
16. B. K. Lahiri: Elements of Functional Analysis.

B.Sc. Mathematics (Major)

SEMESTER-VIII
Course Code: MATH-M-T-18
Course title: Nonlinear Dynamics & Fluid Dynamics
Major Course; Credit-6; Full Marks-75
COURSE CONTENT: 6 Credits (5+1) (Theory + Tutorial)
Unit 1. [15L]
• Linear autonomous systems: Linear autonomous systems, existence, uniqueness and continuity of
solutions, diagonalization of linear systems, fundamental theorem of linear systems, the phase paths of
linear autonomous plane systems, complex eigen values, multiple eigen values.
Unit 2. [20L]
• Qualitative analysis of continuous models: Linearization, equilibrium points, hyperbolic and non-
hyperbolic equilibrium, Routh-Hurwitz criteria for stability.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 38

 • Global stability (Liapunov’s method). Limit set, attractors, periodic orbits, limit cycles. Bendixon
criterion, Dulac criterion, Poincare-Bendixon Theorem.
• Bifurcations: Saddle-Node, transcritical, pitchfork, and Hopf bifurcations.
Unit 3. Kinematics of Fluids in Motion: [20L]
• Continuum hypothesis, Fluids and its classification, Properties of fluids, Streamlines and pathlines of
particles. Local, convective and material derivative.
• Lagrange’s and Euler’s methods of description of fluid motion and their relationship.
• Equation of continuity. Steady and unsteady flows.
• Velocity potential, Irrotational and rotational flow, Vorticity.
• Conditions at a Boundary surface.
Unit 4. Equations of Motion: [20L]
• Lagrange’s and Euler’s equations of motion and its vector form.
• Bernoulli’s equation and its applications.
• Conservative field of force. Integration of Euler’s equation.
• Helmholtz’s equations for vorticity.
• Symmetrical forms of equation of continuity (Spherical symmetry and cylindrical symmetry). Impulsive
generation of motion and some properties.

SUGGESTED READINGS/REFERENCES:
1. D. W. Jordan and P. Smith (1998): Nonlinear Ordinary Equations- An Introduction to Dynamical
Systems (Third Edition), Oxford Univ. Press.
2. L. Perko (1991): Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Springer Verlag.
3. F. Verhulust (1996): Nonlinear Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Springer Verlag.
4. F. Chorlton: Textbook of Fluid Dynamics.
5. A.S. Ramsey: A Treatise on Hydromechanics Part II.
6. G. K. Batchelor: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics.
7. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lipschitz: Fluid Mechanics.

Curriculum & Credit Framework for FYUP in Mathematics, University of Kalyani 39