UACE MATHEMATICS PAPER 1 2013 guide

SECTION A (40 marks)

Answer all questions in this section

1. Solve log 𝑥 5 + 4 log 5 𝑥 = 4

2. In a Geometric Progression (G.P), the difference between the fifth and the second term is
156. The difference between the seventh and the fourth is 1404 Find the possible values of
the common ratio.
3. Given that r= 3cosθis an equation of a circle, find its Cartesian form.
4. The position vector of point A is 2i + 3j + k, of B is 5j + 4k and of C is i + 2j + 12k. Show that
ABC is a triangle.
5. Solve 5cos23θ =3(1 + sin3θ) for 00≤ 𝜃 ≤ 900 .
𝑑𝑦
6. If y = (x – 0.5) e2x, find .
𝑑𝑥
1
Hence determine∫0 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
7. The region bounded by the curve y = cosx, the y-axis and x-axis from x =0 to x = is rotated
2
about x-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed.
𝑑𝑦
8. Solve (1 – x2) − 𝑥𝑦 2 =0, given that y = 1 when x = 0.
𝑑𝑥

SECTION B
Answer any five questions from this section. All questions carry equal marks
9. (a) the complex number z = √3 + 𝑖. 𝑍̅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑍.
(i) Express Z in the modulus argument form
(ii) On the same Argand diagram plot 𝑍̅ and 2𝑍̅ + 3𝑖

(b) What are the greatest and least values of |𝑍| 𝑖𝑓 |𝑍 − 4| ≤ 3?

10. Given the equation x3 + x – 10 = 0.

(a) Show that x = 2 is a root of the equation
(b) Deduce the values of α + β and αβ where α and β are roots of the equation.
Hence form a quadratic equation whose roots are α2 and β2.
𝑥−3 𝑦−7 𝑧+3 𝑥−8 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
11. (a) Find the point of intersection of the lines = = and = =
4 4 −5 7 1 3
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
(c) The equations of a line and a plane are = = and 2x + y + 4z = 9resectively. P
1 2 2
is a point on the line where x = 3, N is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the plane.
Find the coordinates of N.
12. (a) Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola whose points are of the parametric
2
form (2t, ).
𝑡
(b)(i) Find the equations of the tangents in (a), which are parallel to y + 4x = 0
(ii) Determine the distance between the tangents in (i)
2
13. A curve has the equation𝑦 = .
1+ 𝑥 2
(a) Determine the nature of the turning point on the curve.
(b) Find the equation of the asymptote. Hence sketch the curve.
tan 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
14. (a) Prove that tan(A – B) =
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
1−tan 150 1
Hence show that =
1+tan 150 √3
3 12
(b) Given that cos A = and cos B = where A and B are acute, find the values of
5 13
(i) tan (A + B)
(ii) cosec (A + B)
𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −6𝑥+6
15. Resolve 𝑦 = (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 2 +2)
into partial fraction
𝑑𝑦
Hence find ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 and .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
16. The differential equation = 𝑘𝑝(𝑐 − 𝑝) shows the rate at which information flows in a
𝑑𝑡
student population c. p represents the number who have heard the information in t days
and k is a constant.
(a) Solve the differential equation.
(b) A school has a population of 1000 students. Initially 20 students had heard the
information. A day later, 50 students had heard the information. How many students
heard the information by the tenth day?

Solutions
1. Solve log 𝑥 5 + 4log 5 𝑥 = 4
Expressing terms on LHS to log5.
log5 5
+ 4log 5 𝑥 = 4
log5 𝑥
1
+ 4log 5 𝑥 = 4
log5 𝑥
Let log 5 𝑥 = 𝑦
1
+ 4𝑦 = 4
𝑦
4𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
(2y – 1)(2y – 1) = 0
2y = 1
1
y=
2
1
 log 5 𝑥 =
2
1
x = 5 = √5
2

2. In a Geometric Progression (G.P), the difference between the fifth and the second term is
156. The difference between the seventh and the fourth is 1404 Find the possible values of
the common ratio.
U5 – U2 = 156
ar4 – ar = 156
ar(r3 -1) = 156 ……………. (i)
U7 – U4 = 156
 Ar6 – ar3 = 1404
ar3(r3 -1) = 156 ……………. (ii)
Eqn. (ii) ÷ eqn. (i)
𝑎𝑟 3 (𝑟 3 −1) 1404
=
𝑎𝑟(𝑟 3 −1) 156
r2 = 9
r =±3
∴ r = 3 and r = -3

3. Given that r= 3cosθ is an equation of a circle, find its Cartesian form.

Method I: from the polar coordinates

x2 + y2 = r2
x = rcosθ
y = rsinθ
𝑥
cosθ =
𝑟
but r = 3cosθ
r2 =3x
x2 + y2 = 3x
∴ x2 + y2 – 3x = 0
Method II: the Cartesian equation of a circle in polar form of radius a and centre (a, 0) is
given by r = 2acosθ
3
 2a = 3; a =
2
3
So the radius of the circle is
2

AC2 = AD2 + DC2

3 2 3 2
( ) = (𝑥 − ) + 𝑦 2
2 2
3 3
This is an equation of a circle in Cartesian form whose centre is ( , 0) and radius
2 2
4. The position vector of point A is 2i + 3j + k, of B is 5j + 4k and of C is i + 2j + 12k. Show that
ABC is a triangle.
 Two conditions must b fulfilled:
1st condition
̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅
For a triangle to be, 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 + ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐴 = 0
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 = (OB – OA) + (OC –OB) + (OA – OC)
0 2 1 0 2 1
= (5) − (3) + ( 2 ) − (5) + (3) − ( 2 )
4 1 12 4 1 12
−2 1 1 0
= ( 2 ) + (−3) + ( 1 ) = (0)
3 8 −11 0
Second condition

We work out for any angle and if it is not 00 or 1800, then we conclude that ABC is a triangle

Now finding angle A

From dot product of vectors

AB.AC = |𝐴𝐵||𝐴𝐶|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝐴𝐵.𝐴𝐶
cosA = |𝐴𝐵||𝐴𝐶|

AB.AC = (-2i + 2j +3k).(-I –j + 11k)

= 2 – 2 + 33 = 33

|𝐴𝐵| = √(−2)2 + 22 + 32 = √4 + 4 + 9 =√17

|𝐴𝐶| = √(−1)2 + 12 + 112 = √1 + 1 + 121 = √123

33
A = cos −1 ( ) = 43.80
√17 𝑥 123

Since A is not 00 or 1800, hence ABC is a triangle

NB. The above two conditions must be clearly shown in order for the candidate to get all the
marks.

5. Solve 5cos23θ =3(1 + sin3θ) for 00≤ 𝜃 ≤ 900 .

5cos23θ =3(1 + sin3θ)
5(1 – sin23θ) = 3(1 + sin3θ)
5 – 5sin23θ = 3 + 3sin3θ
5sin23θ + 3sin3θ – 0 = 0
(sin3θ + 1)(5sin3θ – 2) = 0
sin3θ + 1 =0
3θ = sin−1 (−1) = -900, 2700
 θ = -300, 900
5sin3θ – 2 = 0
2
Sin3θ =
5
2
3θ = sin−1 ( ) = 23.5780, 156.4220
5
θ = 7.8590, 52.1410
Hence θ =(7.8590, 52.1410, 900)
𝑑𝑦
6. If y = (x – 0.5) e2x, find .
𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥
Hence determine∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
Using product rule
y = (x – 0.5) e2x
Let u = (x – 0.5) and v = e2x
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=(x – 0.5)(2 e2x) + e2x(1)
= e2x(2(x – 0.5) + 1)
= 2x e2x
Or
By introducing In on both sides;
y = (x – 0.5) e2x
Iny = In[(x – 0.5) e2𝑥 ] = In(x-0.5) + Ine2𝑥 = In (x – 0.5) + 2x
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = ( + 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥−0.5
𝑑𝑦 1
= ( + 2) 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−0.5
1
=( + 2) (𝑥 − 0.5)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥−0.5
1+2𝑥 −1
=( ) (𝑥 − 0.5)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥 −0.5
2𝑥
= 2x𝑒
𝑑
Now (𝑥 − 0.5)𝑒 2𝑥 = 2x𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
2
∫ 𝑑 (𝑥 − 0.5)𝑒 2𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
∫0 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [(𝑥 − 0.5)𝑒 2𝑥 ]10
1
= [(1 − 0.5)𝑒 2 − (0 − 0.5)𝑒 0 ]
2
1 𝑒2 1
= [ + ]
2 2 2
𝑒2 1
= + = 2.0973
4 4
𝜋
7. The region bounded by the curve y = cosx, the y-axis and x-axis from x =0 to x = is rotated
2
about x-axis. Find the volume of the solid formed.
 𝜋
Volume formed = 𝜋 ∫02 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋
= ∫02 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋
𝜋 1 2
= [𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
2 2 0
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
= [( + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋) − (0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛0)]
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
= 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 4
2 𝑑𝑦 2
8. Solve (1 – x ) − 𝑥𝑦 =0, given that y = 1 when x = 0.
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦
(1 – x ) − 𝑥𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑦
(1 – x ) = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
By separation of variables
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 1− 𝑥 2
𝑥
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −1 1
= 𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
−1 2
1 1
− = − 𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
𝑦 2
1
1
= 𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐
𝑦
Substituting for y = 1 and x = 0
1 =In(1) + c
c=1
1
1 1
Hence the equation is = 𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 1 or y = 1
𝑦
𝐼𝑛(1− 𝑥 2 )2 +1

SECTION B
Answer any five questions from this section. All questions carry equal marks
9. (a) The complex number z = √3 + 𝑖. 𝑍̅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑍.
(i) Express Z in the modulus argument form
2
|𝑧| = √(√3) + 12
= √3 + 1 = 2
 1
tanθ =
√3
1 𝜋
θ = Arg (z) = tan−1 ( ) =
√3 6
𝜋 𝜋
Hence z = 2[cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] or z = 2[cos 300 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛300 ]
6 6
(ii) On the same Argand diagram plot 𝑍̅ and 2𝑍̅ + 3𝑖
𝑧̅ = √3 − 𝑖
2
|𝑧| = √(√3) + (−1)2
= √3 + 1 = 2
2𝑍̅ + 3𝑖 = 2(√3 − 𝑖) + 3𝑖 = 2√3 + i
2
|2𝑍̅ + 3𝑖| = √(2√3) + 12 =√13
Finding arg(𝑧̅):
1
Arg(𝑧̅) = tan−1 (− ) = -300
√3
Finding arg(2𝑍̅ + 3𝑖):
1
Arg(2𝑍̅ + 3𝑖) = tan−1 ( ) = 16.20
2√3

(c) What are the greatest and least values of |𝑍| 𝑖𝑓 |𝑍 − 4| ≤ 3?

|𝑧 − 2| ≤ 3
|𝑥 − 4 + 𝑖𝑦| ≤ 3
(𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 3
This is an equation of the circle with centre (4, 0) and radius 3.

Greatest value of |𝑧| = 4 + 3 = 7

Lowest value of |𝑧| = 4 − 3 = 1
10. Given the equation x3 + x – 10 = 0.
(a) Show that x = 2 is a root of the equation
Let f(x) = x3 + x – 10
Substituting for x = 2
f(2) = 23 + x -10
= 8 + 2 – 10
= 10 – 10 = 0
Hence x = 2 is a root of x3 + x –10 = 0
Or
If x = 2 is a root, then (x-2) should be a factor

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 10

𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
2x2 + x -10

2x2 – 4x

5x – 10

5x – 10

0+0

Since the remainder is zero, hence X = 2 is a factor.

(b) Deduce the values of α + β and αβ where α and β are roots of the equation.
Hence form a quadratic equation whose roots are α2 and β2.
 x3 + x –10 = (x-2)( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)
Either x – 2 = 0
Or ( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) = 0
α+β=2
αβ = 5
Sum of roots = α2 + β2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
= (-2)2 – 2(5) = 4 – 10 = -6
Product= 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 = (𝛼𝛽)2 = 52 = 25
The equation become
𝑥 2 − (−6)𝑥 + 25 = 0
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 25 = 0

𝑥−3 𝑦−7 𝑧+3 𝑥−8 𝑦−4 𝑧−5

11. (a) Find the point of intersection of the lines = = and = =
4 4 −5 7 1 3
𝑥−3 𝑦−7 𝑧+3
Let == =μ
4 4 −5
𝑥 5 4
 (𝑦) = ( 7 ) + 𝜇 ( 4 ) …………………………. (i)
𝑧 −3 −5
And
𝑥−8 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= =
7 1 3
𝑥 8 7
 (𝑦) = (4) + 𝜆 (1) …………. (ii)
𝑧 5 3
 Equating eqn. (i) and eqn. (ii)
5 4 8 7
( 7 ) + 𝜇 ( 4 ) = (4) + 𝜆 (1)
−3 −5 5 3
Equating corresponding unit vectors

5 + 4μ = 8 + 7λ

4μ - 7λ = 3………………………. (iii)

7 + 4μ = 4 + λ

4μ - λ = -3………………………. (iv)

Eqn. (iii) – eqn.(iv)

-6λ = 6

λ = -1

Substituting λ in eqn. (ii)

𝑥 8 7
(𝑦) = (4) + −1 (1)
𝑧 5 3
𝑥 8−7 1
(𝑦) = (4 − 1) = (3)
𝑧 5−3 2
∴ (x, y, z) = (1, 3,2)
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
(b) The equations of a line and a plane are = = and 2x + y + 4z = 9resectively. P
1 2 2
is a point on the line where x = 3, N is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the plane.
Find the coordinates of N.

Line equation
𝑥 2 1
(𝑦) = (2) + 𝜆 (2)
𝑧 3 2
𝑥 =2+ 𝜆
When x = 3
3 = 2 + λ; λ = 1
2 1 3
 OP = (2) + (2) = (4)
3 2 5
∴ P(3, 4, 5)
Plane equation : 2x + y + 4z = 9
 2
𝑟 (1) = 9
4
2
∴ 𝑛 = (1)
4
NP = n
NP = OP – ON
ON = OP – NP
3 2 1
= (4) − (1) = (3)
5 4 1
∴ N(1, 3, 1)
12. (a) Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola whose points are of the parametric
2
form (2t, ).
𝑡
2
x = 2t, y = = 2𝑦 −1
𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
= 2, = −
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 1 1
= . =− . = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑡2 2 𝑡2

2
𝑦−
𝑡
Gradient =
𝑥−2𝑡
1
But gradient = −
𝑡2
2
𝑦− 1
𝑡
=> =−
𝑥−2𝑡 𝑡2
2
𝑡 2 (𝑦 − ) = −(𝑥 − 2𝑡)
𝑡
𝑡 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4𝑡 = 0
(b)(i) Find the equations of the tangents in (a), which are parallel to y + 4x = 0
𝑡 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4𝑡 = 0
1 4
𝑦= − 𝑥+
𝑡2 𝑡
1
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = −
𝑡2
For y + 4x = 0
y = -4x
gradient = -4
But parallel lines have equal gradient
1 1 1
 − = −4; 𝑡 2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = ±
𝑡2 4 2
1
Substituting for t =
2
1 4
𝑦= − 1 2
𝑥+ 1
( ) ( )
2 2

𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 8

1
Substituting for t = −
2
 1 4
𝑦= − 1 2
𝑥+ 1
(− ) (− )
2 2

𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 8

(ii) Determine the distance between the tangents in (i)

2
By the nature of the parametric points in the form (2t, ), this is a rectangular hyperbola
𝑡
1
Substituting for t = ± , the points become (1, 4) and (-1, -4)
2

The distance between two tangents = perpendicular distance between them

𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
Using d = | |
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
We use either y = -4x + 8
Considering y = -4x + 8 or y + 4x – 8 = 0; a= 4, b = 1 c = -8
Substituting for (x, y) = (-1, -4)
4(−1)+1(−4)−8 16
d=| |= = 3.88
√12 + 4 2 √17
NB – distance between the tangents is the perpendicular distance between the tangents
- Candidates or learners should not use the general formula of finding the distance
between two points.

2
13. A curve has the equation𝑦 = .
1+ 𝑥 2
(a) Determine the nature of the turning point on the curve.
2
𝑦= = 2(1 + 𝑥 2 )−1
1+ 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
= −2(1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 . 2𝑥 = (1+ 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
Or
2
𝑦=
1+ 𝑥 2
𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛2 − 𝐼𝑛 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (0 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1+ 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 2 −4𝑥
= . = (1+
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦
At turning points, =0
𝑑𝑥
−4𝑥
 (1+ 𝑥 2 )2
=0
𝑥=0
2
y= =2
1+0
Hence the turning points is (x, y) = (0, 2)
 Finding the nature of the turning point
X -1 0 1
𝑑𝑦 +1 0 -1
𝑑𝑥
Max

Hence the nature of the turning point is maximum

(b) Find the equation of the asymptote. Hence sketch the curve.
2
𝑦=
1+ 𝑥 2
For vertical asymptote
1 + x2 = 0
x2 = -1
x =√−1 which does not exist
Or
Since 1 + x2 cannot be factorized, there is no vertical asymptote
For horizontal asymptote
2
𝑦=
1+ 𝑥 2
As x , y 0
Hence the horizontal asymptote is y = 0

NB.
- This is not an open question, therefore candidates should not waster time finding the
region where the curve is confined.
- Shading is not very necessary for this question
tan 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
14. (a) Prove that tan(A – B) =
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
sin(𝐴−𝐵)
tan (A – B) =
cos(𝐴−𝐵)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
=
cos 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
Diving numerator and denominator on the R.H.S by cosAcosB
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
− tan 𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
cosAcosB cosAcosB
tan (A – B) =cos 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
+
cosAcosB cosAcosB
1−tan 150 1
Hence show that =
1+tan 150 √3
1−tan 150 tan 450 −𝑡𝑎𝑛150 1
= = tan (450 – 150) tan300 =
1+tan 150 1+ tan 450 𝑡𝑎𝑛150 √3
 3 12
(b) Given that cos A = and cos B = where A and B are acute, find the values of
5 13

3 12
cos A = cos B =
5 13
4 5
sin A = sin B =
5 13
4 5
tan A = tanB =
3 12
(i) tan (A + B)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
tan (A + B) =
cos 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵
4 12 3 5
. + .
= 53 13 5 13
5 4 5 = 3.9375
. − .
5 13 5 13
(ii) cosec (A + B)
1 1 1
cosec (A + B) = = = 4 12 3 5 = 1.0317
sin(𝐴+𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 . + .
5 13 5 13

𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −6𝑥+6
15. Resolve 𝑦 = (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 2 +2)
into partial fraction
3 2
𝑥 +5𝑥 −6𝑥+6 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥+𝐷
Let (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 2 ≡ + (𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥 2
+2) 𝑥−1 +2)
𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 6 ≡ 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 2) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 − 1)2
3 2 2

Taking x = 1
1 + 5 – 6 + 6 = 0 + 3B
3B = 6; B = 2
Taking x = 0
6 = -2A + 2B +D
6 = -2A + 4 + D
2 = -2A + D ……………… (i)
Equating coefficient of x3
1 = A + C ………………… (ii)
Equating coefficients of x2
5 = -A + B – 2C + D
5 = -A + 2 -2C + D
3 + A + 2C = D
Substituting for D into equation (i)
2 = -2A + 3 + A + 2C
-1= -A + 2C …………….. (iii)
Eqn (ii)+ eqn. (iii)
0 = 3C; C = 0
Substituting for c into eqn. (i)
1=A+0
A=1
Substituting for A into eqn. (i)
2 = -2 + D; D = 4
 𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −6𝑥+6 1 2 4
 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 2 +2)
≡ + (𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥 2 +2)
𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦
Hence find ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 and .
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −6𝑥+6 1 2 4
(𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 2 +2)
≡ + (𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥 2 +2)
𝑥−1
1 2 4
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
+2)
2 4
= In(x -1) + ∫ (𝑥−1)2 + ∫ (𝑥 2
+2)
−2 4
= In(x – 1) + (𝑥−1) + ∫ (𝑥 2
+2)
1 1 −1 𝑏𝑥
Now ∫ = tan ( )+𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
1 1
Comparing 2 with
2+ 𝑥 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑥 2
a = √2 and b = 1
4 4 𝑥
∫ (𝑥 2 +2) = tan−1 ( )+ C
√2 √2
−2 4 𝑥
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥−1)
+ tan−1 ( )+ C
√2 √2
𝑑𝑦
Finding
𝑑𝑥
1 2 4
y= + (𝑥−1)2
+ (𝑥 2 +2)
𝑥−1
−1
= (𝑥 − 1) + 2(𝑥 − 1)−2 + 4(𝑥 2 + 2)−1
𝑑𝑦
= −(𝑥 − 1)−2 ± 4(𝑥 − 1)−3 + −4(𝑥 2 + 2)−2 . 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−1 4 8𝑥
= (𝑥−1)2 − (𝑥−1)3
− (𝑥 2
+2)2

𝑑𝑝
16. The differential equation = 𝑘𝑝(𝑐 − 𝑝) shows the rate at which information flows in a
𝑑𝑡
student population c. p represents the number who have heard the information in t days
and k is a constant.
(a) Solve the differential equation.
𝑑𝑝
= 𝑘𝑝(𝑐 − 𝑝)
𝑑𝑡
Separating variables
𝑑𝑝
= kdt
𝑝(𝑐−𝑝)
𝑑𝑝
∫ 𝑝(𝑐−𝑝) = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝
∫ 𝑝(𝑐−𝑝) = kt + a where a is a constant
By partial fractions
1 𝐴 𝐵
≡ +
𝑝(𝑐−𝑝) 𝑝 𝑐−𝑝
1≡ 𝐴(𝑐 − 𝑝) + 𝐵(𝑝)
1≡ 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑝 + 𝐵𝑝
1≡ 𝐴𝑐 + (𝐵 − 𝐴)𝑝
Equating constants
1 =Ac
1
A=
𝑐
Equating coefficient of p
0=B–A
1
A=B=
𝑐
 𝑑𝑝 1 1 1 1
 ∫ = ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 + ∫ 𝑐−𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑝(𝑐−𝑝) 𝑐 𝑐
1 1
= 𝐼𝑛𝑝 − 𝐼𝑛(𝑐 − 𝑝)
𝑐 𝑐
1 𝑝
= 𝐼𝑛
𝑐 (𝑐−𝑝)
1 𝑝
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑎
𝑐 (𝑐−𝑝)

(b) A school has a population of 1000 students. Initially 20 students had heard the
information. A day later, 50 students had heard the information. How many students
heard the information by the tenth day?
Given c =1000, at t=0, p= 20
By substitution, we have
1 20
𝐼𝑛 =0+𝑎
1000 1000−20
1 20 1 1
𝑎= 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛
1000 980 1000 49
1 𝑝 1 1
 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐼𝑛
1000 (1000−𝑝) 1000 49
After t = 1, p = 50; by substitution, we have
1 50 1 1
𝐼𝑛 = 𝑘(1) + 𝐼𝑛
1000 (1000−50) 1000 49
1 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 49
k= 𝐼𝑛 − 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛 ÷ = 𝐼𝑛
1000 950 1000 49 1000 19 49 1000 19
1 𝑝 1 49 1 1
 𝐼𝑛 =( 𝐼𝑛 )𝑡 + 𝐼𝑛
1000 (1000−𝑝) 1000 19 1000 49
𝑝 49 1
𝐼𝑛 = [𝐼𝑛 ( )] 𝑡 + 𝐼𝑛
(1000−𝑝) 19 49
th
Note: by 10 day is the same as after9days
Substituting for t = 9
𝑝 49 1
𝐼𝑛 = [𝐼𝑛 ( )] (9) + 𝐼𝑛
(1000−𝑝) 19 49
𝑝 = 990.3835
Number of students who heard the information by the 10th day is 990

Thank you
Dr. Bbosa Science