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Guitguit, Jazmine B. - Module 3

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137 views3 pages

Guitguit, Jazmine B. - Module 3

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Jazmine Borja Guitguit
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education


Felipe R. Verallo Memorial Foundation College
Clotilde Hills, Dakit, Bogo City, Cebu
(032)434-8210
info@frvcollege.com

MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION


Major in Administration and Supervision
2nd Semester AY 2023-2024

*FOUND ED. 203: Research Statistics

Name: JAZMINE B. GUITGUIT Student ID: 123-00967


Academic Program: MAED Subject: FOUND ED. 203
Professor: DR. AGAPITO P. PINO JR.

EVALUATION FOR MODULE 3


Test I. Answer briefly:
1. What is a research hypothesis? What is null hypothesis?
- A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a
tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some
research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different
aspects of your research question.
- The null hypothesis is the opposite stating that no such relationship exists.
2. Describe a curvilinear relationship of two variables.
- A curvilinear relationship is a type of relationship between two variables that has a pattern
of correspondence or association between the two variables that change as the values of the
variables change (increase or decrease).
3. When do you reject a null hypothesis?
- You can reject a null hypothesis when a p-value is less than or equal to your significance
level. The p-value represents the measure of the probability that a certain event would have
occurred by random chance. You can calculate p-values based on your data by using the
assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
Test II. Test the hypothesis in each of the following problems:
1. The average reading performance of grade 6 pupils was found to be 80 words per
minute. A random sample of 20 students from three sections took the reading test and
found to have an average speed of 74 words with a standard deviation of 8 words per
minute. Can we say that the students performance is below the standard when tested at
0.05 level of significance ? (Look for a table of critical values in any statistics reference
book.)
- To test the hypothesis, we can use a one-sample t-test. The null hypothesis (H0) is
that the average reading performance of grade 6 pupils is equal to the standard of 80
words per minute. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is that the average reading
performance is below the standard.
- Given that we have a random sample of 20 students, we can calculate the sample
mean and sample standard deviation. The sample mean is 74 words per minute, and
the sample standard deviation is 8 words per minute.
- To determine if the students' performance is below the standard, we need to compare
the sample mean to the standard mean using the t-test. We can calculate the t-value
using the formula:
t = (sample mean - standard mean) / (sample standard deviation / sqrt(sample size))
- In this case, the standard mean is 80 words per minute, the sample mean is 74 words
per minute, the sample standard deviation is 8 words per minute, and the sample size
is 20.
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
t = (74 - 80) / (8 / sqrt(20))
Calculating this expression, we find that t ≈ -2.236.
To determine if this t-value is statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance, we
need to compare it to the critical value from the t-distribution table. The critical value
depends on the degrees of freedom, which is equal to the sample size minus 1 (20 - 1 = 19)
and the significance level (0.05).
Looking up the critical value in the t-distribution table, we find that for a two-tailed test at the
0.05 level of significance with 19 degrees of freedom, the critical value is approximately
±2.093.
Since the calculated t-value (-2.236) is less than the critical value (-2.093), we can reject the
null hypothesis. This means that we have evidence to suggest that the students' performance
is below the standard at the 0.05 level of significance.
In conclusion, based on the results of the t-test, we can say that the students' performance is
below the standard when tested at the 0.05 level of significance.

2. In a time and motion study it was found that a senior high school module can be
finished at an average time of 40 minutes with an average deviation of 8 minutes. A
group of 25 students studied the module then found to average only 35 minutes to
completion. Can we conclude that the teacher’s online interventions helped speed up the
learning of students? Test this at 0.01 level of significance. See table of critical values
somewhere above .
To determine whether the teacher's online interventions helped speed up the learning of
students, we can conduct a hypothesis test using the given information.
Step 1: Formulate the hypotheses:
Null hypothesis (H0): The teacher's online interventions did not have an effect on the
learning speed of students.
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The teacher's online interventions helped speed up the learning
of students.
Step 2: Select the significance level:
The significance level (α) is given as 0.01.
Step 3: Conduct the test:
To conduct the test, we need to calculate the test statistic and compare it with the critical
value.
The test statistic for this scenario is the z-score, which can be calculated using the formula:
z = (sample mean - population mean) / (population standard deviation / sqrt(sample size))
Given:
Population mean (μ) = 40 minutes
Population standard deviation (σ) = 8 minutes
Sample mean (x̄) = 35 minutes
Sample size (n) = 25
Calculating the z-score:
z = (35 - 40) / (8 / sqrt(25)) z = -5 / (8 / 5) z = -5 / 1.6 z = -3.125
Step 4: Determine the critical value:
The table of critical values is not provided, so we cannot determine the critical value directly.
However, since the significance level is given as 0.01, we can assume a two-tailed test and
divide the significance level by 2 to get 0.005 for each tail.
Using a standard normal distribution table or calculator, we can find the critical z-value for a
significance level of 0.005. Let's assume the critical z-value is -2.58.
Step 5: Make a decision:
If the calculated z-score falls within the critical region (i.e., less than the negative critical z-
value), we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
In this case, the calculated z-score (-3.125) is less than the critical z-value (-2.58). Therefore,
we reject the null hypothesis.
Step 6: Conclusion:
Based on the results of the hypothesis test, we can conclude that the teacher's online
interventions helped speed up the learning of students. The average completion time of the
module decreased significantly from the expected average time.

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