LECTURE NOTES 8

Course ENSTRU230-Structure of English

Prerequisite ENLING130-Introduction to Linguistics
Credit Units 3
Duration A.Y. 2023-2024 | 2nd Semester
Class Schedule 2:30-4:00pm Monday & Thursday

PUNCTUATIONS

Definition and How to Use with Examples

‘ilikeicecream’ – Do you understand what this is? Is it a word, a sentence or a phrase? But consider this: ‘I
like ice cream.’ Now, do you get it? That is how important punctuation is. Writing nothing at all will be better than
writing a sentence with no punctuation. Learning all about parts of speech, tenses, sentence
structure, direct and indirect speech, active and passive voice and different types of sentences, without knowing
how to use the right punctuation marks in the right places will make all of it useless. So, to help you with it, this
article will introduce you to what punctuation is, the different punctuation marks in the English language and how
to use them.

Table of Contents
 What Is Punctuation? – Meaning and Definition
 The Punctuation Marks in English Grammar
 Using Punctuation in Sentences – Examples
 Frequently Asked Questions on Punctuation

What Is Punctuation? – Meaning and Definition

Punctuation is as important or rather a little more important than the words you use, the way you
structure your sentences, and the content you are trying to convey. The term ‘punctuation’ refers to the system
that allows a writer to let the audience know where the sentences end, where there is a short pause or a long
pause, and also to show if the writer is questioning, explaining or providing some extra information. Since the
writer is not directly speaking to the audience, punctuation is the only way to make the reader see it the way the
author put it.
Punctuation, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “the marks used in writing that
divide sentences and phrases; the system of using these marks.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines
punctuation as “the act or practice of inserting standardized marks or signs in written matter to clarify the meaning
and separate structural units.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the term ‘punctuation’ is defined as “(the
use of) special symbols that you add to writing to separate phrases and sentences to show that something is a
question, etc.”, and “punctuation is the use of symbols such as full stops or periods, commas, or question marks to
divide written words into sentences and clauses”, according to the Collins Dictionary.

The Punctuation Marks in English Grammar

In English grammar, there are multiple punctuation marks that are used in order to make your writing look
sensible and easy to understand. A punctuation mark is defined as “a sign or mark used in writing to divide
sentences and phrases”, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. Let us take a look at the various punctuation
marks in English grammar.
 Period/Full stop  Dash
 Comma  Parentheses
 Colon  Slash
 Semicolon  Exclamation mark
 Apostrophe  Question mark
 Quotation marks  Ellipsis
 Hyphen
Furthermore, it is also important you understand that using capital letters and spaces are also an integral
part of punctuation.
Using Punctuation in Sentences – Examples
Using punctuation is vital to make your writing look professional, logical and well-founded. Using no
punctuation at all will not make sense; overuse of punctuation can make your writing look distorted and vague.
Have a look at the following table to understand each punctuation mark and to see how they can be used in
sentences.
Punctuation mark Punctuation Sentence example
mark
(Symbol)

Full stop / Period . I am a student.

Comma , Ashlin, my sister’s daughter, came home today.

Colon : You have two options: Take a bus or hire a cab.

Semicolon ; I did not like the dish; however, I ate it since I did not want to waste it.

Apostrophe ’ Ritu’s brother is moving to Sydney.

Quotation marks “” My mom said, “Make sure you get home before 7 p.m.”

Hyphen – We have a black–eyed white bunny.

Dash — My mom’s friends — Sheela, Immaculate and Agnes — visited her today.

Parentheses () Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (popularly known as ‘Mother Teresa’) was born on
August 26, 1910.

Slash / You can use a noun/pronoun to start a sentence.

Exclamation mark ! Wow! That is great news.

Question mark ? What would you like to have for dinner?

Ellipsis … We wrote in the comments section, “We were here. This is the … again.”

What Is a Full Stop? – Meaning and Definition

A full stop, also known as a period, is chiefly used to end a sentence. It is mostly used at the end
of declarative sentences and imperative sentences. A full stop marks a longer pause than a comma and
a semicolon. Furthermore, it marks the end of a thought and the beginning of another.
The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a full stop as a punctuation mark that is “used at the end of a
sentence to emphasise that there is nothing more to say about a subject.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines
a full stop as “a point . used to show the end of a sentence or an abbreviation”. According to the Cambridge
Dictionary, a full stop is defined as “the symbol . used in writing at the end of a sentence or at the end of the short
form of a word”, and according to the Collins Dictionary, a full stop is “the punctuation mark. which you use at the
end of a sentence when it is not a question or exclamation.”

Using a Full Stop – Rules and Points to Remember

Taking a look at the different functions of a full stop will definitely help you gather a complete
understanding of how and where you can use full stops.
A full stop is used,
 To mark the end of a sentence, primarily
 To mark the end of commands, instructions, orders and requests
 After short forms and abbreviations
 After an initial
 At the end of a sentence containing an indirect question
 In website URLs and email addresses

Examples of Sentences Using a Full Stop

 Now that you know the various functions of a full stop, have a look at the examples given below to have a
clear idea of how they can be used.

Using a Full Stop at the End of a Declarative/Assertive Sentence

 Today is the last working day for us.
 Cathy is a teacher.
 No one is ready yet.
 She likes listening to music.
 We will be dancing at my cousin’s reception.

Using a Full Stop at the End of an Imperative Sentence

 Please send the materials as soon as possible.
 Turn off the lights and fans when you leave the room.
 Kindly see to it that you do not leave any column empty.
 Turn left after the junction.
 Eat quickly and leave.

Using a Full Stop after Abbreviations or Short Forms

 I had to buy pencils, pens, erasers, notebooks, etc.
 Mr. Dennis and Ms. Sheena will be the guests for the evening.
 We will be reaching Bangalore around 9 p. m.
 Prof. Neelaveni is our H.O.D.
 St. Francis of Assisi was known for his missionary work in India.

Using a Full Stop after Initials

 M. Kumaran is the manager.
 D. H. Lawrence was known for the imagery in his poetry.
 Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was one of the best presidents of India.
 C. S. Lewis was a British writer.
 T. J. Matthew had come to meet you.

Using a Full Stop at the End of an Indirect Question

 The teacher asked us if we were ready for the theoretical geometry test.
 Usha asked Danny if he knew anything about the new educational policy.
 I wonder what is taking them so much time.
 They wanted to know if it would be okay for us to meet them at a club.
 My father asked me what time it was.

Using a Full Stop in Website URLs and Email Addresses

Multiple full stops are used in website URLs and email addresses.
example, www.byjus.com, name.123@example.com.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Full Stop in a Sentence

Now that you have learnt the various ways in which full stops are used, try out the following exercise.
Punctuate the following sentences by using capital letters and full stops wherever necessary.
1. i wanted to know if i could take another day to finish my assignment
2. it is high time we took some action
3. my mother asked me whether i was happy
4. bring me a glass of water
5. mrs shiny was made the vice president of the women’s association
6. their parents are arriving next month
7. around 6 a m today the sun was shining
8. harish asked me if we knew who the m d was
9. my uncle told me that it might rain tomorrow
10. dr indhu has specialised in paediatrics

Comma – Meaning and Definition

 A comma is a commonly used punctuation mark that is used to separate two words, phrases or clauses in a
sentence. It can also be used in a list to mention different items or articles.
A comma, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “the mark ( , ) used to separate the
items in a list or to show where there is a slight break in a sentence.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines a comma as
“the symbol ‘,’ used in writing and printing between parts of a sentence or between things in a list.” A comma is
“the symbol ‘,’ used in writing to separate parts of a sentence showing a slight pause, or to separate the single
things in a list”, according to the Cambridge Dictionary.

When and When Not to Use a Comma?

A comma, as already discussed, is generally used to separate different articles or objects in a list. You
should know that a comma can do much more than just that. Let us look at the various functions of a comma.
 The basic function of a comma is to separate nouns (subjects/objects) in a sentence.
 A comma can be used to separate phrases or even to separate a phrase and a clause.
 A comma can be used to separate a main clause from a subordinate clause.
 A comma can be used before a coordinating conjunction and after a conjunctive adverb in a compound
sentence.
A comma also indicates a short pause, but that does not mean that you can insert a comma as and when
you want to. Use a comma only where it is necessary and apt. Now that you know where a comma can be used
properly, use it wisely to make your writing look professional and readable.

Examples of Sentences Using a Comma

Given below are a few examples to show you the different ways to use commas in your sentences. Check
them out.

Use of Comma to Separate Nouns (Subjects/Objects)

 We had BBQ Steak burger, Beyond Classic burger and Thousand Island burger for lunch today.
 Ann had honey glazed chicken, dragon chicken and French fries for appetizers and red velvet, tropical
creme legere and cheesecake for dessert.
 Annu, Ashish, Danny and Divu will be going to Coonoor.
 To make paneer masala, I ground sautéed tomatoes, onions, dried red chillies and cashew nuts.
 When they went to the zoo, they saw a white tiger, a huge bear, an African elephant, a troop of monkeys
and a lake full of crocodiles.

Use of Comma to Separate Two Phrases / A Phrase and A Clause

 Reading books, listening to songs and planning interior decors are my favourite leisure activities.
 Four years ago, I never thought this would be my life.
 Every evening, Rachel and Monica take a stroll in the park.
 All around the world, people are being affected by the coronavirus.
 Mathew, my uncle, lives in Kerala.

Use of Comma to Separate a Main Clause from a Subordinate Clause

 We went out for lunch, so we did not have anything at home.
 Nobody knew where to find poppies; however, some of them offered to help us find some contacts.
 Phoebe, the girl who sings at Central Perk, is my friend.
 The team, which won the International Acapella competition, will be performing live at the Annual Music
Festival in Cannes.
 Though none of us had the energy to sit through the entire show, we did for the sake of our friends who
were a part of the show.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Commas in a Sentence

Insert commas wherever necessary in the following sentences.
1. Princy bought a red dress a pair of blue jeans a denim overcoat and a floral frock.
2. Mintu at the end of her second year was given a job at the ISRO.
3. During the summer holidays they have planned to go to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
4. Nivin my brother was born in 1989.
5. Varunika made pasta momos and sandwiches for her friends.
6. Once all students have submitted their documents make sure you check if every student’s details are
correctly entered.
7. During the pandemic many people lost their jobs.
8. Last week we decided to go on a trip to Hampi.
9. Raimy Mazeeka Glint and Gowtham will be travelling to Delhi next month.
10. Yesterday at the hotel we met our school friends unexpectedly.

What Is a Colon? – Meaning and Definition

 A colon is a punctuation mark that has two dots of equal size placed vertically. It is used in a sentence to
introduce an example, a list, a quotation, etc. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a colon as “the mark ( : ) used
to introduce a list, a summary, an explanation, etc. or before reporting what somebody has said”, and according to
the Cambridge Dictionary, a colon is defined as “the symbol : used in writing, especially to introduce a list of things
or a sentence or phrase taken from somewhere else”.
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary provides two different definitions of a colon based on its usage.
According to them, a colon is “a punctuation mark : used chiefly to direct attention to matter (such as a list,
explanation, quotation, or amplification) that follows” and “the sign : used between the parts of a numerical
expression of time in hours and minutes (as in 1:15) or in hours, minutes, and seconds (as in 8:25:30), in a
bibliographical reference (as in Nation 130:20), in a ratio where it is usually read as “to” (as in 4:1 read “four to
one”), or in a proportion where it is usually read as “is to” or when doubled as “as” (as in 2:1::8:4 read “two is to
one as eight is to four”).”

How and When to Use a Colon? – Points to Remember

A colon is used in a sentence for the following reasons:
 To introduce or state a point,
 To present a list of items, a tabular column and text,
 In citations and biblical references,
 In dialogue writing, to quote the speaker’s words,
 To draw attention to nouns/noun phrases, examples and quotations, and
 To mention the time of the day and ratios.
Knowing when to use a colon is important but what is equally important is to know how to use it. So, let us
now look at how sentences have to be punctuated when using a colon.

Dos and Don’ts in the Usage of Colon in Sentences

 When using a colon to list items, make sure to use a capital letter after the colon if the word that follows
the colon is a proper noun.
 When used in sentences, see to it that you use a space after the colon.
 When used between numbers in time and listing of biblical references, you need not use a space before or
after the colon.
 When used in dialogue writing, use the colon immediately after the name of the speaker, and after the
space, always use a capital letter to start the dialogue.
 Do not use a colon in between a verb and its object or complement.
 In a similar manner, a colon should not be used in between a preposition and the object of a preposition.
 Never use a colon after ‘like’, ‘includes’, ‘such as’, ‘especially’, ‘namely’, etc.

Examples of the Use of Colon in Sentences

To help you understand a little more clearly, here are a few examples. Check them out and try to analyze
how it is being used.
Example 1: Lists/Series
a. A sentence has two parts and they are:
 Subject
 Predicate
b. The students who have enrolled for the competition are:
 Anurag
 Ashish
 Binsha
 Devi
 Harish
 Irene
 Preethi
c. The ingredients for the dish are: potatoes, onions, mushrooms, pepper powder, turmeric powder and salt.
Example 2: Dialogue Writing
Teacher: Good morning, children.
Students: Good morning, Ma’am.
Teacher: Have you all completed the work I had given you yesterday?
Students: Yes Ma’am.
Example 3: Time
 The meeting will start at 11:30 a.m. sharp.
 The train is at 6:45 p.m.
 The time now is 15:15 p.m.
Example 4: Biblical References, Titles and Citations
 Matthew 20:28 says, “For the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve…”
 ‘The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference’ by Malcolm Gladwell is a best-seller.
 Ashbourn, J. (2014) Biometrics in the new world: the cloud, mobile technology and pervasive identity. 2nd
edn. London: Springer
 Example 5: Mathematical Expressions
 The ratio of milk to water is 1:3.
 The ratio of girls to boys this year is 4:6.
Example 6: Before Nouns/Noun Phrases, Examples, Quotations
 I have what every human being needs: caring friends and a loving family.
 For example: Paris, Berlin, Tokyo, Portugal
 This is just like what Shakespeare once said: “There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so”.

Semicolon – Meaning and Definition

A semicolon is a punctuation mark that can be used to separate independent clauses, as in a compound
sentence. It can also be used to separate different lists in a sentence. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a
semicolon as “the mark ( ; ) used to separate the parts of a complicated sentence or items in a detailed list, showing
a pause that is longer than a comma but shorter than a period.”
A semicolon, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, “the symbol ; used in writing between two parts of a
sentence, usually when each of the two parts could form grammatical sentences on their own. A semicolon can
also separate the things in a list.” “A semicolon is the punctuation mark ; which is used in writing to separate
different parts of a sentence or list or to indicate a pause”, according to the Collins Dictionary; and the Merriam-
Webster Dictionary defines a semicolon as “a punctuation mark ; used chiefly in a coordinating function between
major sentence elements (such as independent clauses of a compound sentence).”

Using a Semicolon in a Sentence – When, Where and How?

A semicolon is generally used in writing when you want to indicate a longer pause. In addition to this, there
are various other functions. Let us take a look at each of them.
 It can be used to separate different sets of items mentioned in a sentence.
 It can be used to separate two independent clauses that do not have a coordinating conjunction linking
them together. One way to check if you are doing it right is by substituting the semicolon with a full stop
and checking if the two clauses are complete and make sense.
 It can further be used before a conjunctive adverb in a compound sentence.
Difference between a Comma and a Semicolon
Let us find out how a semicolon differs from a comma by going through the table given below.
Comma Semicolon

 A comma is used to separate different items in a  A semicolon is used to separate different

list. lists of items in a sentence.

 A comma can be used to separate phrases and  A semicolon can be used to separate two
also to separate a phrase and a clause. clauses.

 A comma indicates a short pause.  A semicolon indicates a pause longer than a

comma, but shorter than a full stop.

 For example: Monica, Rachel, Phoebe, Chandler,  For example: I like mangoes; my brother
Joey and Ross are my favourite characters. likes apples.

Examples of Sentences Using a Semicolon

A semicolon, as already discussed, can be used for various purposes. Let us look at a few examples to see
how they perform the different functions.
Use of a Semicolon to Separate Various Lists in a Sentence
 My mom had to buy potatoes, tomatoes, onions and capsicums; liquid detergent, body wash, hand wash
and fabric softener; bread, butter and jam on her way home.
 We met Santhosh, Rajesh and Aarav at the party; Tina, Sandy and Neetu in the lobby; Charles, Abdul and
Sridevi on our way back.
 Glint, the singer; Mikki, the photographer; Aldrin, the professor and Iniyan, the entrepreneur will be
present for the gathering today evening.
Use of a Semicolon before Conjunctive Adverbs in Compound Sentences
 We planned to take a trip to Goa; however, we could not go through with it.
 The dress we picked was available in different colours; therefore, we decided to pick one for each of us.
 Philip had to make the presentation today; otherwise, he would have to wait another week until he is given
a chance.
Use of a Semicolon to Link Clauses in a Sentence
 There was an accident in our area; the police have reported the case and taken the damaged vehicle to the
station.
 My brother had his final review today; he seems to have done it well.
 I have watched F.R.I.E.N.D.S; I also like Glee.
Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Semicolon in Sentences
Go through the following sentences, identify if a comma or a semicolon is needed and use them
appropriately.
1. Gowtham will be travelling to Spain Germany Japan and Russia.
2. Keerthi Suresh has done a number of movies ‘Nadigayar Thilakam’ is one of her best movies.
3. We had many options however we went with the first one we saw.
4. The last date was on Friday therefore we could not enrol ourselves for the international conference.
5. I will be coming home by then I will pick you up.
6. Last week all my friends surprised me by coming to my office.
7. In the meantime we looked around for a walking stick.
8. Whatever you want to do do it wholeheartedly.
9. Though it was raining Rahul and Akash went on the road trip they had planned.
10. It was late so we decided to stay at our friend’s place.

What Is an Apostrophe? – Meaning and Definition

An apostrophe is a punctuation mark that is mainly used to show possession or ownership of something or
someone. It can also be used to form contractions and to indicate missing letters and numbers. It is indicated by
the symbol ’. According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, an apostrophe is defined as the mark ( ’ ) used to show
that one or more letters or numbers have been left out, as in she’s for she is and ’63 for 1963.” The Cambridge
Dictionary defines an apostrophe as “the symbol ’ used in writing to show when a letter or a number has been left
out, as in I’m (= I am) or ’85 (= 1985), or that is used before or after s to show possession, as in Helen’s house or
babies’ hands”.
An apostrophe, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is defined as “a mark ‘ used to indicate the
omission of letters or figures, the possessive case (as in “John’s book”), or the plural of letters or figures (as in ‘the
1960’s’)”. The Collins Dictionary defines an apostrophe as “the mark ‘ when it is written to indicate that one or
more letters have been left out of a word, as in ‘isn’t’ and ‘we’ll’. It is also added to nouns to form possessives, as in
‘Mike’s car’.”

How to Use an Apostrophe? – Rules and Points to Remember

An apostrophe can be said to be multi-functional. The primary function of an apostrophe is to indicate the
ownership of some object or some person by another. Other functions include indicating the plural form of letters
and numbers; denoting a missing number or letter and also to form contractions.
There are just a few points you need to keep in mind when using an apostrophe to perform the various
functions. Take a look at the following points to learn what they are.
 The apostrophe, when used to show possession or ownership, should be placed just immediately after
the noun or pronoun which is the owner of the mentioned object or person, followed by an ‘s’.
 If the noun or pronoun already has ‘s’ as its last letter, the apostrophe comes after the letter ‘s’. Also, in this
case, you need not add another ‘s’ after the apostrophe as it is already understood.
 Another rule of using the apostrophe to show possession is that you should add an apostrophe and an ‘s’
only to the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
 Also, if two or more nouns show separate ownership, you can use apostrophes for both the nouns. On the
other hand, if both the nouns or pronouns own the same thing, use an apostrophe and an ‘s’ at the end of
the latter noun or pronoun.
 When using an apostrophe to indicate a missing letter or a number, the apostrophe is placed exactly in the
space where the letter is missing. Also, remember that even if more than one letter or number is missing,
you should add only one apostrophe and not as many apostrophes as the missing numbers or letters.
 An apostrophe can be used to form contractions like can’t, I’m, don’t, etc. In these contractions too, the
apostrophe is placed in between the letters where the letters are missing.
Examples of Words and Sentences Using an Apostrophe
Apostrophes can be seen to perform different functions. Take a look at the examples given below and
analyze how an apostrophe performs its various functions.

Use of an Apostrophe to Show Possession

 Everyone keeps telling me that I am my mom’s daughter in every way.
 Rincy’s dog went missing yesterday.
 Did you find his bike’s keys?
 Susan’s father got a job in the United Arab Emirates.
 Are you the teacher’s pet?
Use of an Apostrophe to Form Contractions
 Don’t you think you can finish it by next week?
 They weren’t at the hotel.
 I’m willing to help you out with your project if you wish.
 Shouldn’t they be here by now?
 She kept saying that it wasn’t her fault.
Use of an Apostrophe to Indicate Missing Letters and Numbers
 We did it a li’l differently.
  She was definitely o’er the top when the results were announced.
 The kids of the ‘90s are different from every other generation.
 From ‘89 – ‘93, I was studying in Delhi.
 I could not make it to the event ‘cause I was not keeping well.
Use of Apostrophe with Compound Nouns or Hyphenated Nouns to Show Possession
 My mother-in-law’s brother came home today.
 The fifteen-year-old’s parents were asked to meet the Principal.
 Yesterday was my great-grandfather’s 100th birthday.
 Everybody loved my great-grandmother’s recipe of chocolate brownies.
 My would-be’s plan to come meet me changed because of the rains.

Use of Apostrophes in Literature

 Example 1:
William Wordsworth, in his poem, ‘Daffodils’, uses an apostrophe in the word o’er to denote the missing
letter ‘v’.
“I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,”
 Example 2:
William Shakespeare, in his famous play, uses the apostrophe to show possession by referring to Brutus as
‘Caesar’s angel’.
“For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar’s angel:”
Common Verb Contractions for Everyday Use
We do not often realise that we use a lot of contractions in everyday language. Even in our written
language, we use a lot of verb contractions. Check out the table given below for the most commonly used
contractions in everyday conversation.
Verb Contractions Used in Daily Language

Contraction Expanded Usage

I’m I am

Can’t Cannot

Don’t Do not

Didn’t Did not

Won’t Will not

Shan’t Shall not

Aren’t Are not

Isn’t Is not

Weren’t Were not

Hasn’t Has not

Haven’t Have not

Hadn’t Had not

Wasn’t Was not

Wouldn’t Would not

Couldn’t Could not

She’d She had

He’d He had

She’s She is/ She has

He’s He is/ He has

 It’s It is

We’d We had

They’ve They have

We’ve We have

I’ve I have

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Apostrophe

Go through the following sentences and use an apostrophe wherever necessary.
1. Tinas sister is a doctor.
2. All the 1s move to the right and all the 2s move to the left.
3. It felt as if we were flying oer the rainbow.
4. Cant you try it out once more?
5. They didnt appreciate the help.
6. How do you decide if you want to read a book or not? By the books cover or title?
7. The number 13s influence on my life is unlike what people usually say.
8. My moms face was glowing from the happiness within her heart.
9. The final teams performance moved my heart.
10. It was nobodys fault that the tap broke.

What Are Quotation Marks? – Meaning and Definition

Quotation marks, also called speech marks, are one of the punctuation marks in English which can be used
to quote the exact words of the speaker in a sentence and also to indicate names, titles and so on. The Oxford
Learner’s Dictionary defines ‘quotation marks’ as “a pair of marks (‘ ’) or ( “ ” ) placed around a word, sentence, etc.
to show that it is what somebody said or wrote, that it is a title or that you are using it in an unusual way.”
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, quotation marks are defined as “the symbols “ ” or ‘ ’ that are put around a
word or phrase to show that someone else has written or said it”.
The Collins Dictionary gives a much clearer definition of the usage of quotation marks in a sentence.
According to them, “either of the punctuation marks used to begin or end a quotation, respectively “ and ” or ‘ and
’ in English printing and writing. When double marks are used, single marks indicate a quotation within a quotation,
and vice versa.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary also gives a hint of the function of quotation marks in the
following words, “one of a pair of punctuation marks ” ” or ‘ ‘ used chiefly to indicate the beginning and the end of
a quotation in which the exact phraseology of another or of a text is directly cited.”

Types of Quotation Marks with Examples

In the English language, there are two types of quotation marks namely,
 Single quotation marks and
 Double quotation marks
They vary in their usage and perform different functions in a sentence. Take a look at how these two types
of quotation marks are used in sentences.

Single Quotation Marks

Single quotation marks, also called ‘inverted commas’, are mainly used to quote names, book titles, movie
titles, characters and specific terms that are given more importance than usual.
For example:
 We finally found ‘the coat’.
In the above example, ‘the coat’ is placed within single quotation marks as it specifically refers to a
particular coat that they should have been looking for a long time.
 Our English teacher asked us to read ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ before Friday.
 My brother and his friend, Philip went to watch ‘Don’ at the new theatre.
 The acronym, ‘WFH’, meaning ‘Work from Home’, has been used very frequently by youngsters and adults
alike.
In the above examples, ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’, ‘Don’ and ‘WFH’ are placed within single
quotation marks as they are the title of a play, the name of a movie and a particular acronym,
Double Quotation Marks
Double quotation marks are chiefly used to quote something someone said in their exact words, as in
direct speech. They can also be used to cite something that is written or said by another person or author.
For example:
 “I had a dream”, said Martin Luther King. Likewise, I do too.
 Nick said, “I enjoy watching musicals.”
 In the above sentences, you will see that “I had a dream” is a particular citation and so placed within
double quotation marks. The second sentence quotes the exact words of Nick; therefore, they are placed within
double quotation marks.

Using Quotation Marks in Sentences – Points to Remember

The first and most fundamental rule to be followed when using quotation marks is that you have to close
the quotation marks. You can never leave quotation marks open as they are always used in pairs. Also, since
quotation marks are meant to quote specific terms, words, sentences and paragraphs, you have to mark the end of
whatever is quoted.
There is yet another point that you have to bear in mind. Never use quotation marks unnecessarily. Any
punctuation mark, for that matter, has to be used only where it has to be used; otherwise, it would make the
sentence look flawed and also alter the meaning of the sentence.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Quotation Marks in Sentences

Use appropriate quotation marks wherever necessary in the following sentences.
1. Naomi said, I feel very excited as it is the first day of work.
2. Have you read The Pilgrim’s Progress?
3. Shakespeare once said, All the world’s a stage and we are all actors.
4. The Ice Age: Collision Course is the last one of the Ice Age movie sequels.
5. Have you ever heard of FOMO?
6. Terry said, I have been promoted to be head of sales for the entire northern division.
7. The crowd cheered, An absolute hero!
8. Nothing’s gonna change my love for you is my mom’s favourite song.
9. Who is the class leader? asked the Principal.
10. A Sensible Heart is a psychoanalytic novel.

What Is a Hyphen? – Meaning and Definition

A hyphen is a punctuation mark that is mainly used to combine two words to form compound words.
According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a hyphen is defined as “the mark (- ) used to join two words together
to make a new one, as in back-up, to show that a word has been divided between the end of one line and the
beginning of the next, or to show that something is missing (as in short- and long-term)”. The Collins Dictionary
defines a hyphen as “the punctuation sign used to join words together to make a compound, as in ‘ left-handed’.” A
hyphen is “a punctuation mark – used especially to divide or to compound words, word elements, or numbers”,
according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

Making Use of Hyphens in Your Writing – Rules and Points to Remember

Hyphens are primarily used to link two words together to form compound words. However, they can also
be used for other purposes. Take a look at the following points to find out what the other functions are.
A hyphen can be used:
 To refer to physical quantities if the unit is spelled out and not when it is written in the abbreviated form;
 With numbers, to represent time frames, estimates of distance and other attributes;
 When referring to the age of people or things;
 When writing compound numbers and fractions only if they are spelled out;
 When adding prefixes and suffixes, though not always.

Examples of Sentences Using a Hyphen

Here are a few examples of sentences using words or terms with hyphens for your reference.

Using Hyphens to Refer to Physical Quantities

 I had to carry a sixty-pound bag full of clothes up to the third floor yesterday.
 Madhu found an eight-centimetre long chameleon sitting on one of the rose bushes in her garden.
 Vishnu found it hard to lift even a five-kilogram sack of rice since he had sprained his wrist last week.

Using Hyphens to Form Compound Words

 Rory was a happy-go-lucky kid who enjoyed every moment of her life to the fullest.
 Meera was a bright-eyed girl.
 I did not notice that the green-coloured floral dress that I bought the other day was damaged.
Using Hyphens to Represent Time Frames, Estimates of Distances and Other Attributes
 They had informed us that the meeting would be held from 3:30-5:30 p.m.
 We were expecting only 500-750 people to attend the seminar, but around 1300 people attended.
 Hannah told us that we would have to travel for 3-4 kms, after the roundabout, to reach the beach.

Using Hyphens to Refer to the Age of People/Things

 We were surprised to see the ninety-year-old couple do a salsa dance.
 Our four-year-old daughter won the Kids’ Beauty Pageant.
 The ten-year anniversary of our shop falls on the 12th of June.
Using Hyphens to Refer to Fractions and Compound Numbers
 Joey ate three-fourth of the cake all by himself.
 Almost two-third of the town is occupied by Malayalis.
 Twenty-five students were selected to go to the International Science Fair.
There is one rule that you should remember when using hyphens. If you are spelling out fractions along
with numbers, hyphenate only the fraction and not the number.
For example:
 Six and one-third
 Eight and three-fourth
However, if the number and fraction acts as a compound adjective, you can hyphenate the whole
construction.
For example:
 The six-and-one-third-foot-long pole, that stood right in the middle of the road, was a hindrance for
everyone who took that route.
 The eight-and-one-quarter-inch loaf was stale.

Using Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes

As long as prefixes are concerned, you have to hyphenate,
 Every word that begins with prefixes such as ‘ex’, ‘self’ and ‘all’
 Every word that has a prefix that ends with a vowel and a root word that begins with a vowel
 Every proper noun that has a prefix
 When using prefixes to describe family relations
Examples:
 The ex-president is visiting Paris today.
 Our city has been semi-arid for many years now.
 In mid-January, we will be leaving for Canada.
 My great-grandfather was a veteran soldier.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Hyphens in Sentences

Go through the following sentences. Identify the words that have to be hyphenated and rewrite the
sentences accurately.
1. My sister has a semiacoustic guitar.
2. The hundred year old clock caught my eyes.
3. There would be around 800 1000 people going on this trip.
4. Can we have fifty five cups of coffee please?
5. Neena would be practising for 3 4 hours by the time we get there.
6. Three fourth of the drink was over within an hour.
7. The self obsessed girl could not manage to see another girl take up the centre stage.
8. My ninety year old grandmother is so active and energetic even at this age.
9. Her great grandmother will be visiting her next week.
10. My brother had a six inch subway for lunch.

What Is a Dash? – Meaning and Definition

A dash is a punctuation mark that resembles a hyphen, but longer. A dash is used to separate part of a
sentence and indicate a break. It indicates a longer pause than a comma and a semicolon. It is also called a long
dash or an em dash.
The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a dash as “the mark (—) used to separate parts of a sentence,
often instead of a colon or in pairs instead of brackets”. According to the Collins Dictionary, a dash is defined as “a
straight, horizontal line used in writing, for example to separate two main clauses whose meanings are closely
connected.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a dash as “a punctuation mark — that is used especially to
indicate a break in the thought or structure of a sentence”.

When and How to Use a Dash in a Sentence?

Using punctuation marks accurately is the key to writing error-free and meaningful sentences. A dash is
commonly used to do the following:
 It can sometimes be used in place of a comma, a colon and a semicolon.
 It is used after an independent clause, most often, to conclude the thought.
 It is used in pairs instead of brackets to distinguish extra or unessential information from the rest of the
sentence.
 It is used in dialogue writing to separate a comment from the rest of the dialogue.
 It is used before a series within a phrase.
 It is also used to indicate a range or a transport route.
 It is used between two country names or adjectives.

What Makes a Dash Different from a Hyphen?

 To help you comprehend this never-ending uncertainty, here is a table with the factors that make these
two punctuation marks different from each other.
Dash Hyphen

 A dash is used to indicate a break.  A hyphen is used to combine words to form

compound words and also at the end of sentences to
show continuation.

 A dash can be used instead of a comma, a  A hyphen does not indicate a pause and so cannot be
colon or a semicolon. used instead of a comma, a colon or a semicolon.

 Example:  Example:
 A lot of things — more than you  The white-headed pigeon is not seen much
can even imagine — have around here.
changed in the last two years.

Examples of Sentences Using Dashes

Here are some sentence examples to show you how a dash can be used in a sentence.
 My work timings are from 8–5.
 The trek will be organized from May 12–15.
 We know one thing for sure — something unexpected is coming our way.
 Many children — living in orphanages — do not know what love feels like.
 People — both young and old — were advised to take vaccinations at the earliest.
 The mathematician—philosopher has won the Nobel Prize this year.
 Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact was officially declared null in 1941.
 A lot has changed since last year — probably for the better.
 The Chennai—Mumbai flight will leave at 10:00 a.m.
 Dinesh — the boy from Thanjavur — has arrived.

What Are Brackets? – Meaning and Definition

The term ‘brackets’ refer to the vertical round lines () that come in pairs. The symbol has an opening
bracket and a closing bracket, employed in sentences to provide extra or additional information about something
or someone. The brackets symbol, a punctuation mark, is often used interchangeably with a pair of commas.
However, it is not ideal to use brackets everywhere you see a pair of commas.
Now, if the term ‘brackets’ refers to the particular punctuation mark, then what is a parenthesis? If you
look at the definitions of brackets and parentheses as provided by different dictionaries, you will be able to
understand this a lot more clearly. So, here it is.
The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a bracket as “either of a pair of marks, ( ), placed around extra
information in a piece of writing or part of a problem in mathematics”, and a parenthesis as “a word, sentence, etc.
that is added to a speech or piece of writing, especially in order to give extra information. In writing, it is separated
from the rest of the text using brackets, commas or dashes.” However, the dictionary also provides the exact
definition of brackets for parenthesis as an alternate definition. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, a bracket is
“either of two symbols put around a word, phrase, or sentence in a piece of writing to show that what is between
them should be considered as separate from the main part”, and according to the Collins Dictionary, “parentheses
are a pair of curved marks that you put around words or numbers to indicate that they are additional, separate, or
less important.”

The Four Types of Brackets

There are four main types of brackets having different functions in written language. They are:
 Round brackets or Parentheses
 Square brackets
 Curly brackets or Flower brackets
 Angle brackets
Now, let us look at each of these and their functions in detail.

Round Brackets or Parentheses

The round brackets or parentheses () are the most commonly used type of brackets in the English language.
The main function of these brackets is to deliver additional information about the person, place or thing that the
writer is talking about. The information that is enclosed within a pair of brackets can be removed from a sentence
and still make sense as they are mostly just extra information. An example of the use of round
brackets/parentheses in sentences is given below.

Examples of Round Brackets/Parentheses:

 It is better for you to follow the given instructions (unless you want to be expelled).
 The Taj Mahal (originally built in the 17th century) is being polished as its marble structure has lost its
colour due to the chemical pollution in the area.

Square Brackets

Square brackets are seen to be used more in mathematical expressions and coding languages. In the
English language, square brackets are used only if you want to modify the speaker’s original words when quoting
them, to add a comment or clarification or to indicate missing letters or words in the sentence. Take a look at the
examples given below.

Examples of Square Brackets:

 Derrick said, “She [the head nurse] asked us to wait here.”
 Did my mom really say she “love[s] travelling”?
 That is [the] point.

Curly Brackets or Flower Brackets

The curly brackets, also known as flower brackets, are mainly used in mathematical expressions, computer
programming languages and in musical notation. In grammar, the use of curly brackets is limited. It is employed
only to show choices within a list in a sentence.

Examples of Curly Brackets:

 Remind me to buy detergent, soap, vegetables {onions, tomatoes, garlic, ladies finger, chillies and
potatoes}, cooking oil and fruits {apples, oranges and bananas}.
 I have invited my relatives, friends {Mazeeka, Raimy, Priyanka and Soumia} and colleagues for my son’s
birthday party.

In maths, these brackets are used to represent a set and as a grouping symbol in algebraic expressions.
For example: {a, b, c, d, e} means a set that includes a, b, c, d and e

Angle Brackets

Angle brackets are purely meant to be used in coding languages and mathematical expressions. The only
other use of angle brackets is to mention urls and email addresses. For example: <www.englishgrammar.com>
<example1@email.com> Informally, two pairs of angle brackets may be used to denote asides but writers use a
pair of parentheses more often.

Are Brackets and Parentheses the Same?

A confusion between the terms – brackets and parentheses is very common. Since the terms are used
synonymously, it is likely that you have a doubt about the usage of the two terms. There is nothing wrong in using
them as synonyms as both refer to the same punctuation mark – the round brackets (). The only difference is that
the term ‘parentheses’ is also used to refer to the word, phrase, clause or sentence that is enclosed in brackets
within a sentence. The function, however, remains unchanged.

Guidelines to Use Brackets/Parentheses in Written Language

Like every other punctuation mark, the brackets symbol also has multiple functions. Making clever use of
them can make your writing legible and sensible. Have a look at the following guidelines to learn how to make good
use of parentheses in your writing.
 As already discussed, the primary function of the brackets symbol is to give additional details about
whatever you are discussing.
 When abbreviations are used in sentences, the full form of the abbreviation can be enclosed within
parentheses. It is also used the other way around. When mentioning it for the first time, the expanded
form of the abbreviation can be followed by the abbreviation in brackets. This is mostly the case when the
abbreviation has to be used multiple times in a paragraph.
 The use of brackets can also be seen when the plural of a particular word has to be emphasized on. This
would mean that one or more of that particular noun would be considered.
 A pair of parentheses can also be used to enclose a personal comment at the end of a general statement or
observation.
 Brackets can further be used to cite in-text references in academic or research writing.
  A comma, question mark, exclamation mark or a full stop is to be used after the closing bracket if the
parenthetical reference is at the end of a sentence. Only if a complete sentence is mentioned inside the
parenthesis can you use any of these punctuation marks within it.
 In case you are providing a comment at the end of the sentence, make sure to close the bracket and then
add a full stop, question mark or exclamation point to mark the end of the sentence.

Well, now that you have learnt the different functions of the punctuation mark, look at the following examples to
analyze how it works.

Examples of Sentences Using Brackets/Parentheses

 Droupadi Murmu (former Governor of Jharkhand) has taken office as the President of India.
 The Agam band (Bangalore-based Carnatic progressive band) is playing live at the GYLT on the 5 th of August.
 WHO (World Health Organisation) has declared monkeypox as a public health emergency of international
concern.
 Being a teacher was a noble profession (not anymore).
 Shakespeare’s “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits
and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts.” (As You Like It, Act 2, Scene 7) is used as a
theme in many movies.
 The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) commenced with the Dandi March.
 Everyone was talking about yesterday’s party (Don’t even get me started.).
 Mother Teresa (born in Skopje, Macedonia) founded the Christian Missionaries of Charity.
 The rainfall has increased by 100 cms. (See Figure 2)
 Betty (and her little red teddy bear) was always a delight to watch.
 The student(s) are asked to assemble in the main auditorium by 11 a.m.

Slash – Meaning and Definition

A slash, in punctuation, is a slanting line that is generally used instead of the conjunction ‘or’. It is also used
to denote the availability of options and choices. A slash, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is defined as “the
symbol / used in writing to separate letters, numbers, or words” and according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
“a mark / used typically to denote “or” (as in and/or), “and or” (as in straggler/deserter), or “per” (as in
feet/second)”. The Collins Dictionary defines a slash as “a short diagonal line (/) used between two words to show
that either is applicable (and/or), in dates or fractions (3/8), to express “per” (feet/ second), etc.”

Types of Slashes

In the English language, slashes are of three types, each of them used for different purposes. The three
types of slashes are,
 Forward Slash (/)
 Backward Slash (\)
 Vertical Slash (|)

Have you ever noticed how many slashes there are on the computer keyboard? There are three keys on the
keyboard with the slash symbol, two along with the alphabets on the main typing keypad and one on the numeric
keypad. On the typing keypad, you have one of each (a forward slash and a backward) and on the numeric keypad,
you have just a forward slash.
Let us now look at the significance of the forward slash, the backward slash and the vertical slash in detail.

The Forward Slash

The forward slash (/) is the most commonly used slash symbol. The forward slash means ‘or’, ‘and or’ or
‘per’. There are multiple scenarios in which the forward slash is used. They are as follows:
 To separate the date, month and year as in DD/MM/YY
 In between the numerator and denominator to indicate fractions as in ¼
 To denote alternate options meaning either this or that as in coffee/tea
 Instead of the term ‘per’ as in 45 km/hr

The Backward Slash

The backward slash (\), on the other hand, is not seen to be used very often. This is because it is only used
in computer coding languages. For example,
 Escape characters in python coding use backslashes. For instance: \n for a new line, \t for tab, \’ to insert a
single quote, etc.
 Windows uses backslashes to indicate paths or location of a folder as in C:\Users\Admin\Pictures
The Vertical Slash
The vertical slash (|), also known as the straight slash or the upright slash, is mostly used in coding
language and mathematics. It also means ‘such that’ or ‘it is true that’. It also performs the role of an OR operator
in coding languages. For example: Gowtham|Cyril means “Gowtham” and “Cyril”.

When and Where to Use a Slash?

You have already learnt what all a forward slash generally means and is used for. Now, let us see when and
where it can be used. A slash can be used between words in a text, and according to the way it is used, it can mean
different things.

A forward slash is used

 Between two nouns or conjunctions as a substitute for the conjunction ‘or’. Example: his/her, he/she,
if/when.
 Between the conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘or’ to show that both options are available. Example: Coat and/or tie.
 To separate lines in poetry, prose and even song lyrics. For example: “Hell hath no limits, nor is
circumscribed/In one self place, for where we are is hell,/And where hell is must we ever be.” (‘Doctor
Faustus’ by Christopher Marlowe)
 To form abbreviations. Example: w/o meaning without. See to it that you do not use abbreviations such as
these in formal writing.
 To denote a relationship between two closely related terms. Example: Sun/Moon
Examples of Sentences Using Slashes
Take a look at the following examples and try analysing how it is being used.
 You are allowed to bring your father and/or mother to the Parent-Teacher meeting.
 You can use a black pen/pencil to mark the parts of the diagram.
 My sister was looking for the newspaper dated 12/09/21.
 A parent/guardian has to accompany the child to the auditorium.
 Another day without your smile/Another day just passes by/And now I know/How much it means/For you
to stay right here with me (“I Wanna Grow Old with You’ by Westlife)
 Anyone who has his/her own vehicle can leave now.
 I have met them at close of day/Coming with vivid faces/From counter or desk among grey/Eighteenth-
century houses. (‘Easter, 1916’ by William Butler Yeats)
 Carry a sweater/shawl to shelter yourself from the cold weather.
 You will be required to submit address/age proof when you apply for a new bank account.
 My mom asked me to add a little extra powdered pepper/chilli flakes when making pepper chicken gravy if
I wanted it to be really spicy.

What Is an Exclamation Mark? – Meaning and Definition

An exclamation mark, also known as the exclamation point, is a punctuation sign that is used to indicate
strong emotions and feelings. It is used in exclamatory sentences and with interjections. According to the Oxford
Learner’s Dictionary, an exclamation mark is defined as “the mark ( ! ) that is written after an exclamation”, and
according to the Cambridge Dictionary, an exclamation mark is defined as “the symbol ! written immediately after
an exclamation.”
The Collins Dictionary defines an exclamation mark as “the sign ! which is used in writing to show that a
word, phrase, or sentence is an exclamation.” According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, an exclamation mark
is defined as “a mark ! used especially after an interjection or exclamation to indicate forceful utterance or strong
feeling.”

Why Use an Exclamation Mark in a Sentence?

Like question marks are used at the end of interrogative sentences and full stops at the end of declarative
sentences and imperative sentences, exclamation marks are used at the end of exclamatory sentences. Now, you
should have guessed it right. As exclamatory sentences express sudden and strong emotions and feelings, an
exclamation mark signifies or represents the employment of strong emotion or feeling in the sentence. You can
also use exclamation marks at the end of phrases and individual words that express a strong feeling.
If you are wondering about using exclamation marks in professional or academic writing, hold on. There is
something you should know. Exclamation marks are meant to be used in informal writing. If you are thinking how
some serious and strong thoughts can be conveyed in academic writing, here is what you can do. When writing for
academic purposes, you should choose the right vocabulary that will express what you want to convey. For
instance, instead of saying that something is ‘really important’, use words like ‘vital’, ‘crucial’ and ‘essential’ to
convey the seriousness of the particular activity.
Using exclamation marks in direct speech works like the other punctuation marks. If the sentence itself is
an exclamation, then place the exclamation mark at the end of the sentence. On the other hand, if the sentence
that is quoted is an exclamation, place the exclamation point immediately after the sentence and then close the
quotation marks.
 Take a look at the following examples to have a much clearer understanding of the usage of exclamation
marks in sentences.

Examples of Sentences Using an Exclamation Mark

Here are some examples of sentences using an exclamation mark to help you comprehend and remember the
usage of exclamation marks.

Using an Exclamation Mark in Exclamatory Sentences

 How careless can you be!
 What an amazing life!
 That is really wonderful!
Using an Exclamation Mark at the End of an Interjection
 Wow! That is great news.
 Oh! I am so sorry.
 Alas! That is really bad. What are you going to do about it?
Using an Exclamation Mark in Direct Speech
 Sam said, “I love this movie!”
 What nerve she has to say, “You are rude”!
 The team shouted together, “Whoa! We finally did it.”
Using an Exclamation Mark at the End of Phrases/Individual Words
 Careful! Will you?
 What a day!
 Get out! You have pulled the last straw.

Check Your Understanding of the Usage of Exclamation Marks

Go through the following sentences and insert exclamation marks wherever necessary and punctuate the
sentences accordingly.
1. Ouch that hurt badly.
2. What a pretty dress.
3. Sarah said, “Wow that is really great.”
4. Sit down.
5. We are fed up with you. Leave now.
6. Hurray. We finally did it.
7. Uh I am not sure I can help you with it.
8. Deepa said, “Ah now I understand.”
9. The teacher lost her temper and shouted, “No more activities for you.”
10. How wonderful.

Question Mark – Meaning and Definition

A question mark is a symbol used to punctuate interrogative sentences and at the end of question tags.
Just by seeing a question mark used at the end of a sentence or after a phrase, you will be able to identify that
there is something uncertain about the mentioned information and that whoever is asking the question is seeking
for an answer regarding the same.
According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a question mark is defined as a punctuation mark that is
“used to say that something is not certain.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “the symbol ? is used in writing
at the end of a phrase or sentence to show that it is a question.” A question mark is defined as “a mark ? used in
writing and printing at the conclusion of a sentence to indicate a direct question”, according to the Merriam-
Webster Dictionary. The Collins Dictionary defines a question mark as “the punctuation mark ? which is used in
writing at the end of a question.”

When and Where to Use a Question Mark?

Being a part of a very technologically advanced era, you would be constantly exposed to the most trending
usages in the English language. The usage of multiple question marks in order to stress something (for eg: What
really happened???) when sending personal messages is one of the various trends in online texting language. This
is, however, not the case with professional writing.

The standard use of question marks in professional writing can be as follows:

 A question mark can be used at the end of interrogative sentences/direct questions which are meant to
enquire about something to somebody
 A question mark can be used with sentences containing question tags.
 A question mark can be used to turn a normal statement into a question, in informal writing.
 If a previously asked question is reported in indirect speech, a question mark should not be used.
Examples of Sentences Using a Question Mark

Let us take a look at a few examples to see how the question mark can be used in different scenarios.

Use of Question Mark at the End of a Direct Question

 When will you reach?
 What are your plans for tomorrow evening?
 Who is that man?
 When do you intend on telling your parents about this?
 Why do you think it is taking this long?
Use of Question Mark at the End of Question Tags
 He is coming home today, isn’t he?
 They are not working on the same topic, are they?
 Susan will not be attending the workshop, will she?
 Suresh does not like sweets, does he?
 You are an Indian, aren’t you?
Use of Question Mark in Direct Speech
 My mom asked, “Has KRK been released on OTT?”
 “When are you leaving for Bangalore?” asked Sheena.
 Tharun asked, “Can you come with me to the clinic?”
 Vishnu said, “They are all joining us for dinner, right?”
 “Ashish is getting married?”, asked Varsha.

Check Your Understanding on Using Question Marks

Use question marks where required in the following sentences:

1. How did you do this
2. You are still going to the gym, right
3. Do you like cool drinks
4. Is she the one who won the gold medal for the marathon
5. Would you prefer pasta or momos
6. You do not like bitter gourd, do you
7. Can you finish the repair in two days
8. Preetha said, “Haven’t you seen this earring before”
9. Won’t you find it difficult to travel continuously
10. Are you happy now

Source: https://byjus.com/english/verbs/