APPENDIX 1147

Table A2. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SOME

COMMON SI UNITS
An asterisk (∗ ) denotes an exact relationship.

Length 1 in : 25.4 mm
1 ft : 0.3048 m
1 yd : 0.9144 m
1 mile : 1.6093 km
∗1 Å (Angstrom) : 10−10 m
Time ∗1 min : 60 s
∗1 h : 3.6 ks
∗1 day : 86.4 ks
1 year : 31.5 Ms
Area 1 in2 : 645.16 mm2
1 ft2 : 0.092903 m2
1 yd2 : 0.83613 m2
1 mile2 : 2.590 km2
1 acre : 4046.9 m2
Volume 1 in3 : 16.387 cm3
1 ft3 : 0.02832 m3
1 yd3 : 0.76453 m3
1 UK gal : 4546.1 cm3
1 US gal : 3785.4 cm3
Mass 1 oz : 28.352 g
∗1 lb : 0.45359237 kg
1 cwt : 50.8023 kg
1 ton : 1016.06 kg
Force 1 pdl : 0.13826 N
1 lbf : 4.4482 N
∗1 kgf : 9.80665 N
1 tonf : 9.9640 kN
∗ 1 dyn : 10−5 N
Temperature difference ∗1 deg F (deg R) : 5
deg C (deg K)
9
Energy (work, heat) 1 ft lbf : 1.3558 J
1 ft pdl : 0.04214 J
∗ 1 cal
(international table) : 4.1868 J
∗ 1 erg : 10−7 J
1 Btu : 1.05506 kJ
1 hp h : 2.6845 MJ
∗ 1 kWh : 3.6 MJ
1 therm : 105.51 MJ
1 thermie : 4.1855 MJ
Calorific value (volumetric) 1 Btu/ft3 : 37.259 kJ/m3
Velocity 1 ft/s : 0.3048 m/s
1 mile/h : 0.44704 m/s
Volumetric flow 1 ft3 /s : 0.028316 m3 /s
1 ft3 /h : 7.8658 cm3 /s
1 UK gal/h : 1.2628 cm3 /s
1 US gal/h : 1.0515 cm3 /s
Mass flow 1 lb/h : 0.12600 g/s
1 ton/h : 0.28224 kg/s
Mass per unit area 1 lb/in2 : 703.07 kg/m2
1148 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1 lb/ft2 : 4.8824 kg/m2

1 ton/sq mile : 392.30 kg/km2
Density 1 lb/in3 : 27.680 g/cm3
1 lb/ft3 : 16.019 kg/m3
1 lb/UK gal : 99.776 kg/m3
1 lb/US gal : 119.83 kg/m3
Pressure 1 lbf/in2 : 6.8948 kN/m2
1 tonf/in2 : 15.444 MN/m2
1 lbf/ft2 : 47.880 N/m2
∗1 standard atmosphere : 101.325 kN/m2
∗1 atm (1 kgf/cm2 ) : 98.0665 kN/m2
∗1 bar : 105 N/m2
1 ft water : 2.9891 kN/m2
1 in. water : 249.09 N/m2
1 in. Hg : 3.3864 kN/m2
1 mm Hg (1 torr) : 133.32 N/m2
Power (heat flow) 1 hp (British) : 745.70 W
1 hp (metric) : 735.50 W
∗1 erg/s : 10−7 W
1 ft lbf/s : 1.3558 W
1 Btu/h : 0.29307 W
1 ton of
refrigeration : 3516.9 W
Moment of inertia 1 lb ft2 : 0.042140 kg m2
Momentum 1 lb ft/s : 0.13826 kg m/s
Angular momentum 1 lb ft2 /s : 0.042140 kg m2 /s
Viscosity, dynamic ∗1 P (poise) : 0.1 N s/m2
1 lb/ft h : 0.41338 mN s/m2
1 lb/ft s : 1.4882 N s/m2
Viscosity, kinematic ∗1 S (stokes) : 10−4 m2 /s
1 ft2 /h : 0.25806 cm2 /s
Surface energy (surface tension) ∗1 erg/cm2 : 10−3 J/m2
∗ (1 dyn/cm) : (10−3 N/m)
Mass flux density 1 lb/h ft2 : 1.3562 g/s m2
Heat flux density 1 Btu/h ft2 : 3.1546 W/m2
∗1 kcal/h m2 : 1.163 W/m2
Heat transfer coefficient 1 Btu/h ft2 ◦ F : 5.6783 W/m2 K
Specific enthalpy (latent heat, etc.) 1 Btu/lb : 2.326 kJ/kg
Specific heat capacity 1 Btu/lb ◦ F : 4.1868 kJ/kg K
Thermal conductivity 1 Btu/h ft ◦ F : 1.7307 W/mK
∗ 1 kcal/h m ◦ C : 1.163 W/mK

Taken from MULLIN, J. W.: The Chemical Engineer 211 (Sept. 1967), 176. SI units in chemical engineering.
 APPENDIX 791,
Table 5. Viscosity of water*
Temperature (f>) Viscosity (/j,) Temperature (0) Viscosity (fj,) Temperature (60 Viscosity. (//)
<K.) (niN s/in2) (K) (m'N s/rrr) (K) (mN s/m 2 )
273 1 .792 1 306 0.7523 340 0.4233
274 1.7313 307 0.7371 341 0.4 j 7,4
275 i .6728 308 0.7225 342 0.4117
276 1.619! 309 0.7085 343 0.4061
277 1.5674 310 0.6947 344 0.4006
2,78 1,5188 311 0.6814 345 0,3952
279 1,4728 312 0.6685 346 0,3900
280 1.4.284 313 0.6560 347 0.3849
281 1 .3860 314 0.6439 348 0.3799
282 1 .3462 315 0.632.1 349 0.3750
283 1.3077 316 0.6207 350 0,3702
284 1.2713 317 0.6097 351 0.365.5
285 1.2363 318 0.5988 352 0.3610
286 1 .2028 319 0.5883 353 0.3565
287 1.1709 320 0.5782 354 0.3521
288 1.1404 321 0.5683 355 0.3478
289 1.1 1H 322 0.5588 356 0,3436
290 1 .0828 323 0.5494 357 0.3395
291 1.0559 324 0.5404 358 0,3355
292 1.0299 325 0.5315 359 0.3315
293 1 .0050 326 0.5229 360 0.3276
293.2 1 .0000 327 0.5146 361 0.3239
294 0.9810 328 0.5064 362 0.3202
295 0.9579 329 0.4985 36.3 0.3165
296 0.9358 330 0.4907 364 0.3130
297 0.9142 331 0.4832 365 0.3095
298 0.8937 332 0.4759 366 0.3060
299 0.8737 333 0.4688 367 0.3027
300 0.8545 334 0.4618 368 0,2994
301 0.8360 335 0.4550 369 0.296,2
302 0,8180 336 0.4483 370 0.2930
303 0.8007 337 0.441.8 371 0.2899
304 0.7840 338 0.4355 372 0.2868
305 0.7679 339 0.4293 373 0.2838
*Calculated by the formula:
r i
I/At = 21.482 (9 - 281.435) + y'(8078.4 + ((> - 281.435)2 - 1200 (/n in Ns/m 2 )

(By permission from Fluidity and Plasticity, by B.C. Bingham. Copyright 1922, McGraw-Hill Book.
Company Inc.)
798 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Table 7. Viscosities of gases*

Co-ordinates for use with graph on facing page
No. Gas X Y
! Acetic acid 7.7 14.3
2 Acetone 8.9 13.0
3 Acetylene 9.8 14.9
4 Air 1 1 .0 20.0
5 Ammonia 8.4 16.0
6 Argon 10.5 22.4
7 Benzene 8.5 33.2
8 Bromine 8.9 19.2
9 Buterte 9.2 13.7
10 Butylene 8.9 13.0
n Carbon dioxide 9.5 18.7
12 Carbon disulphide 8.0 16.0
13 Carbon monoxide 11.0 20.0
14 Chlorine 9.0 18.4
15 Chloroform 8.9 15.7
16 Cyanogen 9.2 15.2
17 Cyclohexane 9.2 12.0
18 Ethane 9.1 14.5
19 Ethyl acetate 8.5 13.2
20 Ethyl alcohol 9.2 14.2
21 Ethyl chloride 8.5 15.6
22 Ethyl ether 8.9 13.0
23 Ethylene 9.5 15.1
24 Fluorine 7.3 23.8
25 Freon-11 (CClgF) 10.6 15.1
26 Freon-12 (CC12F2) 11.1 16.0
27 Freon-21 (CHC12F) 10.8 15.3
28 Freon-22 (CHC1F2) 10.1 17.0
29 Freon-11 3 (CC12F-CCIF3) 11.3 14.0
30 Helium 10.9 20.5
31 Hexane 8.6 11.8
32 Hydrogen 11.2 12.4
33 3H2 + IN 2 11.2 17.2
34 Hydrogen bromide 8.8 20.9
35 Hydrogen chloride 8.8 18.7
36 Hydrogen cyanide 9.8 14.9
37 Hydrogen iodide 9.0 21.3
38 Hydrogen sulphide 8.6 18.0
39 Iodine 9.0 18.4
40 Mercury 5.3 22.9
41 Methane 9,9 15.5
42 Methyl alcohol 8.5 15.6
43 Nitric oxide 10.9 20.5
44 Nitrogen 10.6 20.0
45 Nitrosyl chloride 8.0 17.6
46 Nitrous oxide 8.8 19.0
47 Oxygen 11.0 21.3
48 Pentane 7.0 12.8
49 Propane 9.7 12.9
50 Propyl alcohol 8.4 13.4
51 Propylene 9.0 13.8
52 Sulphur dioxide 9.6 17.0
53 Toluene 8.6 12.4
54 2, 3, 3-trimethylbutane 9.5 10.5
55 Water 8.0 16.0
56 Xenon 9.3 23.0

(By permission from Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook,

by Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (eds) 6th edn. Copyright
1984, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.)
[To convert to Ib/ft h multiply by 2.42.]
 APPENDIX 799

Viscosities of gases
Temperature Viscosity
(mN s/m2) or |cP}

-
-0.09
200- 100 -0.08
- -0,07
-
-0.06
250-
-0 r
f-0.05
30 -
300- -
-100 28 -0.04
26 1
-200 -
A
^ -0.03
400-
22
-300
: 20
500- • 18 L
0.02
-500 16
\- Y
14
600- -600
12
^700
10
700- -800
-900 8
800- -1000 g -0.01
-0.009
900- -1200 4
-0.008
1000- -1300 2
-0.007
-1400
1100- -1500 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 -0.006
^1600 X
1200- -1700
-1800 -0.005
800 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Table 8. Viscosities and densities of liquids*

Co-ordinates for graph on following page
Density at Density at
293 K 293 K
No. Liquid X Y (kg/m3) No. Liquid X Y (kg/m3)
1 Acetaldehyde 15.2 4.8 783 (291 K) 57 Freon-11 3 (CC12F-CC1F2) 12.5 11.4 1576
2 Acetic acid, 100 per cent 12.1 14.2 1049 58 Glycerol, 100 per cent 2.0 30.0 1261
3 Acetic acid, 70 per cent 9.5 17.0 1069 59 Glycerol, 50 per cent 6.9 19.6 1126
4 Acetic anhydride 12.7 12.8 1083 60 Heptane 14.1 8.4 684
5 Acetone, 100 per cent 14.5 7.2 792 61 Hexane 14.7 7.0 659
6 Acetone, 35 per cent 7.9 15.0 948 62 Hydrochloric acid,
7 Ally! alcohol 10.2 14.3 854 3 1 .5 per cent 13.0 16.6 1157
8 Ammonia, 100 per cent 12.6 2.0 817 094 K) 63 Isobutyl alcoho! 7.! 18.0 779 (299 K)
9 Ammonia, 26 per cent 10.1 13.9 904 64 Isobutyric acid 12.2 14.4 949
10 Amyl acetate 11.8 12.5 879 65 Isopropyl alcohol 8.2 16.0 789
11 Arayl alcohol 7.5 18.4 817 66 Kerosene 10.2 16,9 780- 820
12 Aniline 8.1 18.7 1022 67 Linseed oil, raw 7.5 27.2 934 ± 4 (288 K)
13 Anisole 12.3 13.5 990 68 Mercury 18.4 16.4 13546
14 Arsenic trichloride 13.9 14.5 2163 69 Methanol, 100 per ceat 12.4 10.5 792
15 Benzene 12.5 10.9 880 70 Methanol, 90 per cent 12.3 11.8 820
16 Brine, CaCI2, 25 per cent 6.6 15.9 1228 71 Methanol, 40 per cent 7.8 15.5 935
17 Brine, NaCl, 25 per cent 10.2 16.6 1186 (298 K) 72 Methyl acetate 14.2 8.2 924
18 Bromine 14.2 13.2 3119 73 Methyl chloride 15.0 3.8 952 (273 K)
19 Bromotoluene 20.0 15.9 1410 74 Methyl ethyl ketone 13.9 8.6 805
20 Butyl acetate 12.3 11.0 882 75 Naphthalene 7.9 18.1 1 .1 45
21 Butyl alcohol 8.6 17.2 810 76 Nitric acid, 95 per cent 12.8 13.8 1493
22 Butyric acid 12.1 15.3 964 77 Nitric acid, 60 per cent 10.8 17.0 1367
23 Carbon dioxide 1 1 .6 0.3 1101 (236 K) 78 Nitrobenzene 10.6 16.2 1205 (291 K)
24 Carbon di sulphide 16.1 7.5 1 263 79 Nitrotoluene 11.0 17.0 1 160
25 Carbon tetrachloride 12.7 13.1 1595 80 Octane 13.7 10.0 703
26 Chioro benzene 12.3 12.4 1 107 81 Octyl alcohol 6.6 21.1 827
27 Chloroform 14.4 10.2 1489 82 Pentachloroethane 10.9 17.3 1671 (298 K)
28 Chlorosulphooic acid 11.2 18.1 1787 (298 K) 83 Pentane 14.9 5.2 630 (291 K)
29 Chiorotoluene, ortho 13.0 13.3 1082 84 Phenol 6.9 20.8 1071 (298 K)
30 Chlorotoluenc, ineta 13.3 12.5 1072 85 Phosphorus tribromide 13.8 16.7 2852 (288 K)
31 Chloroiuene, para 13.3 12.5 1070 86 Phosphorus trichloride 16.2 10.9 1574
32 Cresol, meta 2.5 20.8 1034 87 Propionic acid 12.8 13.8 992
33 Cyclohexanol 2.9 24.3 962 88 Propyl alcohol 9.1 16.5 804
34 Dibromoethane 12.7 15.8 2495 89 Propyi bromide 14.5 9.6 1353
35 Dichloroethane 13.2 12.2 1256 90 Propyl chloride 14.4 7.5 890
36 Dichloromethane 14.6 8.9 1336 91 Propyl iodide 14.1 11.6 1749
37 Diethyl oxalate 11.0 16.4 1079 92 Sodium 16.4 13.9 970
38 Dimethyl oxalate 12.3 15.8 1148 (327 K) 93 Sodium hydroxide, 50% 3.2 25.8 1325
39 Diphenyl 12.0 18.3 992 (346 K) 94 Stannic chloride 13.5 12.8 2226
40 Dipropyl oxalate 10.3 17.7 1038 (273 K) 95 Sulphur dioxide 15.2 7.1 1434 (273 K)
41 Ethyl acetate 13.7 9.1 901 96 Sulphuric acid, 1 10 per cent 7.2 27.4 1980
42 Ethyl alcohol, 1 00 per cent 10.5 13.8 789 97 Sulphuric acid, 98 per cent 7.0 24.8 1836
43 Ethyl alcohol, 95 per cent 9.8 14.3 804 98 Sulphuric acid, 60 per cent 10.2 21.3 1498
44 Ethyl alcohol, 40 per cent 6.5 16.6 935 99 Sulphuryl chloride 15.2 12.4 1667
45 Ethyl benzene 13.2 11.5 867 100 Tetrachloroethane 11.9 15.7 1600
46 Ethyl bromide 14.5 8.1 1431 101 Tetrachloroethy lene 14.2 12,7 1624 (288 K)
47 Ethyl chloride 14.8 6.0 917 (279 K) 102 Titanum tetrachloride 14.4 12.3 1726
48 Ethyl ether 14.5 5.3 708 (298 K) 103 Toluene 13.7 10.4 866
49 Ethyl formate 14.2 8.4 923 104 Trich loroethy lene 14.8 10.5 1466
50 Ethyl iodide 14.7 10.3 1933 105 Turpentine 11.5 14.9 861-867
51 Ethylene glycol 6.0 23.6 1113 106 Vinyl acetate 14.0 8.8 932
52 Formic acid 10.7 15.8 1220 107 Water 10.2 13.0 998
53 Freon-11 (CChF) 14.4 9.0 1494 (290 K) 108 Xylene, ortho 13.5 12.1 881
54 Freon-12(CCl 2 F 2 ) 16.8 5.6 1486 (293 K) 109 Xylene, meta 13.9 10.6 867
55 Freon-21 (CHC12F) 1.5.7 7.5 1426 (273 K) 110 Xylene, para 13.9 10.9 861
56 Freon-22 (CHOF2) 17.2 4.7 3870 (273 K)
*By permission from Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, by Perry, R. H. and Green, D. W. (eds), 6th edn. Copyright
1984. McGraw-Hill.
 APPENDIX 801

Viscosities of liquids
Temperature
Viscosity
IK) (°F) {mN s/m2) or (cP)
475-1h-3 |g F1QO
~s 70
*"
— 80
60
450- >
*
?
18 -60
130 r50
* 20
" %
•" j-40
425- _> 00
-; 90 f-30
-280 _
-270 ^•20
400-
-250 -
-240 -
-230 -
-220 30 -10
375-
28
-200 -•»
-190 100 oft
ZO
loU
|9
350- -170 24
-160 r4
-150 22 =
: «5
-140
-130 20
325-
-120 18
L2
-110 i
-100 16 t"
Y
-90 -4 - -
300- ^80 =-0;9
^70 12 E||
»u 10 — 0,6
r-50 rO.5
8
-40 t-ft d.
275-
-30 6
-20 f-0.3
4

^ 2 ^-0.2
~
250- "lu 0 2 4 f> (J 10 12 14 16 18 20
— 20 Y A