Animal Kingdom

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Animal Kingdom(Chordata)

1. PHYLUM: CHORDATA
 The fundamental characteristics of phylum chordate are:

1. They possess a notochord either throughout life or during early embryonic

development.
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord with central nervous system.

3. Paired gill slits on the lateral sides of pharynx.

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4. Post anal tail.
 Phylum chordata can also be divided as:

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOCHORDATA OR ACRANIATES

Sub-Phylum 1. Urochordata
 They are exclusively marine.
(i) This sub-phylum is also called Tunicata because the adult body is enclosed within a
leathery test or tunic formed of a cellulose-like organic substance termed tunicin.
Excretion by neural gland, hence excretion is glandular.
(ii) The larva (Ascidian tadpole) undergoes retrogressive metamorphosis, i.e., change from
better developed larva to less developed adult, e.g., Herdmania (Sea Squirt).

(iii) Blood vascular system is open type heart is situated at ventral surface of body.
Respiratory pigment is Vanadium in blood which is stored in purple blood corpuscles known
as Vanadocytes. Vanadocytes are present except in Herdmania. Examples: Salpa, Doliolum,
Ascidia.

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• Metameric segmentation is absent and coelom is also absent.

• Method of food intake is ciliary.
• Notochord is found only in tail of tadpole larva. Tail is lost during metamorphosis. Chordate
characters are found only in the tail region of tadpole larva, so the name Urochordata was
given to this subphylum.
• Dorsal tubular nerve cord is found in nervous system, which is present only in larval stage.
In adult stage, nerve cord is modified into a neural ganglion.
• Most of the animals are bisexual. Asexual reproduction is normaly by budding. Each gonad
contains testis and ovary portion (Ovo-testes) in it.
• Fertilization is external and mostly cross-fertilization.
Sub-phylum 2. Cephalochordata
(i) The notochord extends upto anterior end of the body, hence this sub-phylum is named so.
(ii) The tail is present throughout life, e.g., Branchiostoma (Amphioxus). Amphioxus /
Branchiostoma has both ends pointed like lance. Hence it is commonly called lancelet.

• Head is absent body is divided into trunk and tail.

• Alimentary canal complete. Buccal opening is covered by oral hood from all the four
sides. Just beneath it, "Wheel organ" or "Ciliated organ of Muller" present. This
organ helps in the ingestion of food by producing circular currents in water.
• Blood vascular system is closed type and respiratory pigment absent.
• Hepatic portal system present.
• For excretion protonephredia are present in the form of flame cells or
solenocytes. Hatschecks nephridium (single) is present which helps in excretion.
• Nervous system is in the form of dorsal, tubular ; hollow nerve cord.
• Notochord and nerve cord remain extended from one end of the body to the other
end.

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• These are unisexual animals.
• Fertilisation is external.
• Development is indirect i.e. larval stage is found.
• Members of this group are the first complete chordate animals.

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VERTEBRATA OR CRANIATA

(i) These are advanced chordates that have cranium (cartilage or bony brain box)
around brain.
(ii) Notochord is present only in the embryonic stages, it is replaced by cartilaginous
or bony vertebral column (back bone) in the adult forms. They have paired
appendages as fins and limbs.

(iii) Closed circulatory system, muscular and ventral heart 2, 3 or 4 chambered,

lymphatic system present, erythrocytes and hemoglobin are present.

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(iv) A pair of kidneys are present for excretion and osmoregulation; endocrine glands
are well developed; they are generally unisexual; have single pair of gonads.

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Division 1: Agnatha (The Jawless Vertebrates)
 They are the most primitive of all craniates.
 The mouth does not possess jaws hence named Agnatha.
 Vertebral column is represented only by small imperfect neural arches over the
notochord.
 They do not have exoskeleton and paired appendages.
 They have single nostril. Internal ear has one or two semi-circular canals.
 They are cold blooded.
 Genital ducts are absent.
 It includes 2 classes :
1. Ostracodermi 2. Cyclostomata
1. Ostracodermi:
(i) Ostracodermi are all extinct now and are called fossil agnatha.
(ii) These were shell skinned with exoskeleton of bony plates. e.g. Cephalaspis.
(iii) They were the first jawless fishes (originated in Ordovician period in Palaeozoic
era).
2. Cyclostomata: Its general characters are :

(i) All living members of the class Cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes. The body
is devoid of scales and paired fins. Head and brain are poorly developed. They are also
called jawless fishes.

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(ii) Cyclostomes have an elongated body bearing 6 -15 pairs of gill slits in their gill pouch for
respiration and have a sucking and circular mouth .
(iii) Single sex organ discharges the gametes in the well developed coelom.
(iv) Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous with persistent notochord.
(v) Stomach is absent.
(vi) A single dorsal nostril leads into closed nasal sac. A functional pineal eye is present just
behind it.
(vii) Circulation is of closed type.
(viii) Kidneys are mesonephric.
(ix) Animals unisexual, fertilization external, larval stage absent. Except Ammocoete larva is
found during development of Petromyzon.

Differences between Lamprey and Hag fish

Lamprey Hag fish
1. Marine as well as fresh water 1. Exclusively marine
2. 7-pairs gill slits 2. 6-1 4 p airs g ill sl its w i t h si ngl e
pair of opening on the surface
3. Anadromous (from sea to river) 3. Spawn on ocean floor.
4. 10 pairs cranial nerves 4. 8 pairs cranial nerves.
5. Two semicircular canals 5. One semicircular canal
6. Indirect development 6. Direct development

Concept Builder

1. Petromyzon , though marine, goes to fresh water for spawning i.e., anadromous. After spawning
within a few days, they die.
2. Larva Ammocoete hatches out of eggs in about 14-21 days. Larval period may long from 3 to 7 years.
3. Ammocoete is connecting link between Amphioxus and the cyclostomes.
4. Lingual Cartilage is also a part of skeleton, that lies in the tongue region and supports it (Lingual =
related to tongue).
5. Typhlosole is a fold of epithelium in the intestine. It prevents the rapid flow of food in the intestine
and increases the absorptive surface area.
COMPERISION AMONG VARIOUS CLASSES OF VERTEBRATA
Features Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Aves Mammals
Habits Aquatic, Mainly Aquatic and Terrestrial mainly, Terrestrial, warm Terrestrial, warm
carnivorous, cold terrestrial both, cold blooded, Mainly blooded, carnivorous blooded, omnivorous
blooded, active carnivorous, cold carnivorous and herbivorous carnivorous and
swimmers blooded herbivorous
Main habitat Water Water and land Mainly land Land Land

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Skin Skin moist, with Moist, soft, Rough, dry with Dry, covered by Rough, dry,
many mucous glands slippery, glandular many epidermal horny feathers. cornified. Skin
and embedded and sticky. (Dermal scales. Skin is Epidermal scales are is the thickest.
dermal scales. and epidermal scales covered by dermal present on Skin bears dermal
(Epidermal scales are absent) scutes and plates in legs, feet and base hairs
are absent) snakes, of beak.
crocodiles and
tortoises.
Occipital condyles in Dicondylic Dicondylic Monocondylic Monocondylic Dicondylic
skull
Vertebrae Amphicoelous Amphicoelous, Procoelous Heterocoelous Amphiplatyan
Procoelous (Acoelous)
Jaw' Amphistylic or Autostylic Autostylic Autostylic Craniostylic
suspansorium hyostylic
Teeth Teeth are Homodont, acrodont Homodont and Absent Heterodont,
modified placoid and pleurodont. diphyodont
scales in polyphyodont Absent in and thecodont
cartilaginous tortoises
fishes.
Respiratory Gills Gills in larva but Lungs Lungs Lungs
organs lungs and skin in
adult
Cloaca Present Present Present Present Absent (Present in
prototherians)
Heart 2 chambered Three chambered Three chambered Four Four
(imperfectly four chambered chambered
chambered in
crocodiles)
Cranial nerves 10 pairs 10 pairs 12 pairs 12 pairs 12 pairs
Thermal nature Poikilothermic Poikilothermic Poikilothermic Homeothermic Homeothermic
Kidneys Mesonephric Mesonephric Metanephric Metanephric Metanephric
Scrotal sac in male Absent Absent Absent Absent Present
Mammary glands Absent Absent Absent Absent Present
Fertilisation Usually internal Usually external Internal Internal Internal
Development Usually direct Direct or indirect Direct Direct Direct
Division 2 : Gnathostomata (The Jawed Vertebrates)
 It includes advanced vertebrates.
 Embryonic notochord is usually replaced in adults by a vertebral column.
 Paired fins or limbs are present.
 Mouth has jaws hence it is named gnathostomata.
 Paired nostrils are present.
 Intemal ear has three semicircular canals. Girdles present.
 Gnathostomata is divided into two super classes: Pisces and Tetrapoda.

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CLASS 1: PISCES
It includes true fishes. All are aquatic. The body bears fins. They are cold blooded.

(i) Monocondylic skull, slimy glands present on skin.

(ii) Vertebrae are Amphicoelous type
(iii) Neck absent, no upper or lower eyelids, no tympanum (only internal ear is
present). Each eye has a well-developed nictitating membrane.
(iv) Heart-two-chambered (S-shaped), venous heart with sinus venosus and conus
arteriosus.
(v) Both renal portal and hepatic portal system are found. Hypophyseal portal
system is also present.
(vi) Respiration occurs typically by gills.
(vii) Scales mesodermal or dermal, embedded in skin.
(viii) Kidneys -Mesonephric, ammonotelic (sharks-Ureotelic).
(ix) Lateral line sense organs are present.
 Super class Pisces is divided into three classes:
Class I. Placodermi. (Extinct)
It includes the earliest fossil fishes which lived in fresh water. Body had an external
protective armour of bony scales or plates. Primitive jaws with teeth were present.
Skeleton was bony. Fins were mostly formed of large spines, e.g., Climatius (Spiny
Shark).
(i) They appeared in Silurian period, flourished in Devonian and Carboniferous and
became extinct in Permian .
(ii) The name placodermi means "armoured fish" or "Plate skinned".
(iii) Both paired and unpaired fins were present. Caudal fin heterocercal.
(iv) Autostylic jaw suspension; gill slits are covered by operculum.

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Concept Builder
Class II. Chondrichthyes.
Sharks are fast swimming predators, whereas, the rays and skates are stout,
bottom living scavengers and mollusc feeders.

Scoliodon (Dog Fish)

Class III. Osteichthyes.

Differences between cartilaginous and bony fishes

S.No. Characteristic Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes) (bony fishes)

1. Habitat Mostly marine Both marine and fresh water

2. Mouth Ventral Anterior

3. External nares Ventral Dorsal

4. Scales Placoid Ganoid, Cycloid and Ctenoid

5. Operculum Absent (except Chimaera) Present

6. Ampulla of lorenzini Present Absent

7. Cloaca Present (except Chimaera) Absent

8. Endoskeleton Cartilaginous Partly or wholly bony

9. Spiral Valve (Scroll Present in the intestine Usually absent in intestine

valve)
10. Gills 5-7 pairs 4 pairs

11. Swim bladder Absent Present

12. Cerebellum Large sized Small sized

13. Claspers Present Absent

14. Sexes Distinguishable externally Indistinguishable externally

15. Posterior aperture One i.e., cloacal aperture Often three i.e., anal, genital and urinary

16. e.g., Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish),
Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon Hippocampus (Sea horse); Freshwater – Labeo
(Sting ray). (Rohu),
Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur); Aquarium –
Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel
fish)

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Concept Builder
Some Important Fishes
 Torpedo (Electric Ray):
Torpedo is bottom dwelling, carnivorous fish. It stuns or kills the prey and enemies with
electric shock from its electric organs. The latter are modified muscles. The skin is scale
less.

 Pristis: (Saw fish)

Head bears a series of strong tooth like denticles along the margin.
 Some air breathing fishes, use their paired fins to move on land and gave rise to the first
land vertebrates. A living fossil of this group is Latimeria, a lobe-finned fish.
 Exocoetus (Flying Fish): It does not fly but often leaps into the air upto about six metres
high. The pectoral fins are modified into wing-like structures, with the help of which
the fish glides.
 Hippocampus (Sea Horse): The neck and the head of the fish are horse like and the tail
is prehensile. The male bears a brood pouch in which the female lays eggs and the latter
remain there till they hatch.

 Labeo (Rohu) : Labeo rohita and Labeo calbasu are the common fresh water edible carps.
It is covered by large overlapping scales.

 Clarias (Cat fish/Magur) : Indian Cat Fish (Clarias batrachus) lives in ponds. It is carnivorous.
The head bears sensory threads called barbels. The body is smooth and without scales.

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Other fresh water cat fishes of India are Mystus seengala (slinghara), Rita lita and Wallago attu
(Malli).
 Latimeria chalumnae (The Coelacanth) : It was first caught in 1938 off the east coast
of South Africa. It swims by curious rotating movements of its pectoral fins. All its fins
except the anterior dorsal are lobed. It is the oldest living fish; and has survived till today
without undergoing any change in it. It is therefore described as a living fossil.

Lung Fishes: Sub-Class Dipnoi

 There are three genera of living lung fishes: Neoceratodus, Lepidosiren and Protopterus.
All have three chambered heart (two auricles and one ventricle).

Concept Builder
Common Food Fishes Of India
S.No. Fresh water food fishes Marine water food fishes
1. Lebeo rohita (Rohu) Stromateus (Pomfret)
2. Lebeo calbasu (Calbasu) Harpodon (Bombay Duck)
3. Catla catla (Katla) Sardinella (Salmon)
4. Cirrhina mrigala ( Mrigal) Hilsa (Hilsa)
5. Mystus seenghala (Singhara) Anguilla (Eel)
False Fishes
Sr.No. Common Name Genus Phylum
1. Jellyfish Aurelia Coelenterata
2. Silverfish Lepisma Arthropoda
3. Crayfish Astacus Arthropoda
4. Razorfish/Shellfish Solen Mollusca
5. Cuttlefish Sepia Mollusca
6. Devilfish Octopus Mollusca
7. Starfish Asterias Echinodermata
8. Hagfish Mysine Chordata
9. Whalefish Balaenoptara Aquatic mammles

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Concept Builder
1. Stone fish is the most poisonous fish.
2. Gambusia fish (Iarvivorous) was introduced into several tropical regions to control malaria.
3. Catadromous fishes live in fresh water and go down to sea for breeding e.g., Anguilla (european eel).
When fishes migrate from the rivers to the sea, it is called catadromous migration.

4. Anadromous fishes live in sea water and move to the rivers for breeding e.g., Hilsa, Salmon. When
fishes migrate from sea to the rivers, it is called anadromous migration.
5. Hilsa is the only Indian fish that migrates from the seas to the river for breeding.
6. Most primitive fish (fossil): Climatius (Placodermi).
7. Anabas (climbing perch). It has accessory respiratory organs for breathing atmospheric air which
enables the fish to take long overland excursions in search of earthworms.
8. Pomfret is the most widely eaten fish in India.
9. Dipnoi have incompletely divided three chambered heart.
10. Urinary bladder is absent in fishes.
11. Some elasmobranchs retain urea in blood to maintian hypertonicity.
12. Ampulla of Lorenzini are thermo receptors.
13. Electric organs of electric ray are modified muscles.
14. Bioluminescent fishes : Anamalops, Porichthyes etc.; Sound producing fishes: Mola, Batistes.
15. Poisonous glands are found in sting ray, eagle ray, Chimaera, Diodon and Tetrodon.
16. Fish byproducts are -Fish meals and fertilizers; fish flour, fish proteins, fish oil, steaming.
Floatations, shagreen, fish glue, isinglass, leather, artificial pearls etc.
17. Commercial name of integument of Scoliodon is "shagreen".
18. The study of fish is called Ichthyology.
19. The study of skates, rays and sharks is called Torpedology.
20. Parental care is well developed in Hippocampus.
21. Isinglass is a gelatinous product obtained from the air bladders of certain fishes such as carps,
salmons, cat fishes etc. It is used for making cements, jellies and for clarification of wines and
beers.
22. Fins:
(i) Paired pectoral and pelvic fins: Act as balancers and brakes; provide lift and counteract pitching
and rolling.
(ii) Anterior dorsal fin : Counteracts rolling and yawing.
(iii) Posterior dorsal and anal fin : Counteract yawing and rolling.
(iv) Caudal fin : Propels the body and provides lift.

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SUPER CLASS 2 (TETRAPODA):
 All gnathostomes excluding fish are included in this super-class.
 Typically, all tetrapod’s (Gk. Tetra = four + podos = foot) possess two pairs of limbs.
Skin is adapted to withstand exposure to air.
 They have lungs for aerial respiration. Their sensory organs are adapted for
reception in air, such as vision, hearing, smelling etc.
 Tetrapoda is divided into four classes: Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

CLASS: AMPHIBIA

The Vertebrates with Dual-life (Gk. Amphi = two or both; bios = life)
General Characters:
There are about 3,000 species of amphibians out of which 2,600 species are in order
Anura.

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They are present in the warmer regions of the world except Newts and Salamander
which are present in cooler regions.
They occur only in fresh water and moist land. Amphibians are not found in sea water.
 The other characters are :
1. They are poikilothermal animals. They are amphibious in nature, i.e., they can live
on land as well as in water. They are mostly found in warm countries. They are
ectothermic (cold blooded). Body is divisible into head and trunk. Tail may be
present in some forms.

2. The skin is smooth or rough, having cutaneous glands which keep it moist. They are
usually without scales, but if scales are present, they are hidden beneath the skin
(e.g., Caecilians).
3. Two pairs of limbs are used for locomotion.

4. The gills are present at least in the larval stage; some adult forms also carry them
in addition to lungs (e.g., Necturus).
5. Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts open into a common chamber
called cloaca which opens to the exterior.
6. Skull is dicondylic, i.e., with two occipital condyles for articulation with vertebral
column.
7. The respiratory organs are lungs, buccopharyngeal cavity, skin and gills.
8. The heart is three chambered, having two auricles and one ventricle. In the heart,
there are present sinus venosus and truncus arteriosus. Both hepatic portal and
renal portal systems are well developed.

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9. Kidneys are mesonephric. Urinary bladder is present in frog. Larvae and tailed
amphibians (e.g., Salamanders) are ammonotelic. Frogs and toads are ureotelic.
10. Ear consists of internal and middle ear. Tympanum (outer membrane) covers the
middle ear. The middle ear has a single ear ossicle called Columella Auris.
11. Their eyes have eyelids and nictitating membrane, that protects and moisten the
eyes.

12. Ten pairs of cranial nerves are present. Sexes are seperate, fertilization is external,
oviparous and development indirect.
13. They return to water for breeding. Male lacks copulatory organs. Indirect
development occurs. A fish like stage, the tadpole is present.
14. Male frog can croak louder than females because of the presence of vocal sacs.
Example : Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander),
Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).
Concept Builder

 Living Amphibians are divided into three orders:

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Concept Builder
In Frogs, external ears are absent, only Tympanum is seen externally: Frogs
have a tympanic membrane on the surface of both sides of their head. The
tympanic membrane of a human are called eardrums and each is protected inside
ear canal.
Concept Builder
1. Seymouria is a connecting link between amphibia and reptiles.
2. Paedogenesis: Development of gonads and/or production of young ones by immature or larval forms
e.g. Salamander (Ambyostoma).

3. Total neoteny is shown by Necturus, Siren and Proteus.

4. Toads are used in chinese medicines. Skin of toad secretes a substance that increases B.P when
injected into humans.
5. Skin of tadpole secretes an enzyme, diastase.
6. Upper jaw of frog is derived from quadrate cartilage whereas lower jaw is derived from Meckel's
cartilage.
7. First toe is called hallux.
8. Jaw suspension is autostylic, urostyle is last component of vertebral column.
9. Shapes of 2-7th vertebrae-Procoelous (typical); 8th vertebra-Amphicoelous; 9th vertebra -
Acoelous.
10. Amphiuma-has the largest RBCs among vertebrates.
11. At the time of metamorphosis, the tadpole does not feed.
12. Blind worms (limbless amphibians) are unusual amphibians as only one species lives in water.
All the other burrow underground and are rarely seen on the surface. Many do not even
need water to breed.
13. Carboniferous Period - Age of Amphibians.
14. The Arrow poison frogs secretes a powerful poison from the skin which can cause instant
death.
15. Most poisonous frog-Golden dart poison frog from South America is the most poisonous
frog. One adult frog contains enough poison to kill 200 people.

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CLASS : REPTILIA

 Their name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.

 Reptiles are cold blooded or poikilothermic animals.
 There are only about 6,000 species of reptiles now living.
 But fossils show that 200 million years ago, the reptiles were the most dominant animals
on earth.
 Herpetology is the study of reptiles.
 The largest reptiles today are the 'komodo dragon' Varanus komodoensis of indonesia (a
lizard) 3m in length, crocodiles (upto 7m), pythons (upto 10m) and giant tortoises weighing
upto 600kg.
 Important characters of this class are:
1. They are covered by dry and cornified skin having epidermal scales or scutes. Snakes and
lizards shed their scales as 'skin cast'. Scales prevent loss of body water and so reptiles
do not require a moist environment like amphibians.

2. Respiration is only through lungs, which is improved by the development of ribs.

3. Limbs -when present are two pairs, pentadactyl, digits have horny claws.
4. Mouth is terminal with conical teeth which are pleurodont in lizards and snakes and
thecodont in crocodiles. Teeth are absent and replaced by horny beaks in turtles.
5. Endoskeleton is bony, skull is monocondylic (with one occipital condyle).
6. Heart is usually 3-chambered or partially 4-chambered. Interventricular septum is
incomplete. Heart is completely 4-chambered in crocodiles. Two systemic arches are
present. Erythrocytes are oval and nucleated.
7. Kidneys are metanephric. Excretion is uricotelic. 'Urinary bladder is absent in snakes and
crocodiles.

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8. Cranial nerves are 12 pairs. Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal organ) present in the roof of
buccal cavity, concerned with smell, is well developed in snakes and lizards. They do not
have external ear openings. Tympanum represent ears.
9. Sexes are separate. Males usually have a muscular copulatory organ. Fertilization is
internal. Mostly are oviparous and development is direct. Some are viviparous. No
metamorphosis.
Example: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden
lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous
snakes – Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper) etc.

(a) Chameleon (b) Crocodilus (c) Chelone (d) Naja

Differences between Crocodile, Alligator and Gavialis
Crocodile Alligator Gavialis
(a) It is more aggressive, and (a) It is less aggressive, (a) It can eat only fish
dangerous to man. attacks when provoked. because of narrow throat.
(b) Colour olive green with (b) Colour steel grey. (b) Colour dark olive green.
black spots.
(c) Snout moderately long (c) Snout short broad and (c) Snout very long and
and pointed. rounded. slender.

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Concept Builder
1. Benadryl is used as an antidote to counteract the effect of haemotoxins.
2. Seymouria is considered as connecting link between amphibians and reptiles.
3. Mesozoic era is known as 'age of reptiles.'
4. Loreal pit of pit viper is thermoreceptor organ.
5. Reptiles without urinary bladder-snakes, crocodiles, alligators.
6. Many sea snakes are viviparous. Pit vipers are also mostly viviparous.
7. The oldest living animal in any Indian Zoo is the Aldabra giant tortoise.
8. Rattle snakes's tail emits a frightening sound which scares away the enemy.
9. The king cobra of India is the only snake in the world that builds a nest.
10. Largest snake-python; Smallest snake-Thread snake.
11. Largest lizard-Komodo dragon; Smallest lizard-Two species of dwarf gecko.
12. Long dinosaur-Diplodocus; Small dinosaur-Compsognathus.
13. Largest living reptiles (i) Python, (ii) Crocodile (iii) Komodo dragon.
14. Hemidactylus or wall lizard (Gecko) is a swift runner on smooth vertical surface due to the
presence of vaccum pads.
15. Draco is flying lizard but it actually does not fly.
16. Heloderma is a poisonous lizard. (Gila monster)
17. Ophiosaurus known as 'glass snake', 'blind worm', or 'slow worm', limbless lizard.
18. Anguis is also blind worm and limbless.
19. Most Poisonous snake of world-Peninsular Tiger Snake.
20. Poisonous sea snake - Hydrophis
21. Heaviest dinosaurs - Brontosaurus
22. Biggestflesh eater dinosaur-Tyrannosaurus
23. Horned dinosaur-Stegosaurus
24. Varanus-Monitorlizard (largest living lizard).
25. Carapace is hard shield like structure present on the dorsal surface of tortoise and turtle.
26. Reptiles arose in the lower carboniferous time, from Labyrinthodon Amphibia.
27. Varanus is commonly called "Goye" or "monitor"; semi-aquatic; slightly laterally
compressed tail.
28. Phrynosoma is found in deserts; called "Horned toad", skin hygroscopic; takes water in the
form of dew; exudes red blood-like stream from eyes, whenever, terrified.
29. Iguana is 5-6 feet long; body and tail laterally compressed; arboreal in habit; herbivorous
found in tropical America.
30. Sphenodon is the only living genus of Rhynchocephalia. It is commonly called Tuatara.
Found only in New Zealand. It is called a living fossil as it resembles with Hanaesaurus of
Jurassic age.

31. Largest living carnivorous reptile is Crocodilus.

32. Thermomorpha is a group of reptiles which are considered to be the ancestors of mammals.

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33. Hedonic glands present in males secrete a sticky substance which hardens like spine and
helps to hold the mate firmly.
34. Hemipenes-In Uromastix, cloaca possesses a pair of copulatory organs called hemipenes.
35. Russel's viper is the largest Indian viper.
36. Hafkin's Institute of Bombay is the main centre where antivenom is produced.
37. Limbs of Chameleon show syndactyly (fusion of digits) as an adaptation to arboreal life to
form opposable finger to hold the twigs.

CLASS : AVES (Birds)

 Study of birds is ornithology.

General Characters:
1. Birds are feathered bipeds, air breathing, truly flying vertebrates (other being bats from
Class Mammalia).
2. Jaw bones are prolonged into a toothless beak or bill.
3. Limbs are two pairs. Forelimbs are modified as wings for flying.
Hindlimbs or legs are large, each foot usually bears four, clawed
toes. Hind limbs generally have scales.
4. Exoskeleton consists of feathers, scales and claws, which are
epidermal derivatives. Skin without glands, the only cutaneous
gland is uropygial gland or preen gland/oil gland at the base of
tail.
5. Oesophagus is dilated into a crop for quick feeding and storage. Crop secretes 'pigeon
milk' during breeding season. Stomach is divided into a glandular proventriculus and a
muscular gizzard. The junction of small intestine and rectum is marked by a pair of rectal
caecae. Cloaca of birds is three-chambered: anterior coprodaeum, middle urodaeum and a
large posterior proctodaeum. There is no gall bladder in birds like pigeon.
6. Respiration with compact, spongy, non-distensible lungs continuous with thin walled air

22
 Animal Kingdom
sacs. Air sacs reduce body weight, helps in double respiration and internal cooling. Larynx
without vocal cords. A sound box or syrinx producing voice, lies at or near the junction
Furcula of trachea and bronchi.
7. Heart is completely four-chambered as in mammals. Sinus venosus absent. Only right aortic
(systemic) arch persists in the adults. Renal portal system is vestigial. Erythrocytes are
minute, oval and nucleated. The blood of the birds may be called the richest blood in the
animal kingdom. It has more RBCs per cubic mm of blood than in any other animal.
8. Kidneys metanephric and three-lobed. Ureters open into cloaca. Urinary bladder is absent.
Excretion is uricotelic.
9. Cranial nerves are 12 pairs.
10. Olfactory organs are poor. Middle ear contains a single ossicle. Eyes possess nictitating
membrane, Pecten is a comb-like structure found in the eyes near blindspot. Pecten helps
in the nutrition of eyeball. Pecten is found in all birds except Kiwi.
11. Sexes separate. Some birds show sexual dimorphism (e.g. , Parrot and Peacock). Male bird
has a pair of abdominal testes and a pair of sperm ducts. A copulatory organ is absent in
all birds except in ratitae, geese, ducks etc. Females are oviparous with a single (left)
functional ovary and oviduct (Mullerian duct). Development is direct.
Different parts of oviduct secrete the following :
Ostium – Dense albumin
Magnum – White albumin
Uterus – Calcareous shell
Eggs of birds are cleidoic (with calcareous shell), macrolecithal (amount of yolk),
meiolecithal (distribution of yolk). Extraembryonic membranes are present (Amniota).
12. Feathers are found only in birds. Feathers are made up of a protein keratin and are water
proof due to the oily secretion of preen glands. The arrangement of feathers on the body
of birds is called Pterylosis. The featherless areas are called as Apteria.
13. Birds are the first vertebrates to have warm blood. Body temperature is regulated
(homoiothermous).
14. Alaspuria -bastardwing -Feathers on 1st digit (thumb).
Example : Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo
(Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).

(a) Neophron (b) Struthio (c) Psittacula (d) Pavo

Concept Builder
1. Brood Parasite : Eudynamis (koel, kokila). The male sounds like kuoo-kuoo-kuoo. The
female is generally heard during breeding season and has short and sharp call kik-kik-kik,
otherwise she is mostly silent. It does not make any nest but lays eggs in the crow's nest.
In this way koel is nest parasite. Male is black. Female is brown and profusely spotted

23
 Animal Kingdom
barred with white Koel is known as the Indian nightingale because of its pleasant sound.
2. Eagle-Eyes: Eagles have much better vision than humans do. The birds keen eyesight
allows it to see prey at great distances. Its visual acuity is 3-4 times higher than ours.
Flightless Birds
S.No. Common Name Genus Distribution
1 African ostrich Struthio Africa and Arabia
2 South American ostrich Rhea South America
3 Cassowary Casuarius Australia and New Guinea
4 Emu Dromaius Australia
5 Tinamou Tinamus South America
6 Kiwi Apteryx New Zealand

Concept Builder
1. Largest bird-Struthio camelus -8 feet height, 300 Lbs weight.
2. Smallest bird -Mellisuga helenae-5.5 cm long.
3. Smallest egg of bird-Mellisuga (Humming bird).
4. The humming bird is the only bird which can fly backward as well as forward.
5. Largest egg of bird-Struthio-1.5 Litre capacity.
6. Largest sea bird-Diomedea epomorphora (Royal albatross) wing stretch 200-375 cms.
7. Deepest Diver bird-Aptenodytes torsteri (Emperor Penguin)
8. Fastest Swimmer bird-Pygoscelis papua (Penguin)
9. Fastest Runner bird-Struthio-60 kms/hr. speed.
10. Heaviest bird of prey-Vulture gryphus.
11. Fastest Flying bird-Swift-rarely touch the earth.
12. Second largest bird is Emu (Dromaeus) as is most primitive living bird.
13. Recently extinct bird is Dodo (Passenger birds) of Mauritius.
14. Incubation period of Hen's egg at 102°F (38.8°C) is 21 days.
15. Though polygamy is common in birds, Emu is strictly monogamous.
16. Penguins are flightless birds found in Antarctica, wings are paddle-like, act as flippers
during swimming and are covered by scale-like feathers.
17. T.H. Huxley said "birds are glorified reptiles". The feathers are highly modified reptilian
scales. Birds have scales on their legs. Their eggs resemble reptilian eggs in general but
have a calcareous shell.
18. Among the Indian birds the sun birds are probably the smallest.
19. The Bursa Fabricii is a blind sac with much lymphoid tissue in the cloaca of some young
birds. It produces lymphocytes (a type of white blood corpuscles). It is also called "cloacal
thymus".
20. Columbia has the world's richest diversity of birds. '.
21. Uropygium (tail)-the projecting terminal portion of a bird's body from which the tail
feathers arise.
22. Swifts use saliva for binding nest materials.
23. Kiwi lays the largest egg in proportion to its own size.
24. Himalayan Bearded Vulture is the largest Indian bird. Previously the Sarus was considered
the largest Indian bird.
25. Ostrich has the largest eyes of any land animal.
26. Kiwi is the only bird known to use the sense of smell for finding food on the ground.
27. Indonesia has the most bird species facing extinction.
28. Red Billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) of Africa are the most abundant birds. Previously the

24
 Animal Kingdom
house sparrow was considered the most abundant species of birds.
29. Jatinga is a village in Assam where a mass suicide of birds occurs.
30. The owl rotates its head through an angle of 2700 as its eyes do not rotate in their sockets.
Each eye is fixed like a car headlight.
31. Copulatory organ (true penis) is present in ostrich, duck, swan and goose.
32. Famous Indian Ornithologist-Dr. Salim Ali.
33. National bird-Pavo cristatus (Peacock).

CLASS : MAMMALIA

 They are terrestrial, warm-blooded (endothermous) or homeothermal animals so

that their body temperature remains constant inspite of the changes in the
temperature of the environment.

 General characters of this class are:

1. Skin is covered with epidermal hair which acts as an insulating layer and allows high body
temperature to be maintained. The hair may be partly lost as a secondary adaptation. In
some aquatic mammals where hair is negligible, there is a subcutaneous layer of heat which
provides insulation of heat and makes the warm-blooded condition possible.
2. The skin has two kinds of glands, sudorific glands which produce sweat -evaporation of

25
 Animal Kingdom
sweat controls the body temperature; second kind of glands are sebaceous glands which
produce an oily secretion which makes the hair water-resisting. Modified sweat glands
(sudoriferous) form mammary glands which produce milk in the females for nourishment
of the young for some time after birth. Because they possess mammae (breasts) and
mammary glands, they are called mammals. It is the most unique character of mammals.

3. Them is an external ear or pinna with an external auditory meatus. This is in addition to
middle and internal ear.
4. In higher mammals, the anus is separated from the urinogenital aperture; consequently
urinary and genital ducts have no connection with the digestive tube.
5. In males, testes have come to lie outside the body cavity in scrotal sacs (except in
elephants and aquatic mammals and prototherian mammals).
6. Teeth are embedded in sockets of the jaw bone and
are said to be thecodont. There are only two sets
of teeth in life time, one deciduous or milk set and
another permanent set, this condition is spoken of
as diphyodont. There are four different types of
teeth, hence mammals are heterodont.
7. A muscular diaphragm divides the coelom into a thoracic and an abdominal cavity; the
thoracic cavity has a pericardial cavity containing the heart and two pleural cavities
containing the lungs, the remaining viscera lies in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity.
8. The heart is 4-chambered with two auricles and two ventricles so that oxygenated blood
lies in the left half and deoxygenated blood in the right half. This condition is also found
in birds. Only the left aortic arch is present. Erythrocytes are round, biconcave and
non-nucleated (except in camel where they are oval and non-nucleated).

26
 Animal Kingdom
9. Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are large-sized and highly developed with great
increase in the cortex. The two cerebral hemispheres are joined by a transverse band of
nerve fibres called corpus callosum. There are four solid optic lobes called corpora
quadrigemina in the mid-brain. 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
10. The middle ear has three ear ossicles called malleus, incus and stapes; the internal ear
has a spirally coiled cochlea as an efficient organ of hearing.
11. The neck generally has seven cervical vertebrae.
Example : Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus); Viviparous -Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus
(Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas
(Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris
(Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion). etc.

(a) Ornithorhynchus (b) Macropus (c) Pteropus (d) Balaenoptera

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THREE GROUPS OF MAMMALS
S.NO. PROTOTHERIA METATHERIA EUTHERIA
1 Oviparous Viviparous Viviparous
2 No pinna Pinna present Pinna usually present
3 No nipples (mammae) Nipples abdominal Nipples abdominal thoracic
4 No marsupial pouch Marsupial pouch often present. No marsupial pouch
5 Digestive and urinogenital tracts Anus and Urinogenital aperture Digestive and urinogenital tracts
open into a cloaca. Cloaca opens open into a shallow cloaca open out by separate apertures
outside through cloacal aperture. surrounded by a common sphincter

6 Corpus callosum is feebly Corpus callosum is feebly Cropus callosum is well

developed or absent developed or absent. developed. It connects two
cerebral hemispheres of the brain
internally.

7 Testes abdominal, No Scrotum. Scrotum in front of penis. Scrotum behind penis

8 No placenta. Placenta is less developed Placenta is well developed

e.g., Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus e.g., Viviparous -Macropus e.g., Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus
(Platypus) (Kangaroo) (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Rattus
(Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat),
Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse),
Delphinus (Common dolphin),
Balaenoptera (Blue whale),
Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera
leo (Lion). etc.

27
 Animal Kingdom
Concept Builder
1. How many vertebrae do giraffes have in their neck?

Most of the vertebrates, including giraffes and camel, have seven cervical (neck)
vertebrae. At almost 6 m (20 ft) tall, the giraffe is the tallest of all vertebrates and its
seven cervical vertebrae are greatly elongated

Exception : 3 toed sloth (Bradypus) with 9 cervical vertebrae and Manatee is with
6 neck vertebrae.

2. Armadillos : The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus) is one of the few mammalian

species whose range is expanding. In late 1800s, they lived only as far north as central
Texas. Leprosy bacteria is cultured in the armadillos (Dasypus).

Concept Builder
1. Man remains plantigrade at rest or during locomotion. Uses only the toes for running, thus
is called sub plantigrade.
2. Colour of human skin is yellow to orange due to carotene pigment in cells of stratum
corneum and subdermal fat cells. Melanin is found in melanocytes.
3. In man sweat glands are absent at lip borders, clitoris, glans penis, nail beds, under surface
of prepuce.
4. Sweat or sudoriferous glands secrete sweat. Sweat comprises of 95% water and 5%
metabolic waste.
5. Spiny ant eater, scaly ant eaters, moles, cetaceans, sirenians and some edentates do not
possess sweat glands.
6. Tusks of elephants are two incisors of upper jaw which constantly grow throughout life.
2 1 2 3 8
7. Man i , c , pm , m =  2 = 32
2 1 2 3 8
3 1 4 2 10
8. Dog i , c , pm , m =  2 = 42
3 1 4 3 11
3 1 3 1 8
9. Cat i , c , pm , m =  2 = 30
3 1 2 1 7
1 0 0 3 4
10. Rat i , c , pm , m =  2 = 16
1 0 0 3 4
3 1 4 3 11
11. Horse i , c , pm , m =  2 = 44
3 1 4 3 11
1 0 0 3 4
12. Elephant i , c , pm , m =  2 = 14
0 0 0 3 3
13. Primates such as monkeys, man, apes, etc., acquired 3 dimensional vision due to their most
evolved motor understanding of visual sensation.
14. Deer, amongst vertebrates, proportionately to their body size, possess largest eyes.
15. Carnassial Teeth. Special shearing teeth in carnivores for cracking bones-4th premolar of
upper jaw and first molar of lower jaw.
16. Milk Producing Male Mammal. Spiny Ant Eater/Echidna.
17. Monotreme. With a single aperture of cloaca for urinogenital and digestive tracts.
18. Largest Land Animal. Loxodonta africana/African Elephant. Height 3.5 m and weight 7
tonnes.

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 Animal Kingdom
19. Tallest Land Animal/Mammal. Giraffe, upto 6 m.
20. Mouse and Rat has first molar bigger than combined 2nd and 3rd molars.
21. Zebra Stripes. Stripes of no two zebras are alike.
22. Fastest Mammal. Acinonyx jubatus/(Cheetah) (extinct from India but present in Africa).
Speed upto 100 km/hr.
23. Slowest Terrestrial Mammal. 3-toed Sloth/Bradypus, Tridactylus, 100-150 m/hr.
24. Slowest Aquatic Mammal. Sea Otter/ 10 km/hr.
25. Longest Gestation Period in Mammal. 609 days/20 months in Elephas maximus.
26. Shortest Gestation Period in Mammal. Opossum. 12-13 days.
27. Hom. Matted hair in Rhino. Antlers are solid, shed and regrown every year.
28. Tiger. Panthera tigris is National animal of India (declared in 1973).
29. Today Marsupials are found mainly in Australia except a few marsupials such as the
American opossum are found outside that continent.
30. Rabbit is digitigrade because it moves on digits.
31. Plantigrade mammals are those whose palm and sole touch the ground when moving from
one place to another e.g., bears and certain insectivores.

(a) Plantigrade (b) Digitigrade (c) Unguligrade Feet of mammals

32. Unguligrade mammals are those whose only the tips of one or two fingers and toes remain
in contact with the ground both at rest and locomotion. These are fastest running
terrestrial mammals e.g., horses, deers, cows, donkeys etc.
33. Hides are prepared from dermis of animal skin.
34. Seals and whales have scanty hairs because heat insulation is done by blubber.
35. Horns of rhinoceros, scales of scaly ant eater and spines of porcupine are derivatives of
hairs.
36. Retina of owls contains only rods (suitable for nocturnal habit). Also, the same occurs in
shrews, hedge hog, rodents, bats etc.
37. Retina of fowls contains only cones (suitable for diurnal habit). Squirrels also have only
cones.
38. Whales, mice, shrews and also some other mammals, but not rabbit and man, posses
Harderian gland like that of frog.
39. Scrotum of mammals contains testes, in most of the mammals; this is a thermostatic
chamber for testes and lies outside the abdominal cavity because sperms cannot develop
in body temperature. Thus, these become close, if the temperature falls more than 2°C or
come apart from the body, if temperature rises more than 2°C.
40. In insectivores, chiroptera and rodentia scrotum is formed only during breeding season,
later move to abdominal cavity e.g., bat, otter.
41. Insectivores, edentates, proboscidians (elephants), cetaceans (whales) always have their
testes inside the body cavity.

29
 Animal Kingdom
SUMMARY
1. Phylum Chordata includes animals which possess a notochord either throughout or
during early embryonic life. Other common features observed in the chordates are
the dorsal, hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
2. Some of the vertebrates do not possess jaws (Agnatha) wheares most of them
possess jaws (Gnathostomata). Agnatha is represented by the class Cyclostomata.
They are the most primitive chordates and are ectoparasites on fishes.
3. Gnathostomata has two super classes. Pisces and Tetrapoda. Classes
chondrichthyes and osteichthyes bear fins for locomotion and are grouped under
pisces. The chondrichthyes are fishes with cartilaginous endoskeleton and are
marine and Osteichthyes class includes bony fishes.
4. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia have two pairs of limbs and are thus
grouped under Tetrapoda. The amphibians have adapted to live both on land and
water. Reptiles are characterised by the presence of dry and cornified skin. Limbs
are absent in snakes. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermous (cold-
blooded). Aves are warm-blooded animals with feathers on their bodies and
forelimbs modified into wings for flying. Hind limbs are adapted for walking,
swimming, perching or clasping. The unique features of mammals are the presence
of mammary glands and hairs on the skin. They commonly exhibit viviparity.

Exercise – 1
Section–A
Q.1 Notochord persists in the adult of
(1) Protochordates (2) Agnatha (3) Chondrichthyes (4) Osteichthyes
Q.2 Which of the following group of characters is present in all chordates in some or other stage in
their life?
(1) Mammary glands, hairs and gill slits
(2) Notochord, gill slits and dorsal tubular nervous system
(3) Notochord, scales and dorsal tubular nervous system
(4) Gill slits, vertebral column and notochord
Q.3 Retrogressive metamorphosis occurs in
(1) Balanoglossus (Tomaria larvae) (2) Amphioxus
(3) Ascidian tadpole larva of Herdmania (4) Glossobalanus
Q.4 Vertebral column is a modified
(1) Nerve cord (2) Notochord (3) Umbilical cord (4) Urochordata
Q.5 In chordates, basically the pharynx is
(1) Perforated (2) Non perforated
(3) Present in the gut of the larva
(4) A source of thyroxin which controls metamorphosis
Q.6 Which of the following larvae after metamorphosis migrates from river to ocean?
(1) Ammocoete larvae of lampreys (cyclostoma)
(2) Trochophore larvae of molluscs
(3) Ascidician tadpole larva of Herdmania
(4) Dipleura larva
Q.7 Petromyzon belongs to the class

30
 Animal Kingdom
(1) Chondrichythes (2) Cyclostomata (3) Osteichthyes (4) None of these
Q.8 In which of the following fish electric organs are present which are modified musculature
between eye and nostrils?
(1) Torpedo (electric ray) (2) Scoliodon (dog fish)
(3) Trygon (sting ray) (4) Pristis (saw fish)
Q.9 Gill slits in chondrichthyes are
(1) Uncovered (2) Covered by operculum
(3) Absent (4) Only sometimes covered
Q.10 Scales in cartilaginous fishes are
(1) Cycloid (2) Ctenoid (3) Placoid (4) Leptoid
Q.11 Which of the following is viviparous and bring forth their young alive?
(1) Hippocampus (2) Shark (Scoliodon) (3) Anabas (4) Trygon
Q.12 Air bladder is present in
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Star fish (4) Electric Ray
Q.13 Lateral line organs do not occur in
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Amphibian larvae (4) Reptiles
Q.14 Peculiarity of fish heart is that it has
(1) All venous blood (2) All arterial blood
(3) Partly venous and partly artaial blood (4) No blood at all
Q.15 Heterocercal tall, placoid scales are found in one of the following
(1) Rohu (2) Neoceratodus (3) Scoliodon (4) Anguilla
Q.16 Gambusia is a
(1) Pest on fishes (2) Pathogenic fish
(3) Parasitic fish (4) Fish predator of mosquito larvae
Q.17 One of the following fish does not belong to class osteichthyes
(1) Hippocampus (2) Labeo (3) Torpedo (4) Exocoetus
Q.18 In which of the following fish the pectoral fin is large and modified to use for gliding several
metres in the air, as the fish leaps out?
(1) Exocoetus (2) Anabas (3) Echeneis (4) Laboo
Q.19 In which fish male shows parental care and has a brood pouch?
(1) Anabas (2) Laboo (3) Hippocampus (4) Synaptura
Q.20 The oldest living fish is
(1) Anabas (2) Coelacanth (3) Diodon (4) Sturgeon
Q.21 Fishes have kidney of
(1) Pronephnc type (2) Mesonephnc type
(3) Metanephric type (4) Nephridial type
Q.22 Which one of the following is a true fish?
(1) Cray fish (2) Cuttle fish (3) Flying fish (4) Jelly fish
Q.23 An anadromous fish migrates from
(1) Rivers to sea e.g. Anguilla (2) Rivers to estuary
(3) Sea to rivers e.g. Hilsa, Salmon (4) Deep sea to surface waters
Q.24 A catadromous fish migrates from
(1) Rivers to sea (2) Rivers to estuary
(3) Sea to rivers (4) Deep sea to surface waters
Q.25 One of the following is a limbless amphibian
(1) Salamandra (Urodela) (2) Ichthyophis (Apoda)
(3) Necturus (Urodela) (4) Hyla (Anura)

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 Animal Kingdom
Q.26 Salamandra is
(1) Tailed amphibian (2) Tail-less amphibian
(3) Limbless amphibian (4) Reptile
Q.27 The excretory product of newly hatched tadpole of frog is
(1) NH3 (2) Uric acid
(3) NH3 and urea (4) Urea, amino acids and NH3
Q.28 Which one of the following, is a poisonous amphibian?
(1) Bufo marinus (2) Hyla versicolour (3) Ichthyophis (4) Rana tigrina
Q.29 A frog lives in water or near water because
(1) It can gel its food easily in water
(2) Its hind limbs are webbed and help in swimming
(3) It lays eggs in water
(4) It can see through its transparent eye lids while swimming
Q.30 The larva of Ambyostoma is
(1) Ascidian (2) Axolotl (3) Tadpole (4) Trochophore
Q.31 Male frogs can croak louder than females because being/having
(1) Larger in size (2) Larger sound box (3) Stronger (4) Vocal sacs
Q.32 The success of reptiles as truly land animals was due to
(1) Development of internal fertilization
(2) Presence of amnion, embryonic membrane which encloses the embryo and provides watery
environment for development
(3) Respiration only through lungs, which is improved by the development of ribs
(4) All of these
Q.33 Which of the following are poikilothermal animals with single occipital condyle and twelve pairs
of cranial nerves?
(1) Aves (2) Reptiles (3) Mammals (4) Amphibia
Q.34 Which is the only poisonous lizard of the world?
(1) Ophiosaurus (2) Varanus (3) Heloderma (4) Draco
Q.35 The largest sized lizard is
(1) Chameleon (2) Helodenna (3) Ophiosaurus (4) Varanus
Q.36 The urinary bladder is absent in
(1) Chameleon (2) Snake
(3) Snake and crocodile (4) Wall lizard
Q.37 Study of snakes is called
(1) Ichthyology (2) Serpentology (3) Herpatology (4) Entomology
Q.38 The reptile without teeth is
(1) Lizards (2) Heloderma (3) Chelonia (4) Alligators
Q.39 Which one of the following is non-poisonous snake?
(1) Cobra (Naja naja) (2) Ajgar (Python) (3) Krait (Bungarus) (4) Viper (Viper russelli)
Q.40 Which of the following is not a true snake?
(1) Tree snake (2) Glass snake (3) Blind snake (4) Sea snake
Q.41 The cobra (Naja naja) can be distinguished by the presence of
(1) Agile habit (2) Black colour
(3) Hood (4) Hood and III largest supra labials
Q.42 Which one of the following pair of snakes is viviparous?
(1) Krait and Viper (2) Cobra and Krait
(3) Hydrophis and Vipera russelli (4) Natrix and Python
Q.43 Benadryl and antisera are used to
(1) Control malaria (2) Counteract the effect of haemotoxins

32
 Animal Kingdom
(3) Cure sleeping sickness (4) Counteract the bite of mad dog
Q.44 The largest Indian poisonous snake is
(1) Blue Krait (2) Cobra (3) King cobra (4) Python
Q.45 Which one is the longest snake?
(1) Cobra (2) Krait (3) Python (4) Rat snake
Q.46 Krait (Bungarus) can be differentiated from other snakes by its
(1) Hairy body (2) Size
(3) Shield like scales on the head (4) Vertebral scales
Q.47 Crocodile, fish and frog, on one hand and squirrel and crows on the other differ in the following
(1) The former have four appendages, the latter have only two
(2) The body temperature of the former changes with environmental temperature, the
temperature of the latter remains more or less constant
(3) The former undergo metamorphosis, the latter do not
(4) The former are oviparous the latter are viviparous
Q.48 Which of the following group of animals are homeothermal, single occipital condyle, twelve
pairs of cranial nerves, pneumatic bones and four chambered heart?
(1) Amphibia (2) Aves (3) Reptilia (4) Mammalia
Q.49 Feathers of the birds are waterproof due to the oily secretion of
(1) Cutaneous gland (2) Preen gland (3) Sudorific gland (4) None of these
Q.50 Pneumatic bones occur in
(1) Amphibians (2) Reptiles (3) Birds (4) Mammals
Q.51 Right ovary, right oviduct and urinary bladder have atrophied in one of the following
(1) Kiwi (2) Pigeon (3) Kingfisher (4) All of these
Q.52 Air sacs are found only in
(1) Aquatic birds (2) Ground birds (3) All birds (4) Nobird
Q.53 Which of the following bones is present only in birds?
(1) Axis vertebra (2) Atlas vertebra (3) Ear ossicles (4) Furcula
Q.54 The beak in birds is toothed in
(1) Ostrich (2) Kiwi (3) Archaeopteryx (4) Pelican
Q.55 Which one of the following birds, has recently become extinct?
(1) Archaeopteryx (2) Archaeomis (3) Dodo (4) Great Indian Bustard
Q.56 The largest living bird is
(1) Struthio (Ostrich) (2) Aptenodytes (Penguin)
(3) Phonicopterus (Flamingo) (4) Aepyomis (Giant elephant bird)
Q.57 Which of the following statement is incorrect about birds?
(1) The two clavicles and one interclavicle forms a 'V'-shaped bone called as furcula
(2) Theeyes of birds are peculiar due to the presence of pecten
(3) Carinatae or flying birds have sternum with keel
(4) In birds the left ovary and oviduct is atrophied
Q.58 Which one of the following is a metatherian mammal?
(1) Echidna (2) Kangaroo (3) Shrew (4) Pangolin
Q.59 Which one of the following characters is not typical of the class Mammalia?
(1) Thecodontdentition (2) Alveolar lungs
(3) Ten pairs of cranial nerves (4) Seven cervical vertebrae
Q.60 Which of the following animal has a diaphragm between the thorax and abdomen?
(1) Frog (2) Lizard (3) Pigeon (4) Whale
Q.61 In one of the following orders of class mammalia, the animals can fly
(1) Lagomorpha (2) Chiroptera (3) Rodentia (4) Cetacea
Q.62 The tusks of elephant are

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(1) Incisors (2) Canines (3) Molars (4) Premolars
Q.63 Testes are internal, canines and premolars are absent in one of the following
(1) Rabbit (2) Elephant (3) Whale (4) Goat
Q.64 Which one of the following is a tailless primate?
(1) Tarsier (2) Lemur (3) Rhesus monkey (4) Gorilla
Q.65 Monotreme is a group of animals which includes
(1) Fishes with single gill aperture (2) Insects with a single pair of spiracles
(3) Mammals with a single cloaca (4) Protozoa with a single flagellum
Q.66 Milk glands are found in
(1) All vertebrates (2) All mammals
(3) All placental mammals (4) All prototherians only
Q.67 The largest life span in animals is of
(1) Tortoise (2) Snake (3) Parrot (4) Gonlla
Q.68 Whale is a mammal because
(1) Heart has four chambers
(2) It is aquatic with stream lined body
(3) It lays egg and produces milk
(4) Diaphragm is found between thorax and abdomen
Q.69 Eggs of egg laying mammals are
(1) Macrolecithal (2) Alecithal (3) Mesolecithal (4) Telolecithal

Section–B
Q.1 Chordates possess
(1) Dorsal nerve cord placed below gut (2) Single hollow nerve cord placed dorsal to gut
(3) Double ventral nerve cord (4) Single solid & ventral nerve cord
Q.2 The distingushing feature of all chordates is
(1) A ventrally placed nerve cord (2) A water vascular system
(3) A chitinous exoskeleton (4) Notochord
Q.3 Salpa & Doliolum belong to : -
(1) Hemichordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Urochordata (4) Protochordata
Q.4 Chordates are distinguished from non chordates by the presence of : -
(1) Brain (2) Dorsal tubular hollow nerve cord
(3) Ventral nerve cord (4) Dorsal solid nerve cord
Q.5 Which of the following animal belongs to Urochordata : -
(1) Herdmania (2) Balanoglossus (3) Amphioxus (4) Petromyzon
Q.6 Which of the following animal is devoid of notochord and nerve cord in its adult stage -
(1) Herdmania (Ascidian) (2) Branchiostoma (amphioxus)
(3) Assymetron (4) All of the above
Q.7 Which of the following character is shared by all chordates at some stage of life -
(1) Notochord (2) Dorsdal tubular nerve cord
(3) Pharyngeal gill slits (4) All of the above
Q.8 Prochordates lack : -
(1) Cranium & vertebral column (2) Jaws & vertebral column
(3) Paired appendages (4) All of the above
Q.9 Notochord is extended up to head and is retained thoughout life in : -
(1) Branchiostoma (2) Herdmania (3) Balanoglossus (4) Frog
Q.10 The adult tunicates show : -
(1) All the chordate characters (2) No chordate characters
(3) Some of the chordate characters (4) Only dorsal nerve cord

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Q.11 Which of the following is not an essential chordate character : -
(1) Notochord (2) Vertebral column
(3) Pharynegeal gill slits (4) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Q.12 The cephalochordates : -
(1) Are exclusively marine in habitat
(2) Retain the three primary chordate characters throughout the life
(3) Ciliary feeders
(4) All of the above
Q.13 The gill – slits of chordates occur in : -
(1) Buccal cavity of aquatic animals
(2) Pharynx of all land vertebrates
(3) Pharynx of all chordates embryos and pharynx of aquatic adult chordates
(4) Pharynx of all aquatic and land vertebrates in adults as well as in their embryos
Q.14 Find out main difference between urochordata and cephalochordates : -
(1) Position of endostyle & dorsal lamina (2) Perforated pharynx
(3) Length of notochord (4) All of the above
Q.15 Cranium is absent in : -
(1) Protochordata (2) Vertebrata (3) Craniata (4) All the above
Q.16 Protochordates are not vertebrates as : -
(1) Notochord absent (2) Vertebral column absent
(3) Nerve cord absent (4) None of the above
Q.17 "Lancelet" is : -
(1) Amphioxus (2) Balanoglossus (3) Herdmania (4) Salpa
Q.18 Doliolum belongs to subphylum : -
(1) Hemichordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Urochordata (4) All of the above
Q.19 Notochord is restricted in tail of : -
(1) All chordates (2) Hemichordates (3) Urochordates (4) Cephalochordates
Q.20 Which of the following animals are the members of Cephlochordata -
(1) Rhabdopleura and Amphioxus (2) Branchiostoma & Assymetron
(3) Petromyzon & Myxine (4) Ciona and Apendicularia
Q.21 Fishes found mainly in marine water are
(1) Placodermi (2) Chondrichthyes (3) Dipnoi (4) Osteichthyes
Q.22 Operculum absent around gill-slits in
(1) Dipnoi (2) Osteichthyes (3) Chondrichthyes (4) Holocaphali
Q.23 Hag fish is
(1) Entospherus (2) Myxine (3) Ichthyomygon (4) Hippocampus
Q.24 Pharyngeal gill slits are found in
(1) Cuttlefish (2) Crayfish (3) Dogfish (4) Octopus
Q.25 Lamprey belongs to-
(1) Osteichthyes (2) Chondrichthyes (3) Cyclostomata (4) Chordates
Q.26 Venous heart is found in -
(1) All fishes (2) Only teleosts
(3) Fishes & Birds (4) Reptiles & Amphibians.
Q.27 Cartilagenous fishes lack -
(1) Scales (2) Gill slits (3) Pelvic girdle (4) Operculum
Q.28 Which of the following is called as flying fish-
(1) Clarias (2) Exocoetus (3) Anabas (4) All
Q.29 What is not found in the amphibian skin-
(1) Epidermis (2) Mucous glands (3) Scales (4) Chromatophores

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Q.30 Respiratory organ of tadpole -
(1) Gill (2) Skin (3) Both 1 & 2 (4) None
Q.31 Internal fertilization is not found in -
(1) Amphibia (2) Osteichthyse (3) Nereis (4) All
Q.32 A reptile which has completely 4- chambered heart-
(1) Crocodile (2) Snakes & lizards (3) Sphenodon (4) Turtal
Q.33 Wings of birds are modified from
(1) Fore limb (2) Hind limb (3) Skin (4) Pectoral muscles
Q.34 Air sacs of birds
(1) Keep body warm (2) Reduce body weight
(3) Facilitate blood circulation (4) Maintain body temperature
Q.35 Birds have bones-
(1) Elastic (2) Solid and strong (3) Pneumatic (4) Non-elastic
Q.36 Which group of characters of whale justify its inclusion in the class mammalia
(1) Lungs, 4-chambered heart & kidneys
(2) Vertebral column, lungs and 4-chambered heart
(3) Hair skin, mammary glands and viviparity
(4) Gills, fins and viviparity
Q.37 Which one is a diagnostic feature of mammals-
(1) Dome-shaped diaphragm (2) External ears
(3) Cervical vertebrae (4) Coelom
Q.38 In all mammals-
(1) Pinna are found (2) Mother gives birth to young ones
(3) Seven cervical vertebral are found (4) Four canine teeth are found
Q.39 Respirotory organs of whale are-
(1) Book lungs (2) Lungs (3) Gills (4) Skin
Q.40 Whale is a mammal because-
(1) Lungs, four chambered heart (2) Vertebral column, lungs four chambered
heart
(3) Hair, mammary glands, viviparous (4) Viviparous, gills, fins
Q.41 External ear is found in-
(1) Reptiles (2) Mammals (3) Amphibians (4) Fishes
Q.42 Body organization in Chordates-
(1) Tissue organ (2) organ system (3) Cell tissue (4) Cellular
Q.43 Which of the following is most unmatching group
(1) Cockroach, king-crab, spider, silverfish (2) Whale, bat, lizard, sea horse
(3) Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber (4) Crayfish, cuttlefish, sawfish, hagfish
Q.44 Radial sysmmetry is best seen in-
(1) Mollusca (2) Sponge (3) Star fish (4) Fishes
Q.45 Which is the matching set-
(1) Hydra, jellyfish, leech (2) Whale, otter, cockroach
(3) Oyster, cuttle fish, octopus (4) Ascaris, scorpion, spider
Q.46 Which structures are found atleast in some stage of all chordates-
(1) Mammary glands, gill clefts, hair
(2) Notochord, scales, dorsal tubular nerve cord
(3) Notochord, vertebral column, gill slits
(4) Notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord
Q.47 Other than mammals which group is also warm blooded-
(1) Fishes (2) Amphibians (3) Reptiles (4) Birds

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 Animal Kingdom
Q.48 Ventral nerve cord is found in-
(1) Cockroach (2) Hydra (3) Frog (4) Amoeba
Q.49 All worms are-
(1) Radially symmetrical (2) Asymmetrical
(3) Triploblastic (4) Diploblastic
Q.50 The animal who possesses notochord throughout life is
(1) Fish (2) Amphioxus (3) Bird (4) Snake
Q.51 In which of the following groups the members are exclusively marine
(1) Aquatic vertebrates (2) Tetrapoda
(3) Pisces (4) Protochordata
Q.52 Branchiostoma belongs to
(1) Urochordata (2) Hemichordata (3) Cephalochordata (4) Protochordata
Q.53 Which of the following group of characters is present in all chordates in some or other stage in
their life
(1) Mammary glands, hair and gill slits
(2) Notochord, gill slits and dorsal tubular nervous system
(3) Notochord, scales and dorsal tubular nervous system
(4) Gill slits, vertebral column and notochord
Q.54 Agnatha includes
(1) Hag fishes (2) Fishes (3) Jelly fishes (4) Flying fishes
Q.55 Notochord is restricted to tail region only in
(1) Hemichordata (2) Cephalochordata (3) Tunicata (4) None of these
Q.56 One character is given wrongly for phylum chordata mark it
(1) Presence of notochord
(2) Presence of vertebral column
(3) Paired gill slits connected with the exterior
(4) A central nervous system dorsal to digestive canal
Q.57 Which of the following are first Gnathostomes
(1) Fish (2) Amphibians (3) Aves (4) Mammalians
Q.58 Characteristic features of cyclostomata are
(1) Elongated cylindrical body
(2) Round mouth
(3) Round mouth without jaws and paired appendages
(4) Round mouth with jaw and unpaired appendages
Q.59 Gnathostomata is divided into 2 super classes, these are
(1) Acrania and craniata (2) Pisces and tetrapoda
(3) Amniota and bipedal (4) Tetrapoda and gnathostomata
Q.60 The lamprey (Petromyzon) is included in the same taxonomic class as the
(1) Chamaeleon (Anolis) (2) Hag fish (Myxine)
(3) Salamander (Ambystoma) (4) Lung fish (Neoceratodus)
Q.61 Chordates are distinguished from non-chordates by the presence of
(1) Ventral nerve cord (2) Dorsal nerve cord
(3) Brain (4) Dorsal tubular nerve cord
Q.62 Notochord is restricted to the anterior part of body proboscis in animals of which group
(1) Hemichordata (2) Urochordata (3) Cephalochordata (4) Chordata
Q.63 The petromyzon belongs to
(1) Chondrichthyes (2) Osteichthyes (3) Cyclostomata (4) Amphibia
Q.64 Which one of the following sets of animals belongs to the same class of a phylum
(1) Hydra, jelly fish, cray fish (2) Bat, pigeon, whale

37
 Animal Kingdom
(3) Spider, scorpion, centipede (4) Whale, otter, kangaroo
Q.65 Which of the following is a matching set in taxonomy
(1) Man, chimpanzee, monkey (2) Cuttle fish, jelly fish, silver fish
(3) Bat, pigeon, crow (4) Oyster, octopus, star fish
Q.66 Constant body temperature is found in
(1) Earthworm (2) Snake (3) Frog (4) Cow
Q.67 The most important distinctive character of chordata is the presence of
(1) Vertebral column (2) Hairy skin (3) Notochord (4) All the above
Q.68 Which one is a poikilothermic (cold blooded) animal
(1) Penguin (2) Whale (3) Otter (4) Tortoise
Q.69 One of the primary character of chordates is
(1) Solid ventral nerve cord (2) Dorsal tubular nerve cord
(3) Paired nerve cord (4) Ganglionated nerve cord
Q.70 Dolphins are
(1) Fishes (2) Amphibians (3) Reptiles (4) Mammals
Q.71 Which one of the following is a cartilaginous fish
(1) Silver fish (2) Dog fish (3) Cray fish (4) Star fish
Q.72 Scoliodon is called dogfish due to one of its following characteristics
(1) Mouth (2) Gait (3) Carnivorous (4) Power of smell
Q.73 Sea horse is an example of
(1) Mammalia (2) Pisces (3) Aves (4) Reptilia
Q.74 Which of the following has a cartilagenous endoskeleton
(1) Elasmobranch (2) Dipnoi (3) Mollusca (4) Bony fishes
Q.75 Electric organs are found in
(1) Sharks (2) Porpoises (3) Goldfish (4) Rays (Torpedo)
Q.76 A fish is characterised by the presence of
(1) Dermal scales (2) Paired fins (3) Pharyngeal gills (4) All the above
Q.77 Which is a true fish
(1) Cat fish (2) Jelly fish (3) Cuttle fish (4) Silver fish
Q.78 Jaws are absent in
(1) Protochordata (2) Protochordata and cyclostomata
(3) Amphioxus and balanoglossus (4) Herdmania and myxine
Q.79 Which of the following sets of animals belong to class cyclostomata
(1) Herdmania and petromyzon (2) Petromyzone and myxine
(3) Amphioxus and balanoglossus (4) Herdmania and myxine
Q.80 Swim bladder or air bladder is present only in
(1) Fish (2) Amphibia (3) Aquatic reptilia (4) Aquatic mammals
Q.81 Which of the following is not a fish
(1) Lung fish (2) Silver fish (3) Cat fish (4) Dog fish
Q.82 Scales in chondrichthyes are
(1) Placoid (2) Ganoid (3) Cycloid (4) Sesamoid
Q.83 Bony plates and scutes are found in addition to scales in
(1) Hag fish (2) Eel (3) Flying fish (4) Sea horse
Q.84 Pharyngeal gill slits are found in
(1) Shark (2) Cray fish (3) Cuttle fish (4) Star fish
Q.85 Placoid scales are found in
(1) Bony fishes (2) Cartilaginous fishes
(3) Lung fishes (4) Palaeontogical fishes
Q.86 Fishes are

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 Animal Kingdom
(1) Homoiothermic (2) Poikilothermic (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these
Q.87 Amphibians breed
(1) In crevices (2) In water (3) On trees (4) In soil

Answer Key
Secton–A
Q.1 1 Q.2 2 Q.3 3 Q.4 2 Q.5 1 Q.6 1 Q.7 2
Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 3 Q.11 2 Q.12 2 Q.13 4 Q.14 1
Q.15 3 Q.16 4 Q.17 3 Q.18 1 Q.19 3 Q.20 2 Q.21 2
Q.22 3 Q.23 3 Q.24 1 Q.25 2 Q.26 1 Q.27 1 Q.28 2
Q.29 3 Q.30 2 Q.31 4 Q.32 4 Q.33 2 Q.34 3 Q.35 4
Q.36 3 Q.37 2 Q.38 3 Q.39 2 Q.40 2 Q.41 4 Q.42 3
Q.43 2 Q.44 3 Q.45 3 Q.46 4 Q.47 2 Q.48 2 Q.49 2
Q.50 3 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 4 Q.54 3 Q.55 3 Q.56 1
Q.57 4 Q.58 2 Q.59 3 Q.60 4 Q.61 2 Q.62 1 Q.63 2
Q.64 4 Q.65 3 Q.66 2 Q.67 1 Q.68 4 Q.69 1

Section–B
Q.1 2 Q.2 4 Q.3 3 Q.4 2 Q.5 1 Q.6 1 Q.7 4
Q.8 4 Q.9 1 Q.10 3 Q.11 2 Q.12 4 Q.13 3 Q.14 1
Q.15 1 Q.16 2 Q.17 1 Q.18 3 Q.19 3 Q.20 2 Q.21 2
Q.22 3 Q.23 2 Q.24 3 Q.25 3 Q.26 1 Q.27 4 Q.28 2
Q.29 3 Q.30 1 Q.31 4 Q.32 1 Q.33 1 Q.34 2 Q.35 3
Q.36 3 Q.37 1 Q.38 3 Q.39 2 Q.40 3 Q.41 2 Q.42 2
Q.43 4 Q.44 3 Q.45 3 Q.46 4 Q.47 4 Q.48 1 Q.49 3
Q.50 2 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 2 Q.54 1 Q.55 3 Q.56 2
Q.57 1 Q.58 3 Q.59 2 Q.60 2 Q.61 4 Q.62 1 Q.63 3
Q.64 4 Q.65 1 Q.66 2 Q.67 3 Q.68 4 Q.69 2 Q.70 4
Q.71 2 Q.72 4 Q.73 2 Q.74 1 Q.75 4 Q.76 4 Q.77 1
Q.78 2 Q.79 2 Q.80 1 Q.81 2 Q.82 1 Q.83 4 Q.84 1
Q.85 2 Q.86 2 Q.87 2

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 Animal Kingdom
Exercise – 2 Previous Years Questions
Q.1 Which animal is surinum toad [RPMT 2000]
(1) Pipa americana (2) Bufo (3) Bombinator (4) alytes
Q.2 National bird of India is [RPMT 2000]
(1) Flamingo (2) Pavo cristatus (3) Columba levia (4) Psittacula
Q.3 in Urochordata notochord is found in [RPMT 2001]
(1) Head of adult (2) Tail of adult (3) Tail of larva (4) Test of adult
Q.4 Microlecithal eggs are found in [RPMT 2000]
(1) Reptilia + Aves (2) Amphibia + Aves + Reptilia
(3) Reptilia + Aves + Chiroptera (4) Eutheria
Q.5 Which of the following shows the sexual dimorphism [RPMT 2000]
(1) Hydra & Ascaris (2) Hydra & Oryctolagus
(3) Ascaris & Pheretima (4) Ascaris & Oryctolagus
Q.6 Which is not aerial adaptation of Birds [RPMT 2001]
(1) Single ovary (2) Pneumatic bone (3) Gizzard (4) keeled sternum
Q.7 How does the Reptilia differ from other vertebrates [RPMT 2001]
(1) Due to epidermal scale (2) Due to cleidoic eggs
(3) Due to tetrapod limb (4) None of them
Q.8 In which of the following notochord is absent [RPMT 2001]
(1) Adult Herdmania & Balanoglossus (2) Adult Herdmania & adult Branchiostoma
(3) Larva of Herdmania & Branchiostoma (4) Larva of Herdmania & Balanoglossus
Q.9 Which of the following are Anamniotes [RPMT 2001]
(1) Chondrichthyes, Ostiechthyes, Amphibia
(2) Reptilia, Aves, Amphibia
(3) Amphibia, Aves, Mammals
(4) Reptilia, Mammals, Aves
Q.10 Which have macrolecithal eggs [RPMT 2000]
(1) Aves, Reptilia (2) Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia
(3) Aves, Reptilia, Chiroptera (4) Aves, Eutheria
Q.11 Cleidoic egg is an adaptation for [RPMT 2001]
(1) Aquatic life (2) Marine life (3) Terrestrial life (4) Aerial life
Q.12 Which type of scales are found on skin of cartilaginous fishes [RPMT 2001]
(1) Cycloid (2) Ctenoid (3) Gonoid (4) Placoid
Q.13 In which pair both characters are found without exception in all mammals [RPMT 2001]
(1) Hair & vivipary (2) Vivipary & internal fertilization
(3) Vivipary & mammary glands (4) Mammary glands & internal fertilization
Q.14 Eggs of birds are [RPMT 2001]
(1) Microlecithal (2) Centrolecithal (3) Megalectithal (4) Alecithal
Q.15 Which character is found only in mammales [RPMT 2002]
(1) Neck (2) Diaphragm
(3) Optic lobes of brain (4) Tail
Q.16 Heterocercal tail is found in [RPMT 2002]
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Whale (4) Amphibians
Q.17 Which animal is Non-chordate- [RPMT 2002]
(1) Herdmania (2) Balanoglossus (3) Branchiostoma (4) Botryllus
Q.18 In which of the following reptiles four chambered heart is present [RPMT 2002]
(1) Lizard (2) Snake (3) Scorpion (4) Crocodile

40
 Animal Kingdom
Q.19 Which character is not same in aves and mammals [RPMT 2002]
(1) Single systemic arch (2) Metanephric kidney
(3) Seven cervical vertebrae (4) Homeotherms
Q.20 Icthyophis belongs to which class [RPMT 2004]
(1) Reptilia (2) Amphibia (3) Aves (4) Pisces
Q.21 Which of the following is not a characteristic of birds [RPMT 2004]
(1) Lungs with air sacs (2) Pneumatic bone
(3) Exothermic (4) Amniotic eggs
Q.22 Which of the following is a reptile [RPMT 2004]
(1) Salamandra (2) Turtle (3) Newts (4) Toad
Q.23 What is common in Bat, Whale and Rat [RPMT 2005]
(1) Absence of neck
(2) Muscular diaphragm between thorax and abdomen
(3) Testes, outside abdominal cavity
(4) External earpinna
Q.24 Placoid scales are formed in [RPMT 2005]
(1) Cartilaginous fishes (2) Bony fishes
(3) Paleontical fishes (4) Lung fishes
Q.25 Hollow air filled bones (pneumatic bones) occur in [AIPMT 1998]
(1) Mammals (2) Reptiles (3) Urodela (4) Aves
Q.26 What is true [AIPMT 2000]
(1) Platypus is oviparous (2) Bats have feather
(3) Elephant is ovo viviparous (4) Diaphragm is absent in them
Q.27 In which of the following animal post anal tail is found [AIPMT 2001]
(1) Earthworm (2) Lower invertebrate
(3) Scorpion (4) Snake
Q.28 In which era reptiles were dominated [AIPMT 2002]
(1) Coenozoic era (2) Mesozoic era (3) Paleozoic era (4) Archaeozoic era
Q.29 In which of the following notochord is present in embryonic stage [AIPMT 2002]
(1) All chordates (2) Some chordates (3) Vertebrates (4) Non chordates
Q.30 In which animal nerve cell is present but brain is absent [AIPMT 2002]
(1) Sponge (2) Earthworm (3) Cockroach (4) Hydra
Q.31 Uricotelism is found in [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Fishes and fresh water protozoans (2) Birds, reptiles and insects
(3) Frogs and toads (4) Mammals and birds
Q.32 One of the following is a very unique feature of the mammalian body [AIPMT 2004]
(1) Presence of diaphragm (2) Four chambered heart
(3) Rib cage (4) Homeothermy
Q.33 Which one of the following charcters is not typical of the class Mammalia [AIPMT 2005]
(1) Alveolar lungs (2) Ten pairs of cranial nerves
(3) Seven cervical vertebrae (4) Thecodont dentition
Q.34 Which one of the following statements is incorrect [AIPMT 2006]
(1) The principle of countercurrent flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes
(2) The residual air in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals.
(3) The presence of non-respiratory air sacs, increases the efficiency of respiration in birds
(4) In insects, circulating body fluids serves to distribute oxygen to tissues.
Q.35 Which of the following pairs are correctly matched [AIPMT 2007]
Animals Morphological features
(A) Crocodile 4-chambered heart

41
 Animal Kingdom
(B) Sea Urchin Parapodia
(C) Obelia Metagenesis
(D) Lemur Thecodont
(1) Only A and B (2) A, C and D (3) B, C and D (4) Only A and D
Q.36 What is common between parrot, platypus and kangaroo [AIPMT 2007]
(1) Ovoaparity (2) Homoiothermy (3) Toothless jaws (4) Functional post-anal tail
Q.37 Axolotal larva is the name of larva of [AIIMS 1996]
(1) Amphioxns (2) Silkworm (3) Ambyostoma (4) Round worm
Q.38 Gambusia is a [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Parasitic fish (2) Pest of fish
(3) Fish predator of mosquitos larva (4) Mosquito spreading yellow fever
Q.39 Marsupials occur in [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Africa (2) America (3) Asia (4) Australia
Q.40 An egg laying mammal is [AIIMS 2001]
(1) Kangaroo (2) Platypus (3) Koala (4) Whale
Q.41 Which one of the following groups of structures/organs have similar function : [AIIMS 2005]
(1) Typholosle in earthworm, intestinal villi in rat and contractile vacuole in Amoeba.
(2) Nephridia in earthworm, Malpighian tubules in cockroach and urinary tubules in rat.
(3) Antennae of cockroach, tympanum of frog and clitellum of earthworm.
(4) Incisors of rat, gizzard (proventriculus) of cockroach and tube feet of startish.
Q.42 Vetebral column is derived from [BHU 1987]
(1) Dorsal nerve cord (2) Ventral nerve cord
(3) Outgrowth of cranium (4) Notochord
Q.43 Most favourable land adaptation in reptiles is [BHU 1989]
(1) Lungs (2) Scales (3) Moist skin (4) Pentadacty limbs
Q.44 Mammals giving rise to immature young ones and nursing them in a pouch are [BHU 1996]
(1) Monotremes (2) Marsupials (3) Primates (4) Carnivores
Q.45 Lateral line system occurs in [AIIMS 1996]
(1) Star fish (2) jelly fish (3) Dog fish (4) All the above
Q.46 Ichthyophis belongs to [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Amphibia (2) Mollusca (3) Annelida (4) Reptilia
Q.47 Rumimants belong to order [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Proboscida (2) Artiodactyla (3) Sirenia (4) Cetacea
Q.48 Carapace occurs in [AIIMS 1997]
(1) Toad (2) Frog (3) Bird (4) Tortoise
Q.49 Vetrebrates have [AFMC 1989]
(1) Dorsal tubular nerve cord (2) Ventrally situated heart
(3) Body cavity with alimentary canal (4) All the above
Q.50 The glands present in the skin of frog are [AFMC 1993]
(1) Sweat and mammary glands (2) Sweat and sebaceous glands
(3) Sweat and mucous glands (4) Mucous and poisonous glands
Q.51 Which is the smallest taxonomic group having cranium, vertebral column, ventral heart,
pulmonary respiration and two pairs of legs [AFMC 1998]
(1) Chordata (2) Gnathostomata (3) Vertebrata (4) Tetrapoda
Q.52 Eggs of placental mammals are [MP PMT 1999]
(1) Homolecithal (2) Alecithal (3) Microlecithal (4) Mesolecithal
Q.53 Urinary bladder is absent in [MP PMT 2000]
(1) Bird(2) Snakes (3) Crocodiles (4) All the above
Q.54 The greatest evolutionary change that enabled the land vertebrates to be completely free from

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water, was the development of [MP PMT 2000]
(1) four appendages (2) lungs (3) cleidoic eggs (4) four chambered heart
Q.55 Which living connecting link is an evidence for organic evolution [MP PMT 2000]
(1) Archaeopteryx between reptiles and birds
(2) Lungs fishes between pisces and reptiles
(3) Coelacanth between pisces and amphibians
(4) Tachyglossus between reptiles and mammals
Q.56 Sonar system is found only [MPPMT 2000]
(1) Bats (2) Whales (3) Bats & Whales (4) Otter
Q.57 Cleidoic eggs are characteristic of [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Mammals (2) Reptiles and Birds (3) Insects (4) Fishes
Q.58 Archeopetryx, a transitional fossil between birds and reptiles was discovered from the rocks of
following period [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Jurassic (2) Archeozoic era (3) Cretaceous (4) Triassic
Q.59 The character of birds, without exception, is
[UTTARANCHAL-2004]
(1) Omnivorous (2) Flying wings
(3) Beak without teeth (4) Lay eggs with calcareous
shell
Q.60 Which of the following is an exclusive character of class Mammalia
[UTTARANCHAL-2004]
(1) Homoiothermy (2) Internal fertilization
(3) Presence of a 4-chambered heart (4) Presence of a muscular diaphragm
Q.61 Poisonous Sea-snake possess a [UTTARANCHAL-2005]
(1) Compressed tail (2) Printed tail (3) Depressed tail (4) Conicl tail
Q.62 Oviparous mammals are [Bihar-2002]
(1) Kangaroo (2) Duck bill platypus (3) Whale (4) Rabbit
Q.63 Torpedo is commonly [Bihar-2006]
(1) Sucherfish (2) Electric ray (3) Globefish (4) Sea horse
Q.64 Which of the following snakes non-poisnous? [UPCPMT 2001]
(1) Cobra (2) Krait (3) Viper (4) Python
Q.65 Sea horse belongs to [UPCPMT 2003]
(1) Mammals (2) Amphibia (3) Aves (4) Pisces
Q.66 Which of the following has exoskeleton of scales and paired copulatory organ or penis
[UPCPMT 2006]
(1) Sharks (2) Lizards (3) Urodela (4) Urochordata
Q.67 All chordates at one or the other stage have [MPPMT 2004]
(1) Pharyngeal gill-slits (2) Vertebral column
(3) Two pairs of pentadactyte limbs (4) A moveable jaw
Q.68 Which of the following belongs to Phylum Arthropoda [MPPMT 2001]
(1) Star fish (2) Gold fish (3) Silver fish (4) Cuttle fish
Q.69 Which of the following does not belong to Phylum Coelentrata? [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Sea pen (2) Sea feather (3) Sea cucumber (4) Sea fan
Q.70 Nematocysts are found in [MPPMT 2002]
(1) Porifera (2) Coelenterata (3) Nematodes (4) Annelida
Q.71 Taxomically which of the following set is matched correctly? [MP PMT 2001]
(1) Cattle fish, Jelly fish, Silver fish (2) Bat, Pigeon, Kite
(3) Lobsters, spider, shrimps (4) Oyster, Otter, Octopus
Q.72 Sea horse is [CG PMT 2009]

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 Animal Kingdom
(1) A bird (2) A Mammal (3) An Amphibion (4) A fish
Q.73 Which one of the following lays eggs yet the female secretes milk? [CG PMT 2009]
(1) Bat (2) Kangaroo (3) Platypus (4) Ostrich
Q.74 Which of the following does not make a nest of its own? [CG PMT 2009]
(1) Crow (2) Parrot (3) Cuckoo (4) Sparrow
Q.75 Which one of the following kinds of animals are triploblastic? [CPMT 2010]
(1) Flat worms (2) Sponges (3) Ctenophores (4) Corals
Q.76 Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with its particular named taxonomic
category? [AIPMT 2011]
(1) Housefly – Musca, an order (2) Tiger – tigris, the species
(3) Cuttlefish – Mollusca, a class (4) Humans – Primata, the family
Q.77 Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly matched with its one characteristic
feature without ieven a single exception? [AIPMT 2011]
(1) Mammalia : give birth to young ones.
(2) Reptilia : possess 3-chambered heat with one incompletely divided ventricle
(3) Chordata : possess a mouth provided with an upper and a lower jaw
(4) Chondrichthyes : possess catilaginous endoskeleton
Q.78 Which sound producing organ is found in birds? [RPMT 2011]
(1) Pharynx (2) Larynx (3) Syrinx (4) Trachea
Q.79 Match the name of the animal (column I), with one characteristics (column II). and the
phylum/class (column III) to which it belongs: [AIPMT 2013]
Column I Column II Column III
(1) Ichthyophis terrestrial Reptilia
(2) Limulus body covered by Pisces
chitinous exoskeleton
(3) Adamsia radially symmetrical Porifera
(4) Petromyzon ectoparasite Cyclostomata
Q.80 Which of the following are correctly matched with respect to their taxonomic classification?
[AIPMT 2013]
(1) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion-Insecta
(2) House fly, butterfly, tsetsefly, silverfish-Insecta
(3) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber Echinodermata
(4) Flying fish, cuttlefish, silverfish – Pisces
Q.81 One of the representatives of Phylum Arthropoda is : [AIPMT 2013]
(1) silverfish (2) pufferfish (3) flying fish (4) cuttlefish
Q.82 A marine cartilaginous fish that can produce electric current is : [AIPMT 2014]
(1) Trygon (2) Scoliodon (3) Pristis (4) Torpedo
Q.83 Which of the following animals is not viviparous? [AIPMT 2015]
(1) Elephant (2) Platypus (3) Whale (4) Flying fox (Bat)
Q.84 Which of the following represents the correct combination without any exception?
[AIPMT 2015]
Characteristics Class
(1) Mouth ventral; gills without operculum; skin with placoid scales; Chondrichthyes
persistent notochord
(2) Sucking and circular mouth; jaws absent, integument without scales; Cyclostomata
paired appendages
(3) Body covered with feathers; skin moist and glandular; fore-limbs Aves
form wings; lungs with air sacs

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 Animal Kingdom
(4) Mammary gland; hair on body; pinnae; two pairs of limbs Mammalia

Answer Key
Q.1 1 Q.2 2 Q.3 3 Q.4 4 Q.5 4 Q.6 3 Q.7 1
Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 2 Q.11 3 Q.12 4 Q.13 4 Q.14 3
Q.15 2 Q.16 1 Q.17 2 Q.18 4 Q.19 3 Q.20 1 Q.21 3
Q.22 2 Q.23 2 Q.24 1 Q.25 4 Q.26 1 Q.27 4 Q.28 2
Q.29 1 Q.30 4 Q.31 2 Q.32 1 Q.33 2 Q.34 4 Q.35 2
Q.36 1 Q.37 3 Q.38 3 Q.39 4 Q.40 2 Q.41 2 Q.42 4
Q.43 1 Q.44 2 Q.45 3 Q.46 1 Q.47 2 Q.48 4 Q.49 4
Q.50 4 Q.51 4 Q.52 3 Q.53 4 Q.54 3 Q.55 1 Q.56 3
Q.57 2 Q.58 1 Q.59 2 Q.60 4 Q.61 1 Q.62 2 Q.63 2
Q.64 4 Q.65 4 Q.66 1 Q.67 1 Q.68 3 Q.69 3 Q.70 2
Q.71 3 Q.72 4 Q.73 3 Q.74 3 Q.75 1 Q.76 2 Q.77 4
Q.78 3 Q.79 4 Q.80 2 Q.81 1 Q.82 4 Q.83 2 Q.84 1

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Exercise – 3 AIIMS Special

Questions
Assertion - Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason
(R).
(1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion, then mark. (1).
(2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of
the assertion, then mark (2).
(3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3).
(4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4).
Q.1 A: In metatherians, scrotum is present in front of penis.
R: In prototherians scrotum is present behind the penis.
Q.2 A ; In Balanoglossus, proboscis is involved in excretion.
R : Glomerulus is present in proboscis.
Q.3 A : Birds have metanephric kidney and no urinary bladder.
R: South American Ostrich has urinary bladder.
Q.4 A: All birds, except the one like Koel (Cuckoo) build nests for retiring and taking rest
during night time.
R : Koel lays eggs in the nests of tailor bird.
Q.5 A : The duct-billed Platypus and the spiny anteater, both are egg layeing animals yet
are grouped under mammals.
R: Both of them have seven crevical vertebrae and mammary glands without teats.
Q.6 A: Bats and whales are classified as mammals.
R: Bats and whales show echolocation and four chambered heart.
Q.7 A : Amphibians have evolved from fishes.
R : Take the example of the fossil Archaeopteryx.
Q.8 A : Snakes exposed to gamma rays become non poisonous.
R : Poisonous snakes have poison glands and a pair of poison fangs. They are affected
by gamma rays.
Q.9 A : Among the land animals, the Cheetah can run fastest over the ground.
R : The Cheetah uses its powerful forelimbs to push itself forward during running.
Q.10 A : Salamander, Sphenodon are classified as amphibian.
R : Their skin is naked, moist and glandular
Q.11 A : Lateral line system is found in fishes and aquatic larval amphibians.
R : Lateral line system has receptors which are the clusters of sensory cells derived
from ectoderm
Q.12 A : A bony fish can stay at a particular depth without expending energy in swimming
contrary to the cartilaginous fishes.
R : In bony fishes swim bladder is present which helps in buoyancy.
Q.13 A : Lycaenops is mammal like reptile.
R : Mammal like reptiles originated in the permian period.
Q.14 A : Reptiles can be termed as first true land animals.
R : These are completely independent of water due to development of internal
fertilization and the presence of a special membrane, amnion around the
developing embryo.

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 Animal Kingdom

Answer Key
Q.1 3 Q.2 1 Q.3 2 Q.4 3 Q.5 1 Q.6 2 Q.7
3
Q.8 1 Q.9 1 Q.10 4 Q.11 2
Q.12 1 Q.13 1 Q.14 2

47