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 Energy Transition in India
India’s journey from conventional to renewable sources of electricity
generation marks a monumental step towards a sustainable energy
future. The Government’s unwavering commitment to ambitious
renewable energy targets, coupled with innovative policies and
incentives, has set the stage for a greener energy landscape.

Bhupinder Singh Bhalla The author is the Secretary, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GoI. Email : secy-mnre@nic.in

I
ndia stands at a crossroads of challenges encountered, and envisions the path
development, grappling with the forward towards a renewable-powered India.
dual challenge of meeting its soaring The Need for Energy Transition
energy demands while addressing
the pressing concerns of climate change and For decades, the energy sector has relied
environmental degradation. With a population primarily on fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural
of over 1.4 billion and being the fastest-growing gas to generate electricity and fuel its economic
major economy, the need for a sustainable and growth. However, this reliance has come at a
secure energy supply has never been more significant cost, both environmentally and socially.
critical for the country. In recent years, India has The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse
embarked on a transformative journey, shifting gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global
its focus from conventional fossil fuel-led growth warming and climate change. Additionally, the
towards sustainable growth through renewable air pollution resulting from conventional energy
sources of electricity generation. This transition sources has led to severe health implications for the
not only promises a cleaner and greener energy population, affecting not only the quality of life but
landscape but also holds the potential to reshape also the economy.
the country’s energy future. This article delves into As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, India
the motivations behind India’s energy transition, has committed to reducing its carbon emissions
explores the progress made so far, highlights the and playing its part in combating climate change.

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 renewables.
Against the target of 175 GW, a total of 172 GW
of renewable capacity has been installed by the end
of FY 2023, an increase of 126% from 76 GW in FY
2014. Further, installed solar capacity has increased
by approx. 200% with the addition of about 45 GW,
and installed wind capacity has increased by 9 GW
during the period. The share of renewable energy
in the generation mix increased from 17.2% in FY
2014 to 22.5% in FY 2023. During this period, the
power sector in India has also attracted USD 78
billion in investment, including over USD 10 billion
through FDI. The Government has also provided a
budgetary support of over Rs 20,000 crore during
the period.
Today, India has the 4th highest installed RE
capacity globally. India also ranks 4th in terms of
global wind and bioenergy installed capacity,
while it ranks 5th in solar installed capacity, closely
following Germany. During the last five years (2017-
Recognising the environmental hazards posed by 22), a RE capacity of 63 GW has been added, which
fossil fuels and the need for energy security, India is the 3rd highest globally during that period.
has embarked on an ambitious journey to transition
In the last five years, 70 GW of solar projects and
from conventional energy sources to renewable
21 GW of wind projects (including hybrid projects)
ones.
have been bid out. Standard bidding guidelines
The Government of India has displayed a for solar and wind energy projects have also been
strong commitment to advancing the adoption issued to streamline the bidding process. Further,
of renewable energy through comprehensive to increase renewable energy consumption, the
policies and initiatives. The National Action Plan Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Energy
on Climate Change (NAPCC), introduced in 2008, Storage Obligation (ESO) trajectory till FY 2030
laid the groundwork for the country’s sustainable have been issued by the Government. Green Open
development goals. Under the NAPCC, several Access and Green Power Markets have also been
national missions were launched, each focusing on introduced to help in the evacuation of power
a specific sector that contributes to climate change generated through renewable energy sources.
mitigation and adaptation.
To achieve the ambitious target of 500 GW of
Among these missions, the launch of the capacity from non-fossil sources, it is also imperative
National Solar Mission has been a watershed to ensure the evacuation of generation of
moment in the renewable energy story of the generated power by building adequate distribution
country. Launched in 2010, this mission aimed and transmission infrastructure. Under Phase 1 of
to promote the deployment of solar energy the Green Energy Corridor (GEC) scheme launched
technologies and reduce the cost of solar power by the Government, 8857 ckm transmission lines
generation. The initial target of 20 GW by the year and 20868 MVA substations capacity have been
2022 was increased fivefold to 100 GW. The total completed. Phase 2 of the scheme has been
target for renewable energy was also revised to 175 launched for 7 States with a target of 10,750 ckm
GW. The target has recently been revised to 500 GW transmission lines and 27500 MVA substations
of installed electricity generation capacity through capacity by 2026. The Government also extended
non-fossil fuels by the year 2030. This reflects the the benefit of Inter State Transmission System (ISTS)
speed and scale at which the Government intends charges waiver till June 2025 for all renewable
to move from conventional energy sources to energy projects; for Green Hydrogen Projects

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waiver has been extended increase) in 2023, and solar PV
till December 2030; and for cell manufacturing capacity
offshore wind projects, it has The National Action has doubled from 3 GW to 6
been extended till December Plan on Climate Change GW during the same period.
2032. (NAPCC), introduced To further boost indigenous
A number of important in 2008, laid the manufacturing, manufacturing
linked tenders (3 GW solar cell
schemes and targets have been groundwork for the & 3 GW solar module) have
announced for the promotion country’s sustainable
of solar energy: Solar Parks been issued. One of the major
Scheme with a target of 40
development goals. initiatives in renewable energy
GW; Pradhan Mantri Kisan Under the NAPCC, manufacturing sector is the
Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan several national launch of Production Linked
Mahabhiyaan (PM-KUSUM) missions were launched, Incentive (PLI) scheme with 8737
MW capacity (fully integrated),
Scheme with a target of 30.8 each focusing on a
GW; Rooftop Solar (RTS) awarded under tranche-1
specific sector that and 39,600 MW capacity
Phase-2 Scheme with a target
contributes to climate (fully/ partially integrated)
of 4 GW; and CPSU Scheme
(Ph-1 & 2) with a target of 8.2 change mitigation and awarded under tranche-2.
GW. The Government has also adaptation. Besides these, domestic
launched the National Green content linked schemes (CPSU
Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) in Scheme, PM-KUSUM and RTS
January 2023 with a target of 5 MMTPA production Scheme) and Basic Custom Duty (BCD) on solar
capacity by 2030. Till date, 49 green hydrogen modules & cells have been introduced to give the
production and 19 electrolyser manufacturing needed fillip to local manufacturing. A total of
projects have been announced so far. It has also 75 GW of solar module manufacturing capacity
announced schemes to incentivise green hydrogen and 55 GW of solar cell manufacturing capacity
production and electrolyser manufacturing. annually is likely to be achieved by the year 2026.
Wind turbine manufacturing capacity of more than
Going with the theme of Atmanirbhar 15 GW per annum with 70-80% indigenisation level
Bharat, the Government has also focused on has been developed in the country.
the establishment of indigenous manufacturing
capacity. Solar PV module manufacturing capacity To improve skilling in the sector, over 32,000
has increased from 10 GW in 2018 to 25 GW (150% persons have been trained under Suryamitra
programme. Vayumitra for wind power projects
and Jal-Urjamitra for small hydro
plants have also been launched
and training programmes are
underway.
Challenges and the Path Ahead
While India’s energy transition
has been remarkable, it is not
without challenges. One of
the primary concerns is the
intermittent nature of renewable
energy sources like solar and
wind. Balancing electricity supply
and demand becomes complex
due to fluctuations in generation.
The adoption of advanced energy
storage technologies, such

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as batteries and pumped the economy to global energy
hydro storage, is essential to market fluctuations.
store excess energy during India’s transition to
Environmentally, the shift
peak generation periods renewable energy away from fossil fuels
and release it during low- sources is not just an significantly reduces carbon
generation times. energy transformation emissions, mitigates air
Moreover, the integration but a commitment to pollution, and safeguards
of renewable energy into the securing a cleaner, public health. During COP26
existing grid infrastructure more sustainable, and in Glasgow, the Prime Minister
requires significant of India, announced five nectar
investments and upgrades.
prosperous future for elements, the Panchamrit, to
The development of a robust its citizens. deal with this challenge of
transmission network capable climate change. These elements
of handling intermittent of Panchamrit will help the
and decentralised energy sources is crucial to country to make its contribution in dealing with the
maintaining grid stability and reliability. climate change emergency. The above discussions
Following challenges have been witnessed reflect that India’s commitment to renewable
in the implementation of RE schemes and energy aligns with its international climate pledges
programmes: and also enhances its reputation as a global leader
in this aspect.
i. Land: The availability of land for RE projects
has been one of the major challenges. The Conclusion
preparation of State Renewable Energy Plans, India’s journey from conventional to
considering the land available, can address this renewable sources of electricity generation marks
issue. a monumental step towards a sustainable energy
ii. Regulatory Issues: To achieve the RE installation future. The Government’s unwavering commitment
targets, earnest action is needed from the State to ambitious renewable energy targets, coupled
Governments on the following aspects: with innovative policies and incentives, has set
the stage for a greener energy landscape. The
• Compliance of Renewable Purchase surging popularity of solar energy, the consistent
Obligation (RPO) growth of wind power, and the exploration of other
• Timely adoption of tariff by State Electricity renewable sources signify India’s determination to
Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) strike a balance between economic advancement
• Avoiding levy of additional charges by the and ecological well-being.
States As India navigates the complexities of grid
iii. Transmission infrastructure: Realistic integration, energy storage, and infrastructure
development, collaboration between the public
transmission and RE project planning coupled
and private sectors will be crucial. International
with regular monitoring and remedial actions
partnerships, technological advancements, and
are needed to achieve the targets.
skilled workforce development will play pivotal roles
Economic and Environmental Implications in shaping the trajectory of the energy transition.
The transition to renewable sources of India’s transition to renewable energy
electricity generation carries numerous economic sources is not just an energy transformation
and environmental implications. On the economic but a commitment to securing a cleaner, more
front, the growth of the renewable energy sector sustainable, and prosperous future for its citizens.
would stimulate job creation, spur technological By embracing renewable sources of electricity
innovation, and attract foreign investment, as generation, India stands poised to lead by example,
also described in the previous sections. Further, contributing to the global fight against climate
a decrease in fossil fuel imports would enhance change and inspiring nations around the world to
energy security and reduce the vulnerability of follow suit. 

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 Responsible Use of AI
Bridging Innovation and Ethics
The New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration highlights the significance of
harnessing ‘AI responsibly for good and for all’. It states that the G20
leaders are committed to leveraging AI for the public good by solving
challenges in a responsible, inclusive, and human-centric manner while
protecting people’s rights and safety. Groupings like these are in an
opportune position to take the lead in this regard, thereby bridging the
gap between innovation and the ethics of the use of AI.

The author is a Senior Fellow and Deputy Director at the Observer Research Foundation (ORF). He works at the intersection of technology and
Dr Sameer Patil national security. Email: sameer.patil@orfonline.org.

The co-author is a Junior Fellow at the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology, ORF. She works at the intersection of security, technology
Shimona Mohan (especially AI and cybersecurity), gender and disarmament. Email: shimona.mohan@orfonline.org.

A
rtificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Additionally, it is being used for security,
the way humans interact, industries surveillance, and inventory management. It is also
function, and societies are structured. being applied extensively to areas like agriculture,
The seemingly limitless potential of AI fintech, healthcare, manufacturing, and climate
across multiple domains, countries, and human change, yielding sizeable dividends in all of them.
imaginations has spawned numerous applications. It has become abundantly clear in the recent
Current applications include image and text past that AI can augment human capabilities
analysis for data analysis purposes, logistics, and aid us in tackling some of the most pressing
assistance in decision-making, autonomous challenges of our time. AI is a force that has the
vehicles, and aerial systems, cybersecurity, etc.

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 good and for all’.2 It states that the G20 leaders are
committed to leveraging AI for the public good
by solving challenges in a responsible, inclusive,
and human-centric manner, while protecting
people’s rights and safety. It adds that to ensure
responsible AI development, deployment and use,
the protection of human rights, transparency and
explainability, fairness, accountability, regulation,
safety, appropriate human oversight, ethics, biases,
privacy, and data protection must be addressed.
In addition, the declaration mentions that the G20
members will pursue a pro-innovation regulatory/
governance approach that maximises the benefits
and takes into account the risks associated with
the use of AI.
The declaration also reaffirms the leaders’
commitment to G20 AI Principles of 2019.
These principles had been adopted at the
2019 Osaka Summit and underline the human-
centred approach of AI.3 They take a cue from
the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
capacity to create a more sustainable, equitable, Development principles on AI, also adopted in
and interconnected world. However, it also raises 2019, that support the technology to become
critical ethical and societal concerns, which require innovative and trustworthy, and respect human
adequate policy consideration and responses. rights and democratic values.4 Besides this, the
This highlights the need for the responsible declaration also underlines the importance
development and deployment of AI to ensure that of investment in supporting human capital
its transformative power benefits everyone and development. Towards this, G20 leaders agreed
leaves no one behind. to extend support to educational institutions
G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration and and teachers to enable them to keep pace with
Responsible AI emerging trends and technological advances
including AI. This will play an important role in
States are increasingly being compelled imparting skills for the youth entering the job
to practise responsible behaviour in their market and will offset the concerns around the
engagements with AI for civilian, security and adverse economic impacts of AI.
defence purposes. In this context, the recently
concluded G20 Summit in New Delhi (9-10 How does AI pose Ethical Risks?
September 2023) has tackled multiple aspects According to the AIAAIC (AI, Algorithmic,
related to Responsible AI (RAI). Most of the G20 and Automation Incidents and Controversies)
members have been working towards establishing database, which tracks incidents related to the
regulations for the responsible use of AI, especially ethical misuse of AI, the number of AI incidents
since the advent of GenAI applications. The and controversies has increased 26 times since
European Union’s proposed AI Act is the most 2012.5
comprehensive attempt to establish a regulatory Several critics of AI have also raised concerns
framework for the responsible development about gender and racial bias when it comes to the
of AI that focuses primarily on strengthening application of AI to services like healthcare and
rules around data quality, transparency, human finance. Although it may appear to be so, AI is not
oversight, and accountability.1 neutral; it can internalise and then catastrophically
The New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration highlights enhance biases that societies possess, programme
the significance of harnessing ‘AI responsibly for them into the code, and/or ignore them in outputs

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in the absence of sensitivities to those biases, to realistic images and art from a description in
begin with.6 If the datasets used in developing natural language.8,9 Several artists have accused
any AI system are incomplete or skewed towards apps of training their algorithms based on images
or against a sub-group, they will produce results and illustrations scraped from the web without
that marginalise those sub-groups or make them the original artists’ consent.10
invisible in some way. Yet, even if a dataset is precise Then there are concerns regarding the
and representative of the intended population, misuse of AI in the defence domain to enhance
biased Machine Learning (ML) algorithms applied targeting and surveillance capabilities of drones
to the data may still result in biased outputs. on the battlefield. This is a use-case of AI in drone
In most supervised ML models, training warfare with the potential of ensuing violence.
datasets are given labels by a human developer In other cases, critics have also noted the misuse
or coder to enable the ML model to classify of AI for illegal surveillance. In the cybersecurity
the information it already has. The model then sphere, generative AI applications are increasingly
characterises new information given to it based on posing legitimate security threats as they are
this classification syntax, after which it generates being used to conduct malware attacks. For
an output. There are two possible modes of bias instance, cybercriminals, with the help of AI, mass
introduction in this process: first, if the human generating phishing emails to spread malware
developers have their own biases, which they either and collect valuable information. These phishing
introduce into the system or retain due to ignorant emails have higher rates of success, than manually
oversight; and second, if biases are incorporated crafted phishing emails. However, an even more
in the processing of the data within the ‘black box’ insidious threat has emerged through ‘deepfakes,’
of the AI/ML system, that is not explainable to or which generate synthetic or artificial media using
understandable by human operators.7 The black ML. Such realistic-looking content is difficult
box, as the name suggests, makes the learning to verify and have become a powerful tool for
process of the system opaque, and its algorithms disinformation, with grave national security
can thus only be fixed once an output is generated implications. For instance, in March 2022, a deep
and the human developer affirms that there was a fake video of Ukrainian President Volodymyr
problem with processing the input data. Zelenskyy asking his troops to surrender went
Besides this, there are also ethical concerns that viral among Ukrainian citizens, causing significant
have arisen over issues like copyright infringement confusion, even as their military was fighting
and privacy violations due to apps that create against the Russian forces.11
Beyond defence and security, AI has also
evoked fears of adverse economic impact. An
emerging apprehension is that AI automation
could potentially alter the labour market in a
fundamental manner, with grave implications for
economies in the Global South that rely on their
labour and human resources.12,13
What is Responsible AI?
These dynamics have created the necessity
for the ‘Responsible AI’ (RAI) and the need to
regulate it. There has been a gradual momentum
around rallying for responsible innovation
ecosystems. This is especially valid in the
development and deployment of AI, where
there is a chance for responsible innovation and
use to be institutionalised right from the get-
go and not as an afterthought or a checkbox to
performatively satisfy policy and/or compliance-

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 released in late 2022, which comprises sector-
agnostic tools to enable entities to leverage AI
by prioritising user trust and safety.
Pertinently, the focus on RAI in G20 New Delhi
Leaders’ Declaration also aligns with India holding
the chair of the Global Partnership on Artificial
Intelligence (GPAI), a multistakeholder initiative
that brings together experts from science, industry,
civil society, international organisations, and
governments.17 It contributes to the responsible
development of AI via its Responsible AI working
group.18India chairing the GPAI is important
since the Global South is underrepresented in
the forum: out of its 29 members, only four are
from the Global South - Argentina, Brazil, India,
and Senegal. Therefore, India is better positioned
to play an active role in bridging this divide and
ensuring that the less developed economies also
get to reap the benefits of this technological shift
towards AI. New Delhi will host the annual GPAI
Summit on 12-14 December 2023. At the last
year’s summit in Tokyo, India urged the members
to work together on a common framework of rules
and guidelines on data governance in order to
related constraints. In this context, RAI is prevent user harm and ensure the safety of both
broadly understood as the practice of designing, the internet and AI.
developing, and deploying AI to empower Conclusion
employees and businesses and impact society in Though the rise of AI and its applications in
a fair manner. Given AI’s dual-use character, this is the past few years has been meteoric and the
a loose and flexible understanding, and it posits scope for innovation in the field is endless, nations
RAI as an umbrella term that usually encompasses all around the world are waking up to the dangers
considerations around fair, explainable, and of its potential misuse. While there are several
trustworthy AI systems. initiatives attempting to address the issue, there
India has been working on RAI since is currently no global consensus or regulatory
2018, and NITI Aayog also released a two-part framework on the ethical and responsible use
report in 2021 on approaches towards14 and of AI. Hence, groupings like the G20 and GPAI
operationalisation of15 RAI principles for the are in an opportune position to take the lead in
deployment and use of civilian AI architectures. this regard, thereby bridging the gap between
The seven principles that NITI Aayog highlights innovation and the ethics of AI use. The G20
are: safety and reliability; equality; inclusivity New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration demonstrates
and non-discrimination; privacy and security; that leaders of the world’s largest economies are
transparency; accountability; and protection aware of the potential benefits and risks of AI and
and reinforcement of positive human values. It are committed to working together to ensure
also recommends measures for the government, that the technology is developed and used in
industry bodies, and civil society to implement a responsible and inclusive manner. The G20
these principles in the AI products they develop members must follow this declaration by adopting
or work with. Indian tech industry body the anticipatory regulation approach, doing over-
NASSCOM embedded the principles of this the-horizon thinking, and building a coalition of
framework into India’s first RAI Hub and Toolkit16 diverse stakeholders. 

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 Building Safety, Security, Resilience,
and Trust in the Digital Economy
India’s G20 Presidency has set the agenda for Digital Transformation
– DPI, Cyber Security & Digital Skilling. This approach to digital
transformation will truly help realise the goal of Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future – digitally bringing
the world together.

The author is the President and CEO at National E-Governance Division, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, GoI.
Abhishek Singh Email: ceo@digitalindia.gov.in

G
20, the largest and most impactful challenges. In this context, it is important to build
economic group in the world, was consensus on the G20 high-level principles for a
formed in 1999 in response to the Asian secure, trusted, and resilient digital economy. We in
financial crisis of 1997-98 and to create G20 have a unique opportunity to lay the foundation
global financial stability. Since its origin, it has for an inclusive, prosperous and secure global digital
expanded its agenda to include inter alia, thedigital future.”2
economy, trade, sustainable development, health, Digital Economy Working Group
agriculture, energy, environment, climate change,
and anti-corruption. The digital economy is one The Digital Economy Working Group had
of the most important agenda items for the G20. extensive discussions on the three key pillars: Digital
As per the World Bank, the digital economy Public Infrastructure, Security in the Digital Economy,
contributes to more than 15% of the global Gross and Digital Skilling. After extensive negotiations
Domestic Product (GDP), and in the last ten years, it in Lucknow, Hyderabad, Pune, and Bengaluru,
has been growing two and a half times faster than the Ministerial Meeting adopted the ‘Outcome’
the physical world GDP.1 document, which was unanimously agreed to by all
members except for the geopolitical issues that had
In the words of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, no direct correlation with digital economy, and the
at the Digital Economy Ministerial Meeting in issue was finally resolved at the G20 Delhi Summit
Bengaluru on 19th August, “As the digital economy in September 2023–a stupendous effort by the
spreads globally, it will face security threats and Indian G20 negotiating team. The Digital Economy

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 identification, reliable payments, and seamless data
exchange across various sectors. India’s plan to build
and maintain a Global Digital Public Infrastructure
Repository (GDIPR) as a virtual repository of DPI,
voluntarily shared by G20 members and other
nations, can be a big enabler for the adoption of DPIs
and is expected to be a key action item post-G20.
This, accompanied by the proposal of the One
Future Alliance (OFA), can help build capacity and
provide technical assistance and funding support for
implementing DPIs in LMICs.
Security in the Digital Economy
Building safety, security, resilience and trust in
Outcome Document3outlines the details of the the digital economy has emerged as one of the key
consensus that emerged on the key issues. priorities of all G20 members that can ensure an
enabling, inclusive, open, fair, non-discriminatory,
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
and secure digital economy. This is essential for
One key achievement of the G20 was to come up continuing the momentum in the growth of
with a definition of DPIs: Digital Public Infrastructure the digital economy while ensuring that the key
is described as a set of shared digital systems that principles of promoting safety, trust, reliability,
should be secure and interoperable, can be built resilience, and protecting privacy and data remain a
on open standards and specifications to deliver and top priority and key focus area. Trust and security as
provide equitable access to public and/or private an essential prerequisite for harnessing the potential
services at a societal scale, and are governed by of the digital economy have been on top of the
applicable legal frameworks and enabling rules agenda right from the 2017 German G20 Presidency,
to drive development, inclusion, innovation, trust, and these values have been reiterated in 2018,
and competition and respect human rights and 2019, and 2020 under the Argentine, Japanese, and
fundamental freedoms. DPI was seen as a promising Saudi Arabian G20 Presidencies, respectively. The
approach to digital transformation by providing 2020 Saudi Arabian Presidency and the 2021 Italian
a shared technology infrastructure that can be Presidency recognised that security in the digital
built and leveraged by both the public and private economy is a key enabling factor for sustainable
sectors. It was also agreed upon that governance development and growth. Deliberations in India’s
frameworks and institutional capabilities play a G20 Presidency further emphasised the importance
very important role in ensuring that DPI is safe, of safety, security, resilience, and trust in the digital
secure, trusted, accountable, and inclusive and can economy for digital transformation. In today’s
contribute immensely to achieving the Sustainable interconnected world, there are digital dependencies
Development Goals (SDGs). One of the most across sectors and borders that can create security
important outcomes of the G20 was the agreement risks associated with the digital economy that a
reached about the G20 Framework for Systems single entity may not be capable of addressing
of Digital Public Infrastructure that can lay the alone. The digital economy has multiple layers, and,
roadmap for the development and deployment of therefore, there is a risk that breaches or incidents at
DPIs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). any layer may disrupt the functioning of the whole
The contribution made by India Stack, especially, ecosystem. Due to the borderless nature of the
Aadhaar, UPI, and Digilocker in India’s Digital digital environment, the global community needs to
Transformation Story was acknowledged in a way work together towards building a safe, secure, and
when the G20 outcome document mentioned resilient digital economy. Preventing and mitigating
the significance of privacy and data protection in security threats to the digital economy requires
accordance with legal frameworks and highlighted augmenting the capacity of all key stakeholders to
key DPI elements like digital identity, digital payment understand, anticipate, prepare for, and respond
systems, and data-sharing mechanisms for secure to these threats. To operationalise this approach of

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addressing shared security risks and challenges, the connected systems and their devices.
non-binding G20 High-Level Principles to Support yy Promoting resilience in connected sectors such
Businesses in Building safety, security, resilience, and as health, finance, manufacturing, and public
trust in the digital economy will be a key enabler. services and utilities by taking suitable security
These principles have been developed from the measures.
best practices, strategies, and tools developed and
implemented by G20 members. These principles yy Encouraging accessible and efficient grievance
seek to strengthen resilience in the digital economy redressal mechanisms for businesses, MSMEs,
by promoting a culture of security, capacity building, and consumers that fall victim to malicious use
multi-stakeholder cooperation, and supporting of digital technologies.
research and development. 2. Capacity Building
The G20 High-Level Principles to Support Capacity building is an important aspect of
Businesses in Building safety, security, resilience, and advancing security across the multi-layered structure
trust in the Digital Economy can be summarised as of the digital economy and should include
under: yy Collaborating with and encouraging relevant
1. Security and Trust stakeholders, including international
A human-centric culture of security and trust organisations, to prioritise and contribute to
in the digital economy that enables citizens and capacity building within their areas of expertise.
businesses to understand risk management can be yy Exploring an interdisciplinary approach that
developed by includes strategy, governance, technology,
yy Promoting cyber hygiene and the development regulatory and non-regulatory frameworks,
of market-led and industry-led standards based culture, economics, incident response, and crisis
on the principles of openness, transparency, and management.
consensus. yy Providing guidance and awareness to citizens,
yy Encouraging businesses and supporting MSMEs businesses including MSMEs, and the wider
to develop and implement good practices and economy on how to stay safe and secure online
risk management frameworks to maintain the in an inclusive and accessible manner.
integrity of global supply chains. yy Promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all
yy Promoting a ‘security by design’ and phased users of digital technologies.
risk management approach along with yy Encouraging young people especially women
encryption measures for digital solutions and and girls to consider a career in security of digital
services, including emerging technologies and solutions and services through curricular or
extracurricular programmes.
3. Research and Development
Advancing research and development enables
building resilience by
yy Promoting research in advanced and emerging
technologies that can enhance protection
against security threats.
yy Sharing best practices on how to tackle various
security threats, including recommendations
from international organisations.
yy Facilitating research projects on topics such as
the economic costs of security incidents and their
impact on businesses and underrepresented
communities.

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yy Promoting studies to measure security-related Another key aspect of the potential risks
digital divides and its impact on economies. associated with the digital economy relates to the
4. Multistakeholder Cooperation impact they have on vulnerable sections of society,
in particular children and youth. On one hand,
Partnering with businesses, civil society increased access to digital tools and services opens
organisations, academia, international organisations up new avenues for children and youth to explore
and the technical community is key to promoting their creativity, enhance their learning experience,
security in the digital economy and this can be and work collaboratively. At the same time, it also
reinforced by increases exposure to risks to which children are
• Developing opportunities for public-private especially vulnerable, such as cyber bullying and
partnership collaboration and engagement. grooming, child sexual abuse and exploitation,
• Supporting the sharing of trends on as well as risks related to their data and privacy.
known and existing vulnerabilities faced by Women and girls are disproportionately affected by
nongovernmental stakeholders in the digital technology-facilitated gender-based violence. Cyber
environment. education and cyber awareness for the protection
and empowerment of children and youth in
• Facilitating engagement between businesses today’s digital age is a key priority area and requires
and points of contact across various industry concerted action by all stakeholders. The G20 Toolkit
incident response teams. on Cyber Education and Cyber Awareness of Children
5. Strengthening Resilience of Essential Services and Youth, developed under the Indian presidency,
Prevention of damage or disruption to certain will serve as a guide for all countries. It recognises
essential social and economic services in the digital the important role of the UN Convention on Rights of
economy is important, and it is essential that the Child and the need to develop holistic, human-
stakeholders are encouraged to centric approaches to address online safety across
different jurisdictions that promote respect for and
yy Take suitable measures to protect services facilitate governments’ efforts to protect children’s
essential to the digital economy from security privacy and personal data, uphold children’s dignity,
threats. and respect their rights. This coordinated approach
yy Encourage businesses to set up mechanisms to ensuring the safety of women, children, and
to assess the security of their supply chains youth will go a long way in building safety, trust, and
for essential services in an evidence-based resilience in the digital economy.
approach. This approach adopted by the G20 member
6. Support for MSMEs in the Security Ecosystem countries under India’s Presidency lays down the
roadmap for our common digital future, a strategy
MSMEs have a very important role to play in the
that not only lays emphasis on the adoption of
digital economy and the MSME security ecosystem
Digital Public Infrastructure for enabling better
can be strengthened by
access to public services for all, empowering people,
yy Driving innovation by supporting MSMEs that and enabling a robust digital economy but it also
offer security solutions and services to scale up addresses the key issues and challenges relating to
and grow. safety, security, and trust. This approach to digital
yy Providing guidance and support to MSMEs on transformation will truly help realise the goal of
how to operate securely in a digital environment. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family,
One Future – digitally bringing the world together. 
yy Creating opportunities for MSMEs to engage
with governments, shape policy approaches, References
and share good practices to improve resilience 1. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/digitaldevelopment/
to combat particular security challenges. overview
2. https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/pms-speeches/
yy Seeking to mobilise additional cooperation,
funding, and support for MSMEs to improve 3. https://www.g20.org/content/dam/gtwenty/gtwenty_
new/document/G20_Digital_Economy_Outcome_Docu-
their security capacity. ment%20_and_Chair%27s_Summary_19082023.pdf

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 Digital Public Infrastructure
& Public Participation
India’s commitment to Digital Public Infrastructure initiatives,
exemplified by JAM Trinity, has not only accelerated financial inclusion
but also set a benchmark for impartial digital transformation. The
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and other digital endeavours
showcase India’s leadership in embracing technology to bridge digital
divides and promote innovation.

Akash Tripathi The author is the CEO, MyGov. Email: ceo@mygov.in

I
n a world marked by growing them to flourish within the digital economy on an
digitalisation, the demand for a strong equitable basis.
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) has The G20 Leaders’ Declaration under India’s
become vitally important, serving Presidency on Technological Transformation and
as an essential catalyst for enhancing resilience, Digital Public Infrastructure underlines the central role
facilitating service provision, and fostering that technology plays in bridging digital divides and
innovation. The importance lies in cultivating cultivating inclusive and sustainable development.
this fundamental framework that caters to This article shall delve into the key aspects of this
diverse sectors, ensuring that humans ranging declaration and its implications for public participation,
from urban innovators to rural craftspersons can emphasising the importance of inclusive, secure, and
engage with conviction and credibility, enabling accountable digital ecosystems.

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 Bharat Net
The Backbone of
Digital India
World's largest rural broadband
connectivity project using optical fibre

#Digitalindia

DPI in India successful implementation of Aadhaar and the JAM

The G20 India Presidency was grounded in the Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile phones) to
central theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, which accelerate financial inclusion.
translates to ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’. Government-to-Person programmes & Unified
This theme emphasised the importance of fair and Payments Interface
inclusive economic growth as well as a collective India has established one of the world’s largest
vision for the future. In line with this vision, India digital Government-to-Person (G2P) architectures
plans to build and maintain a Global Digital Public by utilising DPI.4 This approach has facilitated the
Infrastructure Repository (GDPIR), a digital storage transfer of approximately Rs 32.29 trillion directly
of DPI.1 In India, the adoption of Digital Public to beneficiaries across 53 Central Government
Infrastructures (DPIs) like Aadhaar, alongside Jan ministries through 313 key schemes, till date.6
Dhan bank accounts and Similarly, India’s Unified
Mobile phones, is recognised Payments Interface (UPI) stands
to have played a pivotal as a swift and instantaneous
role in shifting ownership of The G20 India
payment network within
transaction accounts.2 The Presidency was
India, with over 10.586
JAM Trinity3 has accelerated grounded in the central billion transactions, totalling
the rate of financial inclusion, theme of Vasudhaiva approximately Rs 15.76 trillion,
increasing it from 25% in 2008 Kutumbakam, which recorded in August 2023.7
to more than 80% within the
translates to ‘One Earth, The UPI-Pay Now linking India
past six years.4 It is estimated with 11 countries (France8,
that achieving this level of One Family, One Future’.
This theme emphasised Singapore, Australia, Canada,
financial inclusion could have Hong Kong, Oman, Qatar, the
taken up to 47 years without the importance of fair USA, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and
the implementation of DPIs.5 and inclusive economic the United Kingdom9) is in line
The G20 New Delhi Leaders’ growth as well as a with the G20’s focus on financial
Declaration emphasises collective vision for the inclusion. This linkage enables
the importance of safe,
secure, and inclusive DPI,
future. quicker, more cost-effective
and transparent cross-border
which resonates with India’s payments. DPIs also hold the

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capacity to revolutionise the way businesses provide 2023, the BharatNet project has successfully
their services, capitalising on the advantages linked 202,028 Gram Panchayats, with 658,685
of scale, efficiency, and innovation. However, kilometres of optical fibre cables (OFC) installed.
recognising the potential of DPIs in a sustainable Furthermore, 643,789 Fibre-To-The-Home
manner necessitates effective cooperation between (FTTH) connections have been activated, and
businesses and policymakers.1 104,675 Wi-Fi hotspots have been deployed to
India Stack & Account Aggregator (AA) System guarantee connectivity to the last mile.14
India Stack, the fundamental DPI of India, has 2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY):
been effectively utilized to encourage innovation, PMJDY has significantly contributed to financial
promote healthy competition, expand market inclusion and digital adoption, key priorities in
reach, address financial inclusion disparities, bolster the G20’s emphasis on public participation. As
government revenue collection, and enhance the of 13 September 2023, under the PMJDY, the
efficiency of public expenditure.11 It has modernised total number of beneficiaries across different
and streamlined the Know Your Customer (KYC) types of banks, including public sector banks,
processes. As of the current date, there have been a regional rural banks, private sector banks, and
total of 16.47 billion eKYC transactions conducted, rural cooperative banks, amounted to 50.41
facilitated by 232 eKYC Authentication Agencies crore. Among these beneficiaries, 27.98 crore
(KUA).12 India’s Account Aggregator (AA) system were rural-urban females. The cumulative
lets people have control over their own financial deposits in their accounts reached a total of
information. No data can be shared without the Rs 20,494.18 billion, with 34.26 crore Rupay
individual’s consent.13 Debit Cards issued to the beneficiaries.15
Key Initiatives 3. Make in India: The Make in India initiative has
bolstered India’s self-reliance in technology,
India’s initiatives have played a pivotal role in reducing dependency on imports. This aligns
advancing its digital infrastructure, aligning with with the G20’s focus on innovation, technology
the G20 Leaders’ Declaration on Technological transfer, and fostering a secure digital
Transformation and Digital Public Infrastructure. environment. Including 374,576 business
Here are some key schemes: requests and investments in the pipeline
1. Digital India Initiative & BharatNet Project: totalling $201.12 billion, it has spurred the
The Digital India initiative, launched in 2015, production of electronic and digital goods
aligns with the G20’s commitment to bridging locally, reducing dependency on imports
the digital divide. It focuses on providing and bolstering the nation’s self-reliance in
digital infrastructure and promoting digital technology. These efforts have also led to the
literacy, both essential elements highlighted creation of 464,217 actual jobs.16
in the G20 declaration. As of 11 September 4. Startup India: Startup India has nurtured
entrepreneurship and innovation,
which is in line with the G20’s
commitment to promoting
responsible and inclusive use
of digital technology. Including
99,380 DPIIT recognised startups
and a user base of 664,486 on the
Startup India Portal, it provides
crucial support to startups,
including access to funding,
mentorship, and regulatory
reforms. As of 31 May 2023, India
accommodates 108 unicorns,
accounting to a combined

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 ongoing importance in ensuring the smooth
operation of India’s digital infrastructure.
7. UMANG & DigiLocker: The UMANG app
aligns with the G20 Leaders Declaration 2023
by serving as a digital public infrastructure
that provides secure and inclusive access to
a wide range of government services. With
313 departments and 1,745 services (898
central, 847 state), has 56 million registered
users and processed 3.849 billion transactions.
This showcases its comprehensive reach and
importance as a digital platform streamlining
government-citizen interactions in India.21
Similarly, DigiLocker aims to advance paperless
governance by providing citizens with authentic
digital documents from various issuers, stored
in their locker accounts.22
valuation of $340.80 billion.17 Startups are 8. Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)23: The
contributing significantly to India’s digital launch of e₹-R by the Reserve Bank of India
ecosystem by developing innovative solutions, (RBI) is closely aligned with the G20 Leaders
and these figures highlight the programme’s Declaration 2023 regarding CBDCs. The G20
successful impact in fostering entrepreneurship leaders’ declaration emphasised the importance
and growth.18 of exploring the macro-financial implications
5. Smart Cities Mission: While primarily an of CBDCs, especially from the perspective of
urban development initiative, the Smart cross-border payments and their influence on
Cities Mission integrates digital infrastructure the international monetary system. e₹-R, as a
components, aligning with the G20’s digital token representing legal tender issued
emphasis on building DPI. The Smart Cities by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), reflects
Mission encompasses 100 mission cities, India’s hands-on approach to embrace modern
includes 7,934 total projects, and involves
a total estimated cost of Rs 170,392 crore.19
Through these initiatives, it is actively
enhancing the digital capabilities of selected
cities by implementing projects such as Wi-Fi
hotspots, intelligent transportation systems,
and data-driven governance solutions. These
efforts play a vital role in advancing both the
physical and digital aspects of urban living in
India’s cities.
6. Aadhaar: The Aadhaar project plays a crucial
role in enabling digital services and identity
verification, aligning with the G20’s emphasis
on data protection, privacy, and secure digital
infrastructure. With the most recent statistics
indicating 1.38 billion Aadhaar numbers have
been generated, 788.64 million Aadhaar records
updated, and 100.33 billion authentications,
alongside 16.42 billion eKYC processes
completed,20 these figures underscore its

38 November 2023

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 digital currency solutions and bring them into 3. Government of India. Leveraging the Power of JAM: Jan
line with global trends in CBDC development Dhan, Aadhar, and Mobile.
and implementation. 4. Press Information Bureau. (2023). G20 document prepared
by World Bank lauds India’s progress. New Delhi.
9. Artificial Intelligence (AI)24 25: The Ministry 5. The World Bank. (2023). G20 Policy Recommendations
of Electronics and IT (MeitY) has undertaken for Advancing Financial Inclusion and Productivity Gains
various schemes and programs to accelerate Through Digital Public Infrastructure: Global Partnership for
the implementation and development of AI Financial Inclusion 2023
in India. These initiatives align with the G20 6. Direct Benefit Transfer Mission, Government of India.
Leaders’ Declaration 2023, which emphasises 7. National Payments Corporation of India. UPI Product Statistics
the responsible and inclusive use of AI for 8. Press Information Bureau. (2023). English rendering of Press
the public good. MeitY’s efforts include re- Statement by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi at the Joint
skilling/up-skilling IT professionals, online Press Briefing with the President of France. New Delhi, India
portals, capacity building, research centres, 9. Press Information Bureau. (2023). Foreign nationals
and international collaborations, all of which and NRIs visiting India can make payments using Unified
Payments Interface (UPI) while in India. New Delhi, India
contribute to responsible AI development.
Furthermore, the commitment to promoting 10. Mohanty, A. (2023). The Business Case for DPI. Carnegie
India. New Delhi, India
responsible AI for achieving Sustainable
11. Alonso, C., Bhojwani, T., Hanedar, E., Prihardini, D., Una,
Development Goals (SDGs) reflects India’s
G., & Zhabska, K. (2023). Stacking up the Benefits: Lessons
dedication to using AI for public benefit and from India’s Digital Journey. IMF Working Paper No. 23/78,
aligns with the global objective of leveraging AI International Monetary Fund, Washington DC
responsibly for the greater good. 12. Unique Identification Authority of India. AADHAAR
Conclusion Dashboard
13. Press Information Bureau. (2021). Know all about Account
The G20 Leaders’ Declaration underscores the Aggregator Network- a financial data-sharing system. New
pivotal role of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Delhi, India
in driving inclusive and sustainable development 14. Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of
in an increasingly digital world. India’s persistent Communications, Government of India. BharatNet Project
commitment to DPI initiatives, exemplified 15. Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance,
by Aadhaar and the JAM Trinity, has not only Government of India. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana
accelerated financial inclusion but also set a 16. Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of
benchmark for impartial digital transformation. Commerce and Industry, Government of India. Invest India
The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and other 17. Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry
digital endeavours showcase India’s leadership in of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. Invest
embracing technology to bridge digital divides and India. The Indian Unicorn Landscape
promote innovation. 18. Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade,
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
India’s initiatives align closely with the G20’s Startup India
priorities, serving as a model for nations worldwide. 19. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of
The country’s success story stands as an inspiration India. National Progress - Smart Cities Mission
for countries striving to create resilient and inclusive 20. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), Ministry
digital futures. The G20 Leaders’Declaration reaffirms of Electronics and Information Technology, Government
the transformative potential of DPIs and underlines of India. Aadhar
their significance in fostering a more equitable and 21. Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology. UMANG
prosperous global digital landscape.  22. Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology. DigiLocker
References 23. Press Information Bureau. (2023). Central Bank Digital
Currency (CBDC): e₹-R is in the form of a digital token that
1. Government of India. (2023). G20 New Delhi Leaders’ represents legal tender. New Delhi
Declaration. New Delhi.
24. Press Information Bureau. (2023). Artificial Intelligence.
2. The World Bank. (2023). G20 Policy Recommendations New Delhi
for Advancing Financial Inclusion and Productivity Gains
25. Press Information Bureau. (2023). Generative Artificial
Through Digital Public Infrastructure: Global Partnership for
Intelligence. New Delhi.
Financial Inclusion 2023

November 2023 39

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 Lead Article

G20 For the Planet, People,

Peace and Prosperity
India’s G20 Presidency is a landmark, successfully championing both the
climate and development agendas, and recognising that countries should
not have to choose between poverty alleviation and environmental
protection. Drawing from our own experiences in spearheading socio-
economic transformations, India’s developmental model has garnered
global recognition.

Amitabh Kant The author is India’s G20 Sherpa and former CEO, NITI Aayog. Email: g20sherpaoffice@mea.gov.in

A
t the outset of our G20 Presidency, we an extraordinary feat–a New Delhi Leaders’
were bestowed with a clear mandate Declaration (NDLD) comprising 83 paragraphs,
by Prime Minister Narendra Modi: this with no voice of dissent. This remarkable document
had to be an ambitious and inclusive signifies a momentous global consensus,
presidency, one that placed the interests of the underscoring the power of unity in addressing
Global South at its very core. We embraced this common challenges.
directive wholeheartedly, turning every obstacle The New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration represents
into an opportunity, and in the process, we achieved a fundamental shift in focus, from conflict and

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 In the fight against corruption,
the Declaration reiterates a steadfast
commitment to fostering transparency,
accountability, and integrity in both
public and private sectors, emphasising
the need for collaborative efforts to
curb this global challenge.
Accelerating Progress on the SDGs
The world faces a critical juncture,
with existential challenges demanding
immediate attention. The latest UN
SDG Report reveals that only 12% of
SDG targets are on track, while 30%
have stagnated or regressed since
2015. The looming 1.5°C temperature
increase, driven by alarming trends like
the loss of 50 million hectares of forests
from 2015 to 2020 and rising weather-
related disasters, disproportionately
impacts the developing world.
Post-Covid recovery poses
additional challenges, with global
economic conditions marked by high
division to development and cooperation. It inflation, tight monetary policies, restrictive credit,
showcases India as a global leader dedicated and mounting debt distress in many developing
to enhancing policy and regulatory coherence nations. At the midpoint of the Agenda 2030,
among G20 countries, fostering more predictable countries grapple with the need to invest in both
and reliable trade, investment, and supply chains, development and climate change mitigation and
while pushing the ambitions of climate action and adaptation simultaneously.
inclusive development. India’s G20 presidency is a landmark, successfully
Strong, Sustainable, Balanced, and Inclusive championing both the climate and development
Growth agendas, and recognising that countries should not
have to choose between poverty alleviation and
Recognising that economic growth underpins a environmental protection. Under its leadership,
country’s prosperity and developmental potential, an action plan for accelerating SDG progress has
the Declaration foregrounds the need for strong, been delivered, taking a cross-cutting approach
sustainable, balanced, and inclusive growth, with and emphasising the critical role of data in driving
a clear recognition of the pivotal role of private development. The endorsement of G20 Principles on
enterprises, notably Micro, Small, and Medium harnessing Data for Development (D4D) reinforces
Enterprises (MSMEs) and startups, in fostering this commitment. Additionally, the G20 Deccan
innovation and employment opportunities. High-Level Principles (HLPs) on Food Security and
Additionally, it advocates for the promotion of Nutrition 2023, along with the promotion of ancient
trade and investment policies, along with the grains like millets, hold the promise of ensuring
reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), global food and nutritional security—an essential
demonstrating leaders’ tangible commitments. aspect of sustainable development.
Furthermore, the Declaration commits to India’s G20 presidency recognised the profound
addressing skill gaps, promoting decent work, and impact of climate change on health and established
accessing to opportunities and resources to achieve a Global Initiative on Digital Health to address
sustainable development. evolving health challenges.

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 In this era of unprecedented global challenges, address the environmental crisis through global
India’s approach resonated with philosophies cooperation.
emphasising harmony with the Earth, sustainable By committing to this pact, the G20 leaders
growth, and inclusivity. These philosophies, pledge to pursue environmentally sustainable and
rooted in India’s cultural heritage, guided our inclusive economic growth and development in an
journey towards a more equitable and sustainable integrated and balanced manner, benefiting the
world. Inspired by thinkers like Pandit Deen Dayal Global South. They call upon all countries to align
Upadhyay and Mahatma Gandhi, our philosophy their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
aligned with the essence of the 2030 Agenda— with the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals
leaving no one behind and balancing economic and encourage economy-wide greenhouse gas
prosperity with living in harmony with the Earth. (GHG) reduction targets in future NDC cycles. The
This holistic approach has shaped India’s sustainable G20 countries also commit to enhancing climate
growth trajectory. action across mitigation, adaptation, and means of
Yet, the immense annual SDG financing implementation and support, including a successful
gap, ranging from billions to trillions of pounds, conclusion to the global stocktake at COP28.
underscores the vital role of economic growth in In the energy transition, the G20 has agreed to
sustainable development and the transition to clean High-Level Principles (HLPs) on hydrogen, critical
energy. The ‘G20 2023 Action Plan to Accelerate mineral collaboration, a global biofuels alliance,
Progress on the SDGs’ is a milestone achievement, and efforts to triple renewable energy capacity,
promoting equitable, strong, sustainable, and among other initiatives. The NDLD emphasises
inclusive economic growth while addressing the role of healthy ecosystems in addressing
challenges like access to finance and technology. climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution,
Green Development Pact, Climate Finance, and with a strong message on ending plastic pollution
Mission LiFE and promoting the circular economy. The pact
India’s New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration also includes HLPs on Lifestyles for Sustainable
(NDLD) includes the ‘Green Development Pact’– a Development contributing to significant emission
comprehensive roadmap for the next decade to reductions by 2030.
LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) is
India’s unique offering to the world,
born from Prime Minister Narendra
Modi’s vision to transform India’s
traditional, sustainable practices, and
philosophical ethos into a scalable,
global movement that changes the way
societies consume and produce.
India’s commitment to climate
justice and equity is evident in the
NDLD, where they call for substantial
financial and technological support
from the Global North to combat
climate change and support
sustainable development. The
declaration urges nations to set an
ambitious, transparent, and trackable
New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)
of climate finance by 2024, starting
at £100 billion, and advocates for
doubling collective adaptation finance
compared to 2019 levels by 2025.

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 recognition. The profound influence
of digital public infrastructure (DPI) in
India is unmistakable. Whether it’s digital
payments, Co-Win, DigiLocker, or Direct
Benefit Transfers (DBT), technology has
been instrumental in reaching the farthest
corners, profoundly changing lives.
Highlighting this impactful journey
has played a pivotal role in establishing
a consensus on the G20 Framework for
Digital Public Infrastructure, enabling
nations worldwide to embrace, develop,
and scale similar DPI systems. Through
the collaborative efforts of the One Future
Alliance, we are extending support to Low
and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs),
providing both capacity-building and
financial assistance to foster the growth of
their DPI systems. This collective endeavour
aims to empower nations to harness the
potential of digital infrastructure for the
betterment of their societies.
Gender Equality and Empowering All
Women and Girls
This declaration is multifaceted,
Notably, major developed economies have encompassing various aspects of human-centric
finally recognised the monumental resources development and leaving no one behind. It
required—£5.9 trillion by 2030—for developing champions women-led development, economic
countries to meet their NDCs, and an additional and social empowerment, gender-inclusive climate
annual £4 trillion for clean energy technologies, action, and women’s food security, marking it
spotlighting the immense needs of the Global South. as the most ambitious communique for gender
Recognising this need for substantial financing, equality and women-led development. Further,
the G20 emphasises the importance of better, larger, the G20’s commitment to women empowerment
and more effective Multilateral Development Banks is exemplified by the establishment of the Women’s
(MDBs) and explores measures such as currency Working Group, the first meeting of which is set to
exchange guarantees and disaster clauses in debt take place during the Brazilian Presidency.
repayment agreements to create a more responsive The Voice of the Global South
international development finance system.
At the heart of India’s advocacy was a visionary
India has also been at the forefront of driving
proposal–the inclusion of the African Union (AU) as
reforms within the United Nations, particularly in
a permanent member of the G20. This proposal was
restructuring principal organs like the UN Security
grounded in a stark reality: the Global South, and
Council, aiming for a structure that better serves
notably Africa, is poised to drive a staggering 80%
Global South countries’ interests.
of global economic growth, as per the International
Technological Transformation and Digital Public Monetary Fund (IMF). Acknowledging the seismic
Infrastructure shifts in global economic dynamics, India advocated
Drawing from our own experiences for the AU’s permanent seat at the G20 table. This
spearheading socio-economic transformations, proposition encapsulated a genuine belief in the
India’s developmental model has garnered global need for Africa’s representation and contribution in

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shaping global policies. A People’s G20
Moreover, India’s G20 It’s not just at the
presidency went beyond The ‘G20 2023 Action international level that India
rhetoric by taking proactive Plan to Accelerate has championed inclusivity.
steps to elevate the voices Progress on the Through Jan Bhagidari events,
of African nations within SDGs’ is a milestone citizens from across the nation
the forum. Invitations were actively engaged in G20-related
achievement,
extended to a spectrum of events and activities. With
African countries, including promoting equitable, over 220 meetings spanning
Egypt and Nigeria, to partake strong, sustainable, 60 cities and more than 25,000
in G20 discussions. Not and inclusive economic delegates participating, the G20
stopping there, the African growth while became accessible to people
Union Chair from Comoros addressing challenges from various backgrounds.
and AUDA-NEPAD were also like access to finance The Ministry of Education’s
welcomed to enrich the efforts in organising events at
dialogue. This concerted effort
and technology.
different levels drew over 233
bore fruit, resulting in the million participants, fostering
highest-ever participation of awareness about G20 priorities.
African nations in G20 meetings. This inclusivity Jan Bhagidari went beyond participation
reflected India’s commitment to ensuring that numbers, encompassing a range of engaging
African perspectives were not only heard but activities, from university lectures to interactive
prominently featured in G20 deliberations. Model G20 meetings, pavilions at festivals, quiz
A pivotal moment in India’s G20 presidency contests, food festivals, and more. Working Groups
was the ‘Voice of the Global South Summit.’ introduced innovative methods like cyclothons and
This landmark event, held earlier in the year, rallies to enhance public involvement.
witnessed the gathering of 125 countries and India’s cooperative federalism model, fostering
the participation of 18 Heads of State from the collaboration between state and central authorities,
Global South. The summit served as an invaluable led to transformative urban development initiatives
platform for nations to articulate their concerns, and showcased indigenous cultural heritage, which in
aspirations, and priorities on the global stage. turn promoted tourism and generated employment
These gatherings marked the initial steps towards opportunities. Further, the Engagement Groups
reshaping international discussions to better mirror played a vital role in involving citizens in the G20
contemporary realities and acknowledge the narrative and contributing expertise and perspective
influential role of the Global South in shaping the from civil society towards the final formulation of
world’s future. the NDLD. Groups like Labor20, Science20, and
In fact, India’s entire G20 Presidency placed Youth20 also saw substantial citizen participation,
a strong emphasis on issues such as Multilateral with innovative activities spanning diverse regions,
Development Banks (MDB) reform, digital public including Northeastern states and Jammu & Kashmir,
infrastructure (DPI), and climate action, recognising and social media further amplified this reach,
that these are pivotal concerns for the developing resulting in over 14 trillion impressions.
world. The entire agenda was meticulously crafted In an increasingly divided world, India’s
to foreground the needs and interests of the Global people-driven and human-centric G20 Presidency
South, which have often been underrepresented in demonstrated the power of collective action.
international forums. By championing these causes, The Prime Minister referred to it as a ‘people’s
India aimed to rectify historical imbalances and presidency,’ embodying the spirit of the world’s
ensure that the voices of developing nations were largest democracy in shaping a more equitable
heard and addressed on the global stage, fostering global future.
a more equitable and inclusive approach to global
governance. Views expressed are personal. 

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On the Sidelines
Bhashini App: Bridging the Digital Divide
with Language Diversity

A Russian delegate at the G20 Summit was

pleasantly surprised when the ‘Bhashini’
responded to his query in his mother tongue,
them to be better informed citizens and be an
integral contributor to Viksit Bharat in Amrit Kaal
through Jan bhagidari.
something unimaginable just a few years ago. But Bhashini is more than just a gateway; it’s
But this is just a peep into the future. Some of a hub of collaboration and community. Nestled
the possibilities that technology could bring into within its digital halls is the Bhasha Daan section,
our lives were brought to life at the Digital India where individuals from diverse walks of life
Experience Zone in Hall 4 of the International Media converge to contribute to a plethora of crowd
Centre. The delegate felt at home conversing with sourcing initiatives. This spirit of collective effort
the machine and was able to get all the required resonates deeply with the ethos of India – Unity in
information on the G20 finance track in Russian. Diversity.
The Bhashini and its Bot Jugalbandi were borne Bhashini: Widening the Horizons
out of the Ministry of Electronics and Information The platform provides a plethora of
Technology’s initiative to showcase some of the opportunities to not just the domestic but also
cutting-edge technologies to the delegates of the international communities and Jugalbandi Bot is
G20 during the Summit. one of the applications
They had an of this technology. One
immersive experience can make use of this
of India’s prowess in technology to ensure
digital infrastructure the last-mile delivery
in accordance with of services using
the theme of India’s the platform in the
G20 presidency, ‘One language and dialect
Earth, One Family, the people speak. It can
One Future’, which also be utilised to help
focuses on inclusivity. fill out the forms in their
Bhashini promotes own dialect through
this by breaking the the feature phone
language barriers. It (IVR). At the heart of a
brings people together vibrant democracy lies
not just in India, as the Jan bhagidari. This
envisioned in the platform provides an
mission of Ek Bharat opportunity to further
Shreshtha Bharat, but deepen democracy at
across the globe by linking people across different the grassroots level in India.
languages, truly reflecting the age-old Indian ethos To witness the magic of Bhashini, one needs
of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. only to visit its virtual abode: https://www.bhashini.
At its core, Bhashini is a digital symphony, gov.in/en/. Here, a vibrant ecosystem thrives where
harmonising with Indian languages. It provides institutions, industry players, research groups,
a welcoming embrace of familiarity, offering academia, and individuals unite. Together, they
voice-based access to the digital universe. Its craft an ever-evolving repository of data, training
mission is to empower every Indian with the datasets, benchmark datasets, open models, tools,
ability to navigate the internet and access digital and technologies. 
services in their native language. This will enable Source: PIB/ Dr Pavankumar R Khedkar

14 November 2023

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 G20’s Hidden Gem: The Artistry and Optimism
of a Madhubani maestro

A midst the bustling corridors

of the G20 Summit venue
in New Delhi, we discovered an
artwork depicting the success
of Chandrayaan-3, India’s lunar
exploration mission. “This is now
unsung hero of art and culture, my most-prized possession. I
Shanti Devi, a nearly 60-year-old will not sell it, but keep it in my
lady hailing from the heartland of home until I get an opportunity
Bihar, Mithila. Her name may not to present it to Modiji”, she says. In
be familiar to many, but her exquisite Madhubani her art, she not only preserves her cultural heritage
paintings have brought her not just acclaim but also but also celebrates India’s achievements on the
the coveted National Award for her extraordinary global stage.
craftsmanship. Cultivating her craft with unwavering dedication,
With a warm smile and an air of simplicity that this humble artisan carried a profound sense of
instantly captivates, this unassuming artisan stands purpose. Through her paintings, she has become an
as a testament to the power of art to transcend ambassador for her village, her state, and her country.
boundaries. Her eyes sparkle with a quiet wisdom “I will do my part as much as I can to preserve this
that comes from years of devotion to her craft. artform, and I hope that my children and grandchildren
Madhubani will carry on this
painting is a tradition”, she said.
Geographical As we watched
Indication (GI)- her carefully craft
tagged art form each stroke of her
that originated in brush, it became
the Mithila region evident that her
of Bihar. It is one of work is more than
the oldest and most just a means of
vibrant art forms in livelihood. It’s a
India, with a history labour of love,
that can be traced a dedication to
back over 2,500 years. It is renowned worldwide for preserving the rich heritage of Madhubani art, and
its intricate detailing and vibrant colors. Artists use a symbol of resilience in the face of adversity.
only natural pigments and brushes made from twigs Her presence at an event as significant as
to create these visually captivating and culturally the G20 summit is a testament to the enduring
significant artworks. It takes an incredible amount power of art to connect people and cultures. In
of patience and dedication to create a single piece her simplicity, she reminded us that even in the
of medium-sized artwork, and this talented artist grandeur of international politics and diplomacy,
dedicates 7-10 days to each masterpiece. the heart and soul of a nation can be found in the
Before the pandemic struck, Shanti Devi would hands of its artists.
sell her creations for a decent sum of Rs 5,000 As world leaders gathered in New Delhi to
each, providing a sustainable livelihood for her discuss critical global issues, this Madhubani
family. However, the Covid-19 pandemic brought maestro quietly but profoundly contributed to the
a downturn in her sales, pushing her into financial cultural tapestry that makes India so unique. Her
uncertainty. Yet, as we spoke to her, her optimism story is not just about art but about the indomitable
and enthusiasm were infectious. spirit of those who continue to paint their dreams
With eyes brimming with pride, she shared against all odds. 
her latest creation, a magnificent Madhubani Source: PIB/Lekshmi Priya SS

https://t me/upsc_success_time1 November 2023 15

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Special Article

India’s Rising Influence

G20 Summit Puts India on
the World Stage
India’s G20 Presidency has indeed marked a diplomatic turning
point and a monumental success that reverberates across the
world stage. As one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, India
has risen as a potent force, and its unwavering commitment to
advocating for the concerns of the Global South has earned it the
title of a Vishwamitra, a universal friend and mediator.

Harsh Vardhan Shringla The author is the G20 Chief Coordinator, Ministry of External Affairs, GoI. Email: chiefg20coord@mea.gov.in

I
ndia’s G20 Presidency stands as a comprehensive New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration
monumental achievement in the further underscores India’s diplomatic prowess.
annals of global diplomacy. At its India’s G20 Presidency has thus cemented its place
core, this success is attributed to the at the international high table and raised its stature
transformative vision of the Prime Minister of India as a global champion of peace.
to decentralise and democratise the G20 process. The G20 is among the most influential
This approach not only left an indelible mark but groupings in today’s world order, as it represents
will also become the enduring legacy of India’s around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of global
G20. Moreover, the adoption of the catalytic and trade, and about two-thirds of the world population.

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 approach, each state had the opportunity to leave
an indelible cultural imprint on the minds of visiting
delegates, who would return to their home nations
as cultural ambassadors for India’s rich and unique
cultural heritage. It was a profound exchange that
transcended diplomatic formalities and fostered
genuine connections among nations.
This transformative approach not only
welcomed the world to India but also allowed India
to project its best practices on the global stage.
The smooth symphony of cooperative federalism
required to host over 200 international meetings in
60 cities showcased India’s organisational prowess
and collaborative spirit to the world. This gathering
of nations transcended the ordinary, evolving into
an unforgettable presidency that left an indelible
mark on both India and the world.
India inherited this prestigious presidency at a
It was the Prime Minister’s faith in India’s
particularly challenging moment in world history.
potential that fuelled this monumental exercise.
The international order was beset with a unique
By harnessing whole-of-government and whole-
set of crises; the impact of the Covid pandemic,
of-society approaches, an India previously unseen
exacerbated by the Ukraine conflict, brought about
was unveiled. He intentionally called to organise
the threat of global recession, high inflation, and
the G20 meetings in cities that had not previously
energy, food, and debt crises.
garnered global attention, including those in the
Amidst this canvas of uncertainties, bold North-East region. This visionary move resulted in
leadership was critical. India needed to rise to the a transformative effect on these States and Union
occasion, and it did so extraordinarily. The Prime Territories, elevating them to the status of proficient
Minister had pledged in Bali last year that ours hosts for world-class conferences, equipped with
would be an ‘inclusive, ambitious, decisive, and the necessary physical infrastructure. This urban
action-oriented’ presidency, and as we entered metamorphosis, with enhancements, additions,
the final month of our presidency, India’s G20 has and aesthetic improvements in host cities,
more than lived up to that pledge. India has set a
precedent for a more inclusive and interconnected
world order.
India prioritised a human-centric and
democratic approach during its presidency, a
critical decision in the face of strong geopolitical
and ideological divisions that cut across the G20.
The Prime Minister thus embarked on India’s G20
journey with a mission to showcase our nation’s
celebration of diversity and demonstrate how this
diversity can serve as a unifying force on the global
stage.
To effectively achieve this, over 200 G20
meetings were held across the length and breadth
of India, in every single state and union territory.
This way, G20 delegates could get a first-hand
experience of what each diverse part of India
has to offer. Through this expansive pan-India

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 citizen became a stakeholder in
India’s G20 Presidency.
Spanning 37 different
areas of human endeavour,
including education, agriculture,
trade, culture, and women’s
development, the Jan Bhagidari
initiative brought global ideals
to everyday lives. To further
expand the accessibility and
reach of India’s G20 efforts,
comprehensive G20 information
was made available through
the dedicated G20 website
and mobile application,
monthly newsletters, and
social media. The result of this
nationwide participation was
the unprecedented popularity
and celebration of India’s G20.
India’s G20 logo thus became a
ubiquitous symbol of national
pride.
This unique approach to the
G20 continued to shine at the
bestowed many states with newfound confidence historic New Delhi Leaders’ Summit. The adoption
and global visibility. of the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration was an
Moreover, this spotlight also placed often extraordinary achievement, especially considering
underestimated tourism prospects on an the geopolitical divisions within the grouping. Even
international platform while simultaneously under normal circumstances, complex multilateral
reinvigorating traditional handicrafts that processes like G20 negotiations often go down to
languished during the Covid-induced hiatus. the wire. However, despite ideological differences
and complex geopolitics, the Prime Minister
The Prime Minister has often said that the
announced a consensus among member nations
new world order must focus on human-centric
during the first half of the first session of the Leaders’
globalisation. India’s transformation of the G20 into
Summit. A crucial element for
a ‘People’s G20’ exemplified
the successful and unanimous
this philosophy in action. Over
Leaders’ Declaration was his
1.5 crore citizens participated India prioritised a steadfast commitment over the
in the G20 process through
human-centric and last decade towards cementing
Jan Bhagidari or Citizens
Engagement events. The democratic approach India’s identity as a reliable
during its presidency, partner on the global stage.
G20 University Connect
a critical decision His decade-long, unwavering
Programme directly involved
dedication to reminding the
101 universities and lakhs of in the face of strong international community of
students across the country, geopolitical and our shared humanity also
and even India’s G20 logo itself ideological divisions seamlessly translated into the
was crafted from the collective
that cut across the G20. theme India selected for its
ingenuity of thousands of
tenure as the chair of the G20: ‘
Indians. Thus, every single
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.’

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 Rooted in our cultural A key priority of India’s
ethos, this transformative G20 Presidency was to create a
philosophy of ‘One Earth One India has not merely more inclusive world where the
Family One Future’ united navigated but steered voice of the Global South could
the G20. As the ‘Mother of no longer be overlooked. The
Democracy’, India successfully
the changing tides of greatest achievement in this
exemplified how collaborative the global order as the regard was the acceptance of
action catalyses global change leader of the G20. It has India’s proposal to welcome the
while also fostering ‘healing, demonstrated its mettle African Union as a permanent
harmony, and hope for all’. in dealing with complex member of the G20. With the
An impressive 112 international issues African Union now a permanent
member of the G20, a promise
outcomes and presidency while leading the way in
Prime Minister had made to
documents were produced shaping the future. Senegal President and former
under India’s leadership, more
than doubling the substantive AU President Macky Sall last
work of previous presidencies. year, India has succeeded in
The 83-paragraph declaration symbolises a making the G20 among the most representative
concerted effort to address global challenges while international groupings that exists today, one that
embodying a spirit of collaboration, cooperation, truly reflects the realities of the 21st century.
and shared responsibility. It is a historic and path- India led the creation of a Global Digital Public
breaking declaration that has heralded a golden Infrastructure Repository, a ‘virtual stack’ where
age of human-centric globalisation. non-G20 and G20 countries alike can voluntarily
It was India’s mission to share its best practices share their open-source mechanisms to drive a
with the world, and this has been achieved mutually beneficial ecosystem. Its proposal to
successfully in the adopted
declaration. The New Delhi
Leader’s Declaration has a
significant India footprint with
the adoption of ‘The Deccan
High-Level Principles on Food
Security and Nutrition’, ‘The
Chennai High-Level Principles
for Blue/Ocean Economy’, ‘The
Goa Roadmap for Tourism’, ‘The
Gandhinagar Implementation
Roadmap for Land Restoration’,
and ‘The Jaipur Call for Action
to Enhance MSMEs Access to
Information’.
As the chair of the G20, India
spearheaded efforts to secure
consensus among member
nations on ambitious and
practical solutions, aligning with
its domestic priorities, including
climate action, digital public
infrastructure, sustainable
development, and inclusive
governance.

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 2020 to 2025, starting in 2023.
Among India’s priorities was also to
reform multilateral institutions, and an
incredible achievement in this regard was
the G20 committing to reform Multilateral
Development Banks and address global debt
issues.
New initiatives, such as Startup 20, Disaster
Relief Reduction Group, and meetings on
Cyber Security, also reflected India’s proactive
approach during its G20 Presidency.
India’s G20 Presidency has indeed marked
a diplomatic turning point and a monumental
success that reverberates across the world
stage. India, with its dynamic leadership
under the Prime Minister, has showcased its
remarkable ability to bridge global cleavages.
As one of the world’s fastest-growing
economies, it has risen as a potent force, and
its unwavering commitment to advocating for
the concerns of the Global South has earned
create ‘One Future Alliance’ was also welcomed,
it the title of a Vishwamitra, a universal friend and
which is a voluntary initiative aimed at building
mediator.
capacity and providing technical assistance and
adequate funding support for implementing Through visionary leadership, inclusivity,
digital public infrastructure in low and middle- and a resolute commitment to addressing global
income countries. challenges, India has orchestrated a transformative
era of cooperation and collaboration. It has not
Sustainable and inclusive growth was
only been a torchbearer of its own interests but
prioritised in the declaration with the G20
committing to strengthen global value chains, aid has astutely considered the collective good,
developing countries, and encourage sustainable recognising that the interconnectedness of nations
investment, alongside addressing skill gaps and requires shared responsibility. By prioritising the
promoting decent work. They recognised the developmental agenda within the G20, India has
lagging progress on Sustainable Development paved a roadmap towards a more resilient and
Goals (SDGs), and adopted an action plan to inclusive economic order, setting the stage for a
expedite the 2030 Agenda, including the High- prosperous and equitable future for all.
Level Principles on Lifestyles for Sustainable India has not merely navigated but steered the
Development, which is based on the Government’s changing tides of the global order as the leader of
‘Mission LiFE’. the G20. It has demonstrated its mettle in dealing
Furthermore, the G20 committed to with complex international issues while leading the
enhancing global food security and nutrition by way in shaping the future. As India passes the torch,
welcoming India’s proposal for the G20 Millets it leaves behind a formidable legacy of leadership
and other Ancient Grains International Research that will continue to exert a profound influence
Initiative (MAHARISHI), which focuses on climate- on the G20 and the world, shaping a brighter and
resilient grains. Furthermore, India’s strong more harmonious path forward for generations to
leadership in climate action secured a resolute come. In this transformative journey, India’s rise
commitment from developed countries within as a global leader is not just a matter of prestige
the G20, assuring that they will uphold their but a testament to its unwavering commitment to
promise to provide $100 billion annually from forging a better world for all. 

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