DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

A MINOR PROJECT (BMEP 607)

BY

ABHISHEK LOWRES
KUNAL
VANSH SAXENA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE
ROORKEE-247667 (INDIA)

MAY – 2024
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled "Design and
Fabrication of Solarized smart bench” in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for as a part of
completion of minor project, is an authentic record of our own work carried out during session
2023-24, under the supervision of our project guide Dr. Gunjan Agarwal, Professor and project
co-guide Mrs. Nivedita Pandey, Department of Mechanical Engineering of College of Engineering
Roorkee (247667).
The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted by us for the award of any other
degree or diploma.

Dated:30 APRIL, 2024

Abhishek Lowers (210060104002)

Kunal (210060104012)

Vansh Saxena (210060104021)

This is to certify that the above information made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Signature Signature
Dr. Gunjan Agarwal, Professor Mrs. Nivedita Pandey,
Project Guide Project Co-Guide
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
College Of Engineering Roorkee College of Engineering Roorkee
Roorkee Roorkee
Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our privilege to express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our project
guide Dr. Gunjan Agarwal, project co-guide Mrs. Nivedita Pandey, and the, Dr. Nitesh Dutt
(Associate Professor and HOD), Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering
Roorkee, Roorkee for pointing us to the topic of "Design and Fabrication of Solarized smart bench"
as well as providing us all the necessary guidance and inspirational support during the progress
work of minor project.
Our heartiest gratitude to our parents, family members and mentors for their continuous
encouragement and blessings, best wishes and moral support which was a constant source of
assurance, guidance, strength and inspiration to us.
Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to all mighty and thank him from
the bottom of our heart.

Date:

Name of Students
Abhishek Lowres (210060104002)
Kunal (210060104012)
Vansh Saxena (210060104021)
 ABSTRACT

A solarized smart bench is a modern and innovative piece of outdoor furniture that
integrates solar panels to harness energy from the sun. These benches are designed
to provide a convenient and sustainable solution for public spaces. The solar panels
on the bench absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity, which can be used to
power various features and functions of the bench. This can include built-in USB
charging ports, wireless charging pads for smartphones, LED lighting for
illumination during the night. In addition to its energy-saving capabilities, a
solarized smart bench often incorporates smart technology for monitoring and
managing its usage. The collected data can be analyzed to optimize the bench's
energy efficiency and provide valuable insights for urban planning and
environmental monitoring. A solarized smart bench has been designed and
fabricated with charging port and LED light in it. Solarized smart benches are a great
example of how renewable energy and smart technology can be integrated into
everyday objects to create sustainable and functional urban spaces. They not only
provide a comfortable seating option but also contribute to a greener and more
connected environment.
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT ii

CONTENTS iii
1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND 1

1.2 WHAT IS SOLARIZED SMART BENCH 4

1.3 NEED OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH 5
1.4 AIM AND OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

6
2.1 ANALYSIS OF NEED OF SMART CITY
7
2.2 APPLICATION OF SMART BENCH
2.3 DESIGN OF SMART BENCH 7

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF BENCH AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 9

3.1 DESIGN OF BENCH 9

3.2 PROPOSED SETUP 12

3.3 MATERIAL ANALYSIS 14

14
3.4 POWER ANALYSIS
15
3.5 COST ANALYSIS
16
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
17
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS
18
RERERENCES
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Solar energy is defined as the transformation of energy that is present in the sun and is one of
the renewable energies. Once the sunlight passes through the earth’s atmosphere, most of it is
in the form of visible light and infrared radiation. Plants use it to convert into sugar and
starches; this conversion process is known as photosynthesis. Solar cell panels are used to
convert this energy into electricity.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
technologies such as solar power to generate electricity, solar thermal energy (including solar
water heating), and solar architecture. It is an essential source of renewable energy, and its
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how
they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques
include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power, and solar water heating to
harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces
that naturally circulate air.

Advantages of solar energy

Clean: It is considered to be the cleanest form of energy as there is no carbon dioxide emission
like in the case of fossil fuels which is one of the causes of global warming.

• Renewable: There is ample energy available on earth as long as the sun exists.

• Reliable: The energy can be stored in the batteries, so there is no unreliability.

• reduction in utility costs.

• Free energy because it can be trapped easily.

• Solar energy can be used in solar generators, solar-powered pump and solarized smart
benches.

1
Figure 1.1 shows the global energy generation in TWh in 10 years from 2011 to 2021

Figure 1.1 solar energy generation in last 10 years (STATISTA, n.d.)

Solar PV generation increased by a record 270 TWh (up 26%) in 2022, reaching almost
1 300 TWh. It demonstrated the largest absolute generation growth of all renewable technologies
in 2022, surpassing wind for the first time in history. This generation growth rate matches the level
envisaged from 2023 to 2030 in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. Continuous growth in
the economic attractiveness of PV, massive development in the supply chain and increasing policy
support, especially in China, the United States, the European Union and India, are expected to
further accelerate capacity growth in the coming years.

2
1.2 SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

Advantages of such strategies in public locations like public parks, university campuses,
transportation stations, etc. On the alternative hand, international locations and governments can
advantage from solar electricity. This assignment will bring about a sun-powered charger that can
offer electricity out of the sunlight. Regular public parks, university campuses, transportation
stations, etc. On the Advantages of such strategies in public locations like alternative hand,
international locations and governments can advantage from benches which you see to your
community are stupid and static, imparting not anything else but an area to take a seat down and
wonder. Installing modern Smart Solar Benches that provide loose charging offerings to your
telecall smartphone or pill LED and mild all through the night time will enhance visitors’
frequency and satisfaction. Smart Solar Bench has numerous integrated USB ports for charging all
varieties of clever devices (phones, tablets, watches, etc.). You also can enjoy the rapid charging
era that's included in the system. The mainframe model of the project is shown in the figure1.2

Figure 1.2: mainframe model of solarized smart bench (include, n.d.)

3
1.3 NEED OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

Solarized smart benches serve a crucial purpose in our modern world for several reasons.

Firstly, they address the growing need for sustainable energy solutions. By harnessing solar power,
these benches reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and contribute to a greener and
more sustainable future.

Secondly, solarized smart benches fulfil the need for convenient charging options in public spaces.
With the increasing reliance on smartphones and other mobile devices, having access to charging
ports and wireless charging pads while on the go is essential. These benches provide a convenient
and eco-friendly solution, ensuring that people can stay connected and powered up wherever they
are.

Additionally, these benches enhance safety and accessibility in public spaces. The integrated LED
lighting systems illuminate the area, making it safer for people to use the bench during the evening
or in low-light conditions. This is particularly important in parks, plazas, and other outdoor areas
where people gather and socialize.

Moreover, solarized smart benches promote connectivity and digital accessibility. By providing
Wi-Fi connectivity, they enable people to access the internet and stay connected while enjoying
outdoor spaces. This is especially beneficial for students, remote workers, and individuals who
rely on internet connectivity for various purposes.

Furthermore, solarized smart benches contribute to data collection and analysis for urban planning
and environmental monitoring. The sensors embedded in these benches can gather valuable
information about occupancy, weather conditions, and air quality. This data can be used to
optimize energy usage, improve urban infrastructure, and make informed decisions for a more
sustainable and liveable city. Overall, solarized smart benches are a necessity in today's world as
they address the need for sustainable energy, convenient charging options, safety, connectivity,
and data-driven urban planning. They enhance the overall experience of public spaces while
promoting sustainability and technological advancement.

4
1.4 AIM AND SCOPE OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

Solarized smart benches have a bright future ahead due to several reasons.
Firstly, the increasing global focus on sustainability and renewable energy makes these benches a
promising solution. As solar power becomes more affordable and efficient, the demand for
solarized smart benches will continue to rise.
Secondly, the growing reliance on mobile devices and the need for convenient charging options
make these benches highly desirable. With the ability to charge phones wirelessly or through USB
ports, people can stay connected and powered up while enjoying outdoor spaces. This convenience
will only become more important as our dependence on technology continues to grow.
Moreover, the integration of smart features in these benches, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and LED
lighting, enhances their appeal. People can access the internet, work remotely, or simply enjoy the
benefits of connectivity while outdoors. The LED lighting also improves safety and visibility,
making these benches even more valuable in public spaces.
Furthermore, the data collection capabilities of solarized smart benches offer immense potential
for urban planning and environmental monitoring. By gathering information on occupancy,
weather conditions, and air quality, these benches can contribute to creating smarter and more
sustainable cities. This data-driven approach allows for better decision-making and optimization
of resources. Solar smart benches are now gaining popularity in smart cities and indeed considered
as part of essential infrastructure for futuristic smart cities. The global solar smart bench market
size and scope is shown in the given figure 1.3

Figure 1.3: global solar smart bench market size and scope (Global Solar Smart Bench Market ,
n.d.)

5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In the mid-2000s things began speeding up when IBM and Cisco launched separate initiatives.
Here are the major milestones in the smart cities theme, extracted from the Smart cities – Thematic
Research report produced by Global Data. In 2005 Cisco put up $25m project for research into
smart cities. In 2008 IBM Smarter Planet project investigated applying sensors, networks and
analytics to urban issues. In the following year IBM also unveiled $50m Smarter Cities campaign
to help cities run more efficiently, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
provided funding for US smart grid projects, and EU Electricity Directive required EU states to
roll out smart meters to 80% of consumers by 2020. In the year 2010 the Japanese government
named Yokohama as a smart city demonstrator project and in 2011 IBM named 24 cities as Smart
City winners from 200 applicants, 6000 visitors from over 50 countries also attended the first
Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona in the same year (IBM, Cisco and the business of
smart cities, n.d.)

In 2012, Barcelona deployed data drive urban systems, including public transit, parking, and street
lighting and in 2013 London created Smart London Board to shape London’s digital technology
strategy. During power outages, whether scheduled or unexpected, the residents need to be
provided with detailed information as electricity is an essential commodity in the smart cities. For
these utilities deploy a comprehensive outage management system to provide timely information
(Sastry, 2007; Sastry and Sahadeo, 2015). It is possible to use the solar smart benches to provide
the outage information as well, however this aspect needs to be fully developed. Geographical
Information Systems need to be used for location identification studies that can combine users of
smart benches and electricity users in the vicinity (Sastry and Sahadeo, 2015) In 2014 China
launched second batch of 103 pilot smart cities and Vienna City Council launched Smart City
Wien Framework Strategy until 2025.

In 2015 China announced third batch of 84 smart cities, comprising 277 in all and India’s Prime
Minister Narendra Modi launched “Smart Cities Mission” for 100 Indian cities. (ministery of
housing and urban affairs, n.d.)In the year 2016 Columbus won US Dept. of Transportation’s $50m
Smart Cities Challenge. In 2017, UK government launched 5G testbeds and trials program and

6
Hong Kong launched smart city blueprint. In the following year, Toronto and Google offshoot
Sidewalk Labs announced plan to develop smart waterfront area.

London updated 2013 plans with launch of ‘Smarter London Together’ roadmap, IESE Business
School Cities in Motion Index ranked New York, London and Paris as its top 3 cities and Singapore
won Smart City of 2018 award at the Smart City Expo World Congress (london development
authority, n.d.)In 2019 Ford committed to support Cellular Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X)
standard, Sidewalk labs’ Toronto planning document fiercely criticized over data privacy
implications, G20 nations picked World Economic Forum as secretariat for a G20 Global Smart
Cities Alliance, US Federal Communications Commission picked New York and Salt Lake City
as 5G testbeds.

In the year 2020, Vietnam to start work on new $4.2bn smart city close to Hanoi, with completion
target of 2028. By 2030, the number of cities in the world with a population of more than 10 million
will grow to 43, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world’s population is expected to live in cities. Due
to the existence of several possibilities for versatile designs, adding smart features in providing
information and charging services to the public; prospects of reducing greenhouse gases etc., the
research on smart benches can be naturally interdisciplinary. Though solar smart benches are not
likely to make a negative impact on the power grids, energy production, power consumption
patterns and power quality studies need to be undertaken (RCR wireless news, n.d.)

Smart benches are typically designed and operated to charge smart phones, laptops and also e-
bikes and electric vehicles etc. However, the ability of smart benches in providing such service
depends on their energy capacity for which they are designed for (Hardt et. al, 2019). Though it is
possible to design smart benches with batteries, functionality of such smart benches can be limited
during night or even outside the solar shine hours (Acharya et al, 2020). Since solar smart benches
are energy producers during the daytime, they may further augment the existing duck curve
phenomenon (Pitra and Musti,2022). This results in excess generation conditions; however, it
should be noted that smart benches do not initiate the duck curve phenomenon by themselves, but
they further compound the existing problem, especially if the smart benches are installed in more
numbers. It is for this reason, locations for the smart benches need to be identified carefully
depending on the demand side management (DSM) data (Musti et. al, 2020). Solar smart benches

7
as reported in literature appear in versatile design. However, technical specifications and their
limitations are also not provided in every case.

Different software design tools are considered, as the smart benches are required to be modelled,
designed and simulated in three-dimensional space. Google Sketch-Up software is used as it
proved to be a very user friendly and efficient tool to for three-dimensional drawing and building
remodeling (Fernandez-Antolin et. al., 2022). All the designs are drawn on uniform scaling to
ensure realistic comparison and to enhance the prospects of real-world deployment, after rigorous
verification.

Figure 2.1: solarized smart bench in smart cities (HOLA INTERACTIVE ECO SOLAR
BENCH, n.d.)

From the above, it can be seen that there is a significant interest in smart benches. However,
a majority of the earlier authors have presented the general usage experience and look and feel of
the structures. Engineering design and/or design alternatives are not very well treated thus far. To
address this gap, this chapter presents a few interesting conceptual designs for solar smart benches
on the basis of how solar energy can be used to provide people in outdoor areas with facilities that
they need when sitting down in a public urban area, (facilities such as charging outlets, Wi-Fi,
night time lighting, interactive LCD screen for general public information: advertisements).

8
CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1. DESIGN OF BENCH

Choosing the optimal furniture design is not a trivial task, but several factors need to be considered,
including the aesthetic preferences of the target customer group, functionality, material and
processing costs, and durability. Since our goal is to bring furniture that can function (or be present)
in a public space, we included a model with a decidedly artistic touch. Our added value to the
design is to make a chair that can accommodate electronic devices and a USB port. The first
obstacle we encountered was setting the seat parameters due to a large number of indentations.

Lighting and markers particularly in terms of the power efficiency of the light source. New high-
intensity LEDs in particular give high light output, yet consume very little power. Solar garden
lights are increasingly available in major retailers as an alternative to mains-powered garden
lighting. One benefit of having a built-in power source is that there is no need to dig up the garden
to provide electric cabling to the units. Solar lights, of course, incorporate a rechargeable battery
so that the power can be stored during the day and used at night. Many also have a circuit that
automatically turns the light on at nightfall either using a separate photocell or simply measuring
the solar cell output and, when this falls to zero, switching the light on.

The bench's design mainly depends on the load capacity it can withstand and the size of the Solar
cell used. The weight of 150-200 Kg is the average capacity that the bench is designed for and its
weight. Instead of using the conventional one, the bench design is slightly modified. The main
components of the bench include solar cells, batteries, metal frames, LED lights and USB ports.

The spine of the bench is the mainframe. The frame supports the person's entire weight and other
components such as the battery-charged panel box and solar panels. An iron rod of hollow type
material with a diameter of 6 cm was used to design the mainframe. This bench has a height of
200 cm and a width of 50 cm with a seating area of 150 x 50 cm2. The model of the solar-assisted
bench is shown in figure 3.1, figure 3.2, figure 3.3, figure 3.4 and figure 3.5.

9
 figure 3.1 (side view of bench) figure 3.2 (front view of bench)

figure 3.3 (top view of bench)

figure 3.4 (charging of phone by bench) figure 3.5 (LED lights)

10
3.1.1 MAIN COMPONENTS USED IN BENCH: -

Below table 3.1 shows the main components which used in solarized smart bench with their
functions.

Table 3.1

Sr no. COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS

1. Solar panels Solar panels are the gadgets that are used to take in the sun's
rays and convert them into energy or heat.

2. Charge controller A rate controller or rate regulator is a voltage and/or

modern regulator to preserve batteries from overcharging.
It regulates the voltage and modern coming from the sun
solar going to the battery.

3. Battery The batteries utilized in a sun electricity gadget feature as

electricity accumulators” and are liable for storing the
electricity acquired with the aid of using the solar panels.

4. Inverter The feature of an inverter is to transform Direct Current

(DC) into Alternating Current (AC). DC is the modern
created from the solar panel.

5. Fan A fan is a powered device used to create a go with the drift

of air.

6. LED lights LEDs are mild assets that offer illumination in a selected
direction.

11
3.2. PROPOSED SET-UP: -

Figure 3.6 shows the block diagram of proposed setup

Figure 3.6 (block diagram of proposed setup)

The block diagram in Figure shows a battery which will be charged by the solar panel by inverter.
The battery can control the LED lights, USB charging and Fan. During day time the battery get
fully charged and LED lights are OFF. So, the main power supply can reach to the charging port
and fan and during evening or night the sunlight is not available so the whole setup will be runs
on the battery life. Load simulation with battery and sunlight is shown in table 3.2

Table 3.2 (Load simulation with battery and sunlight)

Battery > 15% Battery <15%

Light > 60 Lux LED=OFF LED=OFF

USB=ON USB=OFF

Light < 60 Lux LED=ON LED=OFF

LED=ON USB=OFF

12
3.2.1 WORKING

In this study usage of solar energy as a trade supply of power to paintings on an open bench. The
method we advocate is to test with the output energy of the photovoltaic cells measured beneath
the Neath, The situations of the regional role of the sun molecular toward the constant earth. Next,
describe the variables beneath neath study, current, voltage, and energy, and degree the
illumination of radiation as relies on the variant inside the time it takes, carried measurements out
at a region. the information series method is out via way of means of measuring using a digit
multimeter and measuring equipment. The number one step earlier than measuring the
environmental parameter variables is to shape the frame and set-up up the photovoltaic molecular
electric powered bench via way of means of finishing the electric installation.

Figure 3.6 (layout diagram of working)

The layout diagram in Figure shows a solar charge controller that regulates the direct current
charged to the battery and drawn from the battery to the load. The solar charge controller
mounted on the bench object regulates overcharging (overcharging - because the battery is full)
and excess voltage from the three solar cell units used on the roof of the bench. Excess voltage
and charging will reduce battery life so that the solar charge controller regulates the voltage
and current from the solar panel to the battery. A mechanical adjustment of the solar panel has
been implemented, which includes mounting the solar panel on a bench and connecting the
solar charge controller to regulate the incoming voltage to the battery.

13
3.3 MATERIAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLARIZED SMART BENCH: -

Below table 3.3 shows the material analyses of a solarized smart bench and shows the quantity of
components used in a bench.

Table 3.3

Number of charging port 4

Number LED light 2

Number of fans 2

Material used in bench Mild steel and wood

Dimensions of panels 2x2 ft.

Number of required panels 4(NOS)

Number of batteries 1

3.3 POWER GENERATED BY A SOLAR SMART BENCH: -

• Power obtains by 1 solar panel = 40 W

• Total number of solar panels = 1
• Efficiency of a solar panel = 0.75
• Total generated power by a bench = 40*1*0.75 = 30W
• Battery capacity = up to 60W

14
3.5 COST ANALYSIS OF A SOLARIZED SMART BENCH: -

Power generated by solar panels=30W = 0.03kw

Assuming that power can generated by panels is 10 hours in a day so,

Power generated in kwh in a day = 0.03*10 = 0.3kwh

Assuming rate of 1 kwh = 6 Rs.

Cost saves by a bench in a day = 6*0.3= 1.8 Rs

Cost saves in a year = 15*365 = 657Rs

Payback period = 4000/657= 5 years 8 months

15
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The overall cost of designing and fabrication of a solarized smart bench analyzed
that is Rs. 4000/- per bench. The output power of a bench is also determined and the
utilization of that power also be done in different ways like charging ports, fans and
LED lights.

• The bench saves 657 Rs per year with payback period of 5 years 8 months.
• The bench has features like charging ports, LED light, and fans.
• The bench will be comfortable, transportable and having a modular design.

The overall target can be achieved during research and investigation. A model of the
smart bench is also fabricated.

16
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, designing a solarized smart bench is a forward-thinking and innovative approach to

creating sustainable and technologically advanced public seating. By harnessing the power of solar
energy, this bench not only provides a comfortable place for people to rest but also incorporates
smart features that enhance the overall user experience. With integrated USB ports for charging
devices, and LED lights, this bench offers convenience and promotes eco-consciousness. The
combination of renewable energy and smart technology makes the solarized smart bench a
valuable addition to any public space, providing a unique blend of functionality, sustainability,
and connectivity.

A solarized smart bench offers advantages that extend into the future. Its sustainability, cost-
effectiveness, technological integration, data collection capabilities, and community engagement
make it a valuable asset that aligns with the evolving needs and priorities of our society. Investing
in a solarized smart bench is not only a smart choice for the present but also a forward-thinking
decision for the future.

17
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1. Global Solar Smart Bench Market . (n.d.). Retrieved from

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4. london development authority. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.london.gov.uk )

5. ministery of housing and urban affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://mohua.gov.in

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https://www.rcrwireless.com/20191008/uncategorized/sumitomo-smart-city-project-vietnam

7. STATISTA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/865760/india-solar-energy-

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