Binary values and number systems

Chapter 2

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 Logic:
A statement is either True or False
Often represented by a T or F.
 Electrical Circuits:
A lamp will be On or Off
A circuit can have current flow or no flow (switch on or
off)
 Polarity:
Positive or negative.

 Binary – composed of, relating to, or involving 2.

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How many ones make up 642???
600 + 40 + 2 ?
i.e. 6 hundreds, 4 tens, and 2 ones
6x102 + 4x101 + 2x100
What would it mean if we counted in
eights?
6x82 + 4x81 + 2x80
Then it would mean 418 counting in tens.

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642 in base 10 positional notation is:

6 x 102 = 6 x 100 = 600

+ 4 x 101 = 4 x 10 = 40
+ 2 x 10º = 2x1 =2 = 642 in base 10

The power indicates

This number is in the position of
base 10 the number
4 6
 6 hundreds and 4 tens and 2 ones is the
representation of this number in BASE 10.

 The base of a number determines the

number of digits and the value of digit
positions.

 What is special about 10?

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 R is the base
of the number
As a formula:

dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R + d1

n is the number of d is the digit in the

digits in the number ith position
in the number

642 is 63 * 102 + 42 * 10 + 21

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 Can you show that this representation must
always be unique?

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 Binary numbers are numbers where
the BASE IS 2
 This means there can only be two digits 0 and
1 (Why?)
 Counting in Binary:
0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001
and so on...
 Why does Base 2 interest us so much?

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 Octal is where we use BASE 8
 The digits are then 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

 Hexadecimal is where we use BASE 16

 The digits are then 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, F

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10
 What is 1010 (as a base 10 number) if the
base is 2, 8, 10 and 16?
 10
 520
 1010
 4112

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1. Computers represent data in binary code:
off/on, false/true, 0/1;
2. Thus we would like to represent numbers in
such a format;
3. We can represent numbers in any base. We
are used to base 10 but this is habit; it is not
driven by mathematics;
E.g. 642 is 63 * 102 + 42 * 10 + 21
4. In base R the number dn dn-1 … d2 d1 means:
dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R + d1
5. Arithmetic works in any base exactly as in base 10.

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 R is the base
of the number
As a formula:

dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R + d1

n is the number of 64210 d is the digit in the

digits in the number ith position
is in the number

1202
642 = 164*8*3 10
+ 22 +*842 +*010 1 1+ +22
*8
3 3 2 2 11

110091807060504031201 7
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Addition in Base 2:
We want to add the two numbers

1010111 and
1001011

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Remember that there are only 2 digits in binary,
0 and 1

1 + 1 is 0 with a carry

Carry Values
1011111
1010111
+1 0 0 1 0 1 1
10100010

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 Let’s take 111011 away from 1010111.

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Remember borrowing? Apply that concept
here:

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202
1010111
- 111011
0011100

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Mark groups of three (from right)
This is because three binary digits exactly
represent the octal digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
i.e. 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111
Example: Convert 10101011 to octal

010 101 011

2 5 3
10101011 in base 2 is 253 in base 8

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Mark groups of four (from right)
This is because each group of four binary
digits represents one hexadecimal digit

Example: Convert 10101011(binary) to hex.

1010 1011
A B
10101011 is AB in base 16

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Algorithm for converting number in base 10
to other bases:
While (the quotient is not zero)
◦ Divide the decimal number by the
new base
◦ Make the remainder the next digit
to the left in the answer
◦ Replace the original decimal
number with the quotient

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 We write out the number in decimal, but
expand it in terms of the new base R:
N = dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R + d1
 Divide by the base and take the remainder:
N/R = dn * Rn-2 + dn-1 * Rn-3 + ... +d3R+ d2
Remainder is d1.
Repeating:
N/R2 = dn * Rn-3 + dn-1 * Rn-4 + ... +d4R+ d3
Remainder is d2.
AND SO ON…

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What is 1988 (base 10) in base 8?

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 248 31 3 0
8 1988 8 248 8 31 8 3
16 24 24 0
38 08 7 3
32 8
68 0
64
4

Answer is : 3 7 0 4

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What is 3567 (base 10) in base 16?

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 222 13 0
16 3567 16 222 16 13
32 16 0
36 62 13
32 48
47 14
32
15

So result is DEF

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 We can extend the idea of working to
different bases to the fractional part of a
number.

 What does 645.456 mean in Base 10?

 Why not do this in other bases???

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dn * 2n-1 + dn-1 * 2n-2 + ... + d2 * 21 + d1 * 20
(radix point) + d-1 * 2-1 + d-2 * 2-2 + d-3 * 2-3
+…
Thus (binary) 101.011means:
22 + 20 + 1/22 + 1/23
= 5 3 /8
What would hexadecimal A5.FF be in decimal?
165 255/
256

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 Suppose the fraction is in Base 10 and we
want to convert to another base.

◦ Multiply the decimal part of the

number by the new base
◦ The integer part is the next digit to
the right in the answer
◦ Replace the original decimal
number with the fractional part
◦ Continue until…

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dn * 2n-1 + dn-1 * 2n-2 + ... + d2 * 21 + d1 * 20
(radix point) + d-1 * 2-1 + d-2 * 2-2 + d-3 * 2-3
+…
 Keep only the radix part:
 (radix point) + d-1 * 2-1 + d-2 * 2-2 + d-3 * 2-3 + …

 Multiply by 2:
 d-1 (radix point) + d-2 * 2-1 + d-3 * 2-2 + …

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 Convert 0.1to binary, hexadecimal, and octal

 .00011,

 .19

 .06314

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 Subtraction of Binary fractions
 10110.000
 - 1010.011
 ANS 1011.101

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Bit (Binary digit)

Byte 8 bits

The number of bytes in a word determines

the word length of the computer, but it is
usually a multiple of 8

32-bit machines
64-bit machines

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 Understand the importance of Binary digits
to data representation in computers;
 Understand the positional representation of
numbers in different bases;
 Understand the relationship between base 2,
and base 8 and base 16 numbers;
 Convert from base R to base 10;
 Convert from base 10 to base R;
 Do arithmetic in different bases.
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