TRIGONOMETRY

Measurement of angles : There are two systems of measurement of angles.

( i ) Sexagesimal or degree System : Here 1 right angle = 90° (degrees)

1° = 60' (minutes)
1' = 60" (seconds)

(ii) circular system: Here an angle is measured in radians. One radian corresponds to the angle
subtended by an arc of length 'r ' at the centre of the circle of radius r.

In general If 𝜃 is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of radius 'r', by an arc of length S then

S= r 𝜃 , where 𝜃 is in radian measure.

Relation between the systems:

𝜋 𝐶 = 180 °

Example 1 : If the arcs of same length in two circles subtend angles of 60° and 75° at their centres. Find
the ratio of their radii.

Sol: Let 𝑟1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟2 be the radius of the two circles and s be the arc length.
60 𝜋 75𝜋
Now 60° = 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛; 75° = 180 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
60 𝜋 75𝜋
S= 𝑟1 = 𝑟2
180 180
𝑟1 5
=
𝑟2 4

Example 2: In a circle of diameter 40 cm , the length of a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of the minor arc
corresponding to the chord.

Sol:

Diameter = 40 cm
Radius = 20 cm
𝜋
In triangle ABC , AB= BC = AC . ∴ ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 60 ° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
3
𝜋 20 𝜋
Arc length s = r 𝜃 = 20 × 3
= 3
cm
JEEMAIN.GURU
JEE-Mathematics

2. T-R ATIOS (or Trigonometric funct ions) :

h h b h
p b p p
In a right angle triangle sin   ; cos   ; tan   ; cos ec   ; sec  = and cot   p
h h b p b

'p' is perpendicular ; 'b' is base and 'h' is hypotenuse. b
Note : The quantity by which the cosine falls short of unity i.e. 1 – cos, is called the versed sine  of  and also
by which the sine falls short of unity i.e. 1– sin is called the coversed sine of .

3. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :

(1) sin . cosec  = 1 (2) cos . sec  = 1

sin  cos 
(3) tan . cot  = 1 (4) tan  
& cot  
cos  sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2
(5) sin  + cos  = 1 or sin  = 1 – cos  or cos  = 1 – sin 
(6) sec2  – tan2  = 1 or sec2  = 1 + tan2  or tan2  = sec2  

1
(7) sec + tan 
sec   tan 
(8) cosec2  – cot2  = 1 or cosec2 = 1 + cot2  or cot2  = cosec2  – 1

1
(9) cosec + cot =
cos ec  cot 
( 1 0 ) Expressing trigonometrical ratio in terms of each other :
sin  cos  tan  cot  sec  cosec 
tan  1 sec 2   1 1
sin  sin  1  cos 2 
1  tan  2
1  cot  2 sec  cosec 

1 cot  1 cosec 2   1
cos  1  sin 2  cos 
1  tan 2  1  cot 2  sec  cosec 

sin  1  cos 2  1 1
tan  tan  sec 2   1
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec 2   1
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1  sin 2  c os  1 1
cot  cot  cosec 2   1
sin  1  cos  2 tan  2
sec   1
1 1 1  cot 2  cosec 
sec  1  tan 2  sec 
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec 2   1
1 1 1  tan 2  sec 
cosec  1  cot 2  cosec 
sin  1  cos  2 tan  sec 2   1

Illustration 2 : If sin   sin 2   1 , then prove that cos12   3 cos10   3 cos 8   cos 6   1  0
Solution : Given that sin = 1 – sin 2 = cos 2
L.H.S. = cos 6(cos 2 + 1) 3 – 1= sin 3(1 + sin) 3 – 1= (sin + sin 2) 3 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
Illustration 3 : 2(sin6 + cos6 ) – 3 ( sin4 + cos4 ) + 1 is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –2 (D) none of these

Solution : 2 [(sin2 + cos2 )3 – 3 sin2  cos2 ( sin2 + cos2 ) ] – 3 [ (sin2 + cos2 ) 2 – 2sin2 cos2] +1
= 2 [1 – 3 sin2  cos2] – 3 [1 –2 sin2 cos2] + 1
= 2–6 sin2 cos2 – 3 + 6 sin2 cos2 + 1 = 0 Ans.(A)
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JEEMAIN.GURU
JEE-Mathematics

Do yourself - 2 :
4
(i) If cot   , then find the value of sin, cos and cosec in first quadrant.
3
(ii) If sin + cosec = 2, then find the value of sin8 + cosec8

4. NEW DEFINITION OF T-RATIOS :

By using rectangular coordinates the definitions of trigonometric functions y

can be extended to angles of any size in the following way (see diagram). A
point P is taken with coordinates (x, y). The radius vector OP has length r and
P(x, y)
the angle  is taken as the directed angle measured anticlockwise from the x- 
r
axis. The three main trigonometric functions are then defined in terms
• x
O
of r and the coordinates x and y.

sin = y/r,
cos = x/r
tan = y/x,
(The other function are reciprocals of these)

This can give negative values of the trigonometric functions.

5. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS :

90°, /2
II quadrant I quadrant

only sine All +ve

& cosec +ve
180°, 0°, 360°, 2
only tan & cot only cos
+ve & sec +ve

III quadrant IV quadrant

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270°, 3/2

6. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES :

(a) sin (2n + ) = sin , cos (2n + ) = cos , where n  I

(b) sin () = – sin  cos (–) = cos 

sin(90° – ) = cos cos(90° – ) = sin
sin(90° + ) = cos cos(90° + ) = –sin
sin(180° – ) = sin cos(180° – ) = –cos
sin(180° + ) = –sin cos(180° + ) = –cos
sin(270° – ) = –cos cos(270° – ) = –sin
sin(270° + ) = –cos cos(270° + ) = sin
sin (360° – ) = –sin cos(360° – ) = cos
sin (360° + ) = sin cos(360° + ) = cos

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JEEMAIN.GURU
JEE-Mathematics
7. VALUES OF T-RATIOS OF SOME STANDARD ANGLES :
Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

T-ratio 0 /6 /4 /3 /2  3/ 2

sin  0 1/ 2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1

cos  1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0

tan  0 1/ 3 1 3 N.D. 0 N.D.

cot  N.D. 3 1 1/ 3 0 N.D. 0

sec  1 2/ 3 2 2 N.D. –1  N.D.

cosec N.D. 2 2 2/ 3 1 N.D. –1

N.D.  Not Defined

(a) sin n = 0 ; cos n =(–1)n; tan n = 0 where n  I

 
(b) sin(2n+1) = (–1)n; cos(2n+1) =0 where n  I
2 2

1 1
Illustration 4 : If sin  = – and tan  = then  is equal to -
2 3
(A) 30° (B) 150° (C) 210° (D) none of these
Solution : Let us first find out  lying between 0 and 360°.
1 1
Since sin  =    = 210° or 330° and tan  =   = 30° or 210°
2 3
7
Hence ,  = 210° or is the value satisfying both. Ans. (C)
6
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Do yourself - 3 :

1 3
(i) If cos = – and     , then find the value of 4tan2 – 3cosec2.
2 2

(ii) Prove that : (a) cos570° sin510° + sin(–330°) cos(–390°) = 0

11  9 3  17  3  2 3
(b) tan  2 sin  cosec 2  4 cos 2 
3 3 4 4 6 2

8. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

(i) y = sinx (ii) y = cosx
Y Y

1 1

– /2 /2 3 /2
X' X X' o X
–2 – o  2 –3 /2 –  3 /2
/2
–1 –1

Y' Y'
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JEEMAIN.GURU
JEE-Mathematics

(i i i ) y = tanx (iv) y = cotx

Y Y

3   3
–3 –  3 –
2
–
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
X'  o  X X' –2 – o  2 X

Y' Y'

(v) y = secx (vi) y = cosecx

Y Y

Y=1 Y=1
(-2,1) (0,1) (2,1) –

–5/2,0 –3/2,0 –/2,0 /2,0 3/2,0 5/2,0 –,0 ,0

X' o X X' o X

(–,–1) (,–1)
Y=–1 Y=–1

Y' Y'

9. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

T-Ratio Domain Range Period

sin x R [–1,1] 2
cos x R [–1,1] 2
tan x R–{(2n+1)/2 ; nI} R 
cot x R–{n : n  I} R 
sec x R– {(2n+1) /2 : n  I} (––1] [1,) 2
cosec x R– {n : n  I} (–,–1] [1,) 2

10. TRIGONOMETRIC R ATIOS OF THE SUM & DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES :

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.

NODE6 (E)\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#01\Eng\03. TRIGO RATIO & IDENTITIES\1.Theory

(i i i ) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B (iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
(v) tan (A + B) = (vi) tan (A – B) =
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B
cot B cot A  1 cot B cot A  1
(vii) cot (A + B) = ( vi i i ) cot (A – B) =
cot B  cot A cot B  cot A
Some more results :
(i) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B). sin(A – B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.
(ii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).

Illustration 5 : Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.

3 1 3 cos 20   sin 20 
Solution : L.H.S. =  
sin 20  cos 20  sin 20 .cos 20 
 3 1 
4 cos 20   sin 20 
 2 2  4(sin 60.cos 20   cos 60 .sin 20 )
= =
2 sin 20  cos 20  sin 40 
sin(60   20 ) sin 40 
= 4.  4.  4  R.H.S.
sin 40  sin 40 

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 sin⁡(B−C) sin(C−A) sin(A−B)
Illustration: Prove that + cos C cos A + cosA cos B = 0
cos B cos C

sin⁡(B−C) sin(C−A) sin(A−B)

Sol: + cos C cos A + cosA cos B
cos B cos C

sin B cos C−sin C cos B sin C cos A−sin A cos C sin A cos B−sinBcosA
=⁡ + +
cos C cos B cosC cos A cosA cos B

= tanB − tan C + tan C − tan A + tanA − tanB

=0

π
Illustration : If ⁡A + B = ⁡ 4 , prove that (1 + tan A)⁡(1 + tan B) = 2.
Hence find (1 + tan 1°)(1 + tan 2°)(1 + tan 3°) ⁡ … . . (1 + tan 45°)

π
Sol. A + B = ⁡ 4 ,

tan(A + B) = 1
tan A+tan B
= 1 . ∴ tan A + tan B = 1 − tan A tan B
1−tan A⁡tanB

tan A + tan B + tan A tan B = 1

1 + tan A + tan B + tanA⁡tanB = 2

⁡(1 + tan A)⁡(1 + tan B) = 2

(1 + tan 1°)(1 + tan 2°)(1 + tan 3°) ⁡… . . (1 + tan 45°)

= (1 + tan 1°)(1 + tan 44°)(1 + tan 2°)(1 + tan 43°) ⁡… (1 + tan 22°)(1 + tan 23°) (1 +
tan 45°)

= 2.2.2. ..2 ( for 23 times)

= ⁡ 223
Illustration: Prove that ⁡⁡tan 3x tan 2x tan x = tan 3x − tan 2x − tan⁡x

tan 2x+tan x
Sol: tan(3x) = tan(2x + x) = ⁡ 1−tan 2x tan x

= ⁡⁡ tan 3x(1 − tan x tan 2x) = tan 2x + tan x

= ⁡ tan 3x − tan⁡3x tan 2x tan x = tan 2x + tan 2x⁡

= ⁡⁡tan 3x tan 2x tan x = tan 3x − tan 2x − tan⁡x

4 5 π
Illustration: If cos(α + β) = ⁡ 5 ;⁡sin(α − β) = ⁡ 13 , where⁡0 < α, β < 4 , find tan⁡(2α)

4 3
Sol: cos(α + β) = ⁡ 5 ;⁡∴ tan(α + β) = ⁡ 4⁡,

5 5
sin(α − β) = ⁡ 13 ,⁡⁡⁡ ∴ tan(α − β) = ⁡ 12

2α = (α + β) + (α − β)

= tan 2α = tan((α + β) + (α − β))

tan(α+β)+⁡tan⁡(α−β)
= ⁡ ⁡
1−tan(α+β) tan(α−β)

3 5
+
4 12
= 3 5
1− ⁡
4 12

56
= 33
Illustration: If ⁡⁡tan(a + x) = ⁡n tan(a − x),⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡prove⁡that⁡⁡

(n + 1) sin 2x = (n − 1) sin 2a

Sol: ⁡⁡tan(a + x) = ⁡n tan(a − x)

tan(a+x)
Or, ⁡tan⁡(a−x) = n

sin(a+x) cos(a−x)
⇒ ⁡ sin(a−x) cos(a+x) = n

sin(a+x) cos(a−x)+sin(a−x) cos(a+x) n+1

⟹ ⁡ sin(a+x) cos(a−x)−⁡sin(a−x) cos(a+x) = ⁡ n−1 ( applying componendo and dividend)

sin(a+x+a−x) n+1
⟹ sin⁡(a+x−a+x) = n−1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡

⁡⟹ (n + 1) sin 2x = (n − 1) sin 2a
JEEMAIN.GURU
JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 6 : Prove that tan70° = cot70° + 2cot40° .

tan 20   tan 50 
Solution : L.H.S. = tan 70   tan(20   50 ) 
1  tan 20  tan 50 

or tan70° – tan20° tan50° tan70° = tan20° + tan50°

or tan70° = tan70° tan50° tan20° + tan20° + tan50° = 2 tan 50° + tan20°

= cot70° + 2cot40° = R.H.S.

Do yourself - 4 :

3 9 
(i) If sin A  and cos B  , 0A&B , then find the value of the following :
5 41 2
(a) sin(A + B) (b) sin(A – B) (c) cos(A + B) (d) cos(A – B)

(ii) If x + y = 45°, then prove that :

(a) (1 + tanx)(1 + tany) = 2 (b) (cotx – 1)(coty – 1) = 2

11. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE :

(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B). (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).

(i i i ) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

tan(A  B)   1
Illustration 7 : If sin2A =  sin2B, then prove that 
tan(A  B)   1

Solution : Given sin2A =  sin2B

sin 2 A 
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 
sin 2B 1
Applying componendo & dividendo,

sin 2A  sin 2B   1

sin 2B  sin 2A 1  

 2A  2B   2A  2B 
2 sin   cos    1
 2   2 
  2B  2A   2B  2A  1  
2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

sin(A  B) cos(A  B)  1 sin(A  B) cos(A  B)  1

   
cos(A  B ) sin{(A  B)} 1   cos(A  B)   sin(A  B) (   1)

sin(A  B) cos(A  B)   1  1
   tan(A  B ) cot(A  B ) 
cos(A  B) sin(A  B)   1  1

tan(A  B)   1
 
tan(A  B)   1

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JEE-Mathematics

12. FORMULAE TO TRANSFORM SUM OR DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT :

FG C  D IJ cos FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ
(i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K (ii) sin C – sin D = 2 cos H 2 K sin H 2 K
FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ FG C  D IJ sin FG D  C IJ
(i i i ) cos C + cos D = 2 cos H 2 K cos H 2 K (iv) cos C – cos D = 2 sin H 2 K H 2 K
sin 5   sin 2   sin 
Illustration 8 : is equal to -
cos 5   2 cos 3   2 cos 2   cos 

(A) tan  (B) cos  (C) cot  (D) none of these

2 sin 2  cos 3   sin 2  sin 2  2 cos 3   1 

Solution : L.H.S.= =
2 cos 3 .cos 2   2 cos 3   2 cos 2  2  cos 3   cos 2   1    cos  
2

sin 2  2 cos 3   1  sin 2 (2 cos 3  1)

 =  tan  Ans. (A)
2 cos 3   2 cos 2   cos 2   2 cos2 (2 cos 3  1)

Illustration 9 : Show that sin12°.sin48°.sin54° = 1/8

1
Solution : L.H.S. =  cos 36   cos 60  sin 54   1 cos 36  sin 54   1 sin 54  
2 2 2 

1
= 2 cos 36  sin 54   sin 54   1  sin 90   sin 18   sin 54 
4 4

1 1
= 1  (sin 54   sin 18 )   1  2 sin 18  cos 36 
4 4

1 2 sin 18   1 sin 36  cos 36  

= 1 cos18  cos 36    1 
4  cos18   4 cos18  

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1 2 sin 36  cos 36   1  sin 72   1  1 1
= 1   1    1     R.H.S.
4 2 cos18   4 2 sin 72   4  2 8

Do yourself - 5 :

sin 75   sin 15 
(i) Simplify
cos 75   cos15 

(ii) Prove that

(a) (sin3A + sinA)sinA + (cos3A – cosA)cosA = 0

1
(b) cos20°cos40°cos60°cos80°=
16

sin 8  cos   sin 6  cos 3 

(c)  tan 2 
cos 2  cos   sin 3  sin 4 

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 cos 4x+cos 3x+cos 2x
Illustration: Prove that sin 4x+sin 3x+sin 2x
= cot 3x

cos 4x+cos 3x+cos 2x (cos 4x+cos 2x )+cos 3x

Sol: sin 4x+sin 3x+sin 2x
= (sin 4x+sin 2x)+sin 3x

2 cos 3x cos x+cos 3x cos 3x ( 2 cos x+ 1)

= 2 sin 3x cos x+sin 3x
= sin 3x (2 cos x+1)
= cot 3x

sin A+sin 3A+sin 5A+sin 7A

Illustration: Prove that cos A+cos 3A+cos 5A+cos 7A
= tan 4A

sin A+sin 3A+sin 5A+sin 7A

Sol:
cos A+cos 3A+cos 5A+cos 7A

(sin A+sin 7A)+ (sin 3A+sin 5A)

= (cos A+cos 7A)+ (cos 3A+cos 5A)

2 sin 4A cos 3A + 2 sin 4A cos A

=
2 cos 4A cos 3A + 2 cos 4A cos A

2 sin 4A (cos 3A+cos A)

=2 cos 4A (cos 3A+cos A)

= tan 4A
1
Illustration: Prove that cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80° = 16

Sol: cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80°

1
= 2 cos 20° cos 40° cos 80°

1
= 4 ( 2 cos 20° cos 40°) cos 80°

1
=4 (cos 20° + cos 60° ) cos 80°

1
= 4 (cos 20° cos 80° + cos60° cos 80°)

1
= 8 ( 2 cos 20° cos 80° + cos 80°)

1
= 8
(cos 60° + cos 100° + cos80°)

1
=
16
Formulas on Multiple and sub multiple angles

2 tan θ
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ tan 2θ = 1−tan2 θ

2 tan θ
1 + sin 2θ = (cos θ + sin θ)2 sin 2θ = 1+tan2 θ

1−tan2 θ
1 − sin 2θ = (cos θ − sin θ)2 cos 2θ =
1+tan2 θ

cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ sin(3θ) = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ

1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

3 tan θ−tan3 θ
1 − cos 2θ = 2sin2 θ tan 3θ = 1−3 tan2 θ

1−cos2θ
1+cos2θ
= tan2 θ

1+sin 2x+cos 2x
Illustration : Prove that 1+sin 2x−cos 2x
= cot x

1+sin 2x+cos 2x (1+cos 2x )+sin 2x

Sol: 1+sin 2x−cos 2x
= (1−cos 2x)+sin 2x

2cos2 x+2 sin x cos x

=
2sin2x+2 sin x cos x

2 cos x(cos x+sin x)

= = cot x
2 sin x(sin x+cos x)

Illustration: Prove that √2 + √2 + √2 + 2 cos 8x = 2 cos x

Sol: √2 + √2 + √2 + 2 cos 8x = √2 + √2 + √2(1 + cos 8x)

= √2 + √2 + √4cos2 4x = √2 + √2 + 2cos4x

= √2 + √2(1 + cos 4x) = √2 + √4cos2 2x

= √2 + 2 cos 2x = √2(1 + cos 2x)

= √4cos2 x = 2 cos x

1 1 π
Illustration : If tan α = 7
; sin β = , prove that α + 2β = 4
, where α and β
√10
are acute angles

1 1
Sol: sin β = , ∴ tan β =
√10 3

2 tan β 3
tan 2β = =
1− tan2β 4

1 3
tan α+tan 2β +
7 4
tan(α + 2β) = 1−tanα tan 2β
= 13 =1
1−
74

π
α + 2β = 4

x+y
Illustration: Prove that (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x − sin y)2 = 4cos2 ( 2
)

Sol: (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x − sin y)2

= 2 + 2(cos x cos y − sin x sin y)

= 2 + 2 cos(x + y) = 2(1 + cos(x + y))

x+y
= 4 cos2 ( 2
)
 sec 8x− 1 tan 8x
Illustration : Prove that sec 4x−1
= tan 2x

sec 8x− 1 1−cos 8x cos 4x 2sin2 4x cos 4x

Sol: sec 4x−1
= 1−cos 4x cos 8x
= 2xin2 2x cos 8x

2 sin 4x cos 4x sin 4x sin 8x sin 4x

= 2 sin22x cos 8x
= cos 8x 2sin2 2x

2 sin 2x cos 2x
= tan 8x = tan 8x cot 2x
2sin2 2x

tan 8x
= tan 2x

π 3π 5π 7π 1
Illustration: Prove that (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos )=
8 8 8 8 8

π 3π 5π 7π
Sol: (1 + cos 8 ) (1 + cos 8
) (1 + cos
8
) (1 + cos
8
)

π 7π 3π 5π
= (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos ) (1 + cos )
8 8 8 8

π π 3π 3π
= (1 + cos 8 ) (1 − cos 8 ) (1 + cos 8
) (1 − cos
8
) [using cos(π − θ) = − cos θ]

π 3π
= ( 1 − cos2 ) ( 1 − cos2 )
8 8

π 3π
= sin2 8 sin2 8

1 π 3π 2
= ( 2 sin sin )
4 8 8

1 π π 2 1
= (cos − cos ) =
4 4 2 8
 π π
Illustration: Prove that tan x tan ( 3 + x) tan ( 3 − x) = tan 3x

π π
Sol: tan x tan ( 3 + x) tan ( 3 − x)

√3+tan x √3−tan x
= tan x 1− √3 tan x 1+√3 tan x

3− tan2 x
= tan x 1−3 tan2 x

3 tan x − tan3x
= 1−3 tan2 x
= = tan 3x

3 3π x x x
Illustration : If tan x = 4
,π < x < 2
, find the values of tan 2 , sin 2 , cos 2

3 −3 −4
Sol: tan x = 4
, ∴ sin x = 5
; cos = 5

3π π x 3π x
π<x< 2
, ∴ 2
< 2
< 4
. ∴ 2 lies in 2nd quadrant

x x 1+cos x 1
1+cos x = 2 cos2 2. ∴ cos 2 = − √ 2
= −
√10

x x 1−cos x 3
1 − sin x = 2sin2 2. ∴ sin 2 = √ 2
=
√10

x
x sin
2
tan 2 = x = −3
cos
2

Sums for practice

2π
1. The difference between the two acute angles of a right angled triangle is 5
radian. Express the
two angles in degrees. [ Ans: 81° , 9° ]
2. A circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bend again into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm. Then
find the angle subtended by the arc at the centre. [Ans: 210°]

3. Find the angle between the hour hand and minute hand at 3:40 pm . [ans : 130°]
4.
5. If A,B,C,D are the four angles of a cyclic quadrilateral then prove that
cot A + cot B + cot C + cot D = 0 .
6. Simplify the following expression :
sec(270°−A) sec(90°−A) − tan(270°−A) tan(90°+A)
cot A+tan(180°+A)+tan(90°+A)+tan(360°−A)+cos(180°)
. [Ans: 1 ]
4 3π π
7. Evaluate the value : 3 [sin ( 2 − θ) + [sin (3π + θ) ] ] − 2 [sin6 (2 + θ) + sin6 (5π − θ)]
4

[Ans: 0 ]
8. Simplify: cot(β − γ) cot(γ − α) + cot(γ − α) cot(α − β) + cot(α − β) cot(β − γ) . [Ans: 1 ]
9. An angle is divided into two parts such that the ratio of the tangents of the parts is k; if the
k−1
difference between them be , then prove that sin φ = sin θ .
k+1
1 1
10. If tan x − tan y = a ; cot y − cot x = b , then prove that a
+ b
= cot(x − y) .
1 1 1
11. If a cos θ = b cos(θ + 120°) = c cos(θ + 240°) , then find the value of a + b + c .
[Ans: 0]
12. If 13 θ = π , find the value of cos 3θ + cos 5θ + 2 cosθ cos 9θ . [Ans: 0 ]
α+β β+γ α+γ
13. Prove that sin α + sin β + sin γ − sin(α + β + γ) = 4 sin ( ) sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2 2
cos 7x − cos 8x
14. Prove that 1 +2 cos 5x
= cos 2x − cos 3x.
15. If sin θ + sin φ = √3 (cos φ − cos θ) , then show that sin 3θ + sin 3φ = 0 .
tan 3x 1
16. Show that the value of tan x
cannot lie between 3 and 3.