Question A 1.

Find out the aspect ratio of the raster system using 8 x 10 inches screen and 100 pixel/inch
2. How much time is spent scanning across each row of pixels during screen refresh on a raster system with a resolution
of 1280 by 1024 and a refresh rate of 60 frames per second?
BATCH_1: 3. A RGB raster system is to be designed using an 8 inch by 10 inch screen with a resolution of 100 pixels per inch in each
Roll No 1 to 6 direction.If we want to store 6 bits per pixel in the frame buffer , how much storage (in bytes) do we need for the frame
respectively buffer.
4. What do you mean by following
i. Aspect ratio of 8/10
ii. Refresh rate of 80 Hz
iii. Resolution of 1028 by 1024
5. Suppose we have a video monitor with a display area that measures 12 inches across and 9.6 inches high. If the
resolution is 1280 by 1024 and the aspect ratio is 1:1, what is the diameter of each screen point?
6. Define aspect ratio? If an image has a height of 2 inches and an aspect ratio of 1.5. What is its width?

Question B 1. Indicate the next raster positions which will be chosen by Bresenham’s line algorithm when scan converting a line from
screen co-ordinate (1, 1) to (3, 2).
BATCH_2: 2. Calculate the points of first octant using midpoint circle drawing algorithm. Assume 10 cm as the radius and co-ordinate
Roll No 9 to 29 origin as the centre of the circle.
respectively 3. Consider a polygon with vertices A(2,3),B(5,5),C(8,3) and D(5,12). Apply scan line fill algorithm and trace the contents
of Active Edge table and global Edge table upto scan line 6.
4. Scan convert the first octant of circle centered at (0, 0) and having radius of 5 units?
5. Give the steps to clip the lines PQ and RS( having co-ordinates P(5,12) ,Q(20,25), R(11, 8) and S(25, 16)) against the clip
rectangle ABCD( having co-ordinates A (10,20) , B( 20,20) , C(10,10) , D(20,10)) using Cohen Sutherland line clipping
Algorithm.
6. Find the pixels to be plotted along the line path with endpoints (30,20) and (40,28) having slope of .8 using line drawing
primitive.
7. What is the condition for trivial rejection of a line segment PQ with P(0,5) & Q(1,5) in Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping
algorithm using rectangular window defined by vertices A(0,0) , B(1,0) , C(1,1) , and D(0,1).
8. Using Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm, clip the triangle ABC with the vertices as A(10,17), B(13,12),
and C(3,8), against a rectangular window P(5,5), Q(15,5), R(15,15), and S(5,15).Give the co-ordinates of the clipped
polygons.
9. What is the condition for trivial acceptance of a line segment PQ with P(0,2) & Q(4,2) in Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping
algorithm using rectangular window defined by vertices A(0,0) , B(4,0) , C(4,4) , and
10. Consider a polygon with vertices ABCD with co-ordinates A(1,2) , B(5,5) , C(8 ,3) and D(5,10) . Trace the contents of
Active Edge Table according to scan line fill algorithm.
11. Given an ellipse with major axis = 16 units and minor axis = 12 units. Determine first 6 raster positions along the ellipse
path , considering the initial raster position at (0,6).
12. Using the mid-point circle drawing algorithm, scan convert the first quadrant of a thick circle with centre at (0, 0), radius
of 5 units and thickness of 2 units. Give first four raster positions.
13. Consider a polygon with Vertices ABCD with c- ordinates A(1,2), B(6,6), C(8,3) and D(5,10). Trace the contents of Active
Edge Table according to scan line fill algorithm.
14. Rasterize the line using DDA line drawing algorithm having coordinate points as (5, 10) and ( 15, 20).
15. Draw a line between (1,1) and (8,5) using Bresenham’s mid-point line algorithm. Find values of d, x and y.
16. What is the condition for trivial rejection of a line segment LM with L(0,5) & M(1,5) in Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping
algorithm using rectangular window defined by vertices A(0,0), B(1,0), C(1,1) and D(0,1).
17. Plot a circle using midpoint circle algorithm whose radius =8 and center at origin.
18. Consider a rectangular window defined by A(2,0) , B(5,0) , C(5,5) , D(2,5) and a rectangle defined by P(1,2) , Q(6,2) ,
R(6,4), S(1,4). Using Cohen Sutherland line clipping algorithm, clip each line segment of the rectangle PQRS against clip
window ABCD.
19. Clip the polygon ABCD with the vertices A(0,7), B(5,12), C(7,7) and D(6,2) against the window P (2,0), Q(10,0), R(10,10)
and S(2, 10) using the Sutherland-Hodgeman Polygon Clipping algorithm. Also show out vertex array at each step.
20. Give the vertex list of polygon ABCDEF after being clipped by top, right bottom and left polygon clipper using Sutherland-
Hodgeman algorithm
B

E
A
C
Question C 1. Write the following 3D transformation matrices in homogeneous co-ordinates
 Rotation about x-axis by 90°
BATCH_3:  Orthographic projection on y=0 plane
 Single point perspective projection on z=0 plane with centre of projection at zc=1.0
Roll No. 30 to 57
 Uniform scaling by a factor of 3
respectively
2. Perform a 45o rotation of a triangle A(0,0, B(1,1), C(5,2)
 About the origin.
 About the point p(-1,-1)
3. Consider any 3D object, Write the transformations matrices to rotate it about y-axis by θ= -30°, about x-axis by α=45°
and projected onto z=0 plane from center of projection at z=z c=2.5. What will be the value of vanishing point?
4. Reflect the diamond shaped polygon whose vertices are A(-1,0) , B(0,-2) , C(1,0) and D(0,2) about the line y= 2x+4 using
homogeneous co-ordinates.
5. Obtain the composite 3D transformation matrix to successively rotate an object by - 90⁰ about the y axis , reflect
through xz plane and shrink the object to half of its original size.
6. What is foreshortening factor ? Obtain the trimetric projection formed by a 45 degree rotation about the y axis
followed by a 60 degree rotation about the x axis and projection on z=0 plane.
7. Consider a line segment AB parallel to the Z axis with end points A [3 2 2 1] and B [ 3 2 4 1]. Perform a perspective
projection onto the z=0 plane from center of projection at z = -10.
8. Write the following 3D transformation matrices in homogeneous co-ordinates
 Rotation about z-axis by 45°
 Reflection about XZ plane
 Uniform scaling(down) by a factor of 2
9. Using homogeneous co-ordinates, write the transformation matrix in order to double the size of an object. Use overall
scaling.
10. Perform a 2D reflection through x axis, followed by a 2D reflection through the line y=x, is equivalent to a pure rotation
about the origin
11. consider a 3D object with coordinate points P(0,3,3), Q(3,3,6), R(3,0,1) and S(0,0,0). Perform a local scaling on the object
with scaling factors of 2,3 and 3 along X, Y and Z axes respectively, to obtain the new coordinates of the transformed
objectConsider a line from (0, 0) to (5,5).
12. Consider a triangle ABC with vertices A(1,0), B(0,1), and C(-1,0). Reflect it about the line y=x followed by counter
clockwise rotation of 90º, keeping point B fixed.Give the new co-ordinates of the triangle after transformation.
13. A unit square is transformed by 2X2 transformation matrix. The resulting position vectors are as shown below. Give the
transformation matrix applied to the unit square? [0 2 ,8 6, 0 3, 4 1]
14. Consider a triangle ABC with A(0,0), B(5,0) and C(0,5). Apply single point perspective projection onto y=0 plane from
centre of projection at yc = -2. Also, state the co-ordinates of the vanishing points
15. Consider the triangle ABC with A(0,0), B(5,0), and C(0,5). Give transformation matrix after shearing triangle ABC by 3
units along Y-axis and 4 units along X-axis , using homogeneous coordinates.
16. Give the transformation matrix for perspective projection onto the z =0 plane from center of projection at z = -5.
17. Consider a rectangle A(-1,0), B(1,0), C(1,2) and D(-1,2) , rotate the rectangle about the line y=0 by an angle α = 450 using
homogeneous co-ordinates. Give the new co-ordinates of the rectangle after transformation
18. Develop cavalier and cabinet oblique projection on a unit cube. Assuming one of the parameters α = 300
19. Reflect the polygon whose vertices are A(-1,0), B(0,-2), C(1,0) and D(0,2) about the line x=2 using homogeneous co-
ordinates
20. Consider a line segment AB parallel to the Z axis with end points A [3 2 2 1] and B[3 2 4 1], Overall scale to double the
size of line AB followed by 2 point perspective projection with COP along X-axis and Y-axis as Xc=10 and Yc=20
respectively. Also, write the corresponding vanishing points.
21. A rectangular parallelopiped is given its length on X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis 3, 2 and 1 respectively Perform a rotation by
an angle 90 about X-axis followed by a rotation by an angle 900 on Y-axis.
22. Consider a rectangular parallelepiped with coordinates :[ 0 0 1 1], [3 0 1 1], [3 2 1 1], [ 0 2 1 1], [0 0 0 1], [ 3 0 0 1], [3 2
0 1] & [0 2 0 1] , Apply a trimetric projection on the given position vectors by performing rotation by an angle α= 30”
about the y-axis, followed by a rotation by an angle ϴ = 45” about the X-axis, followed by orthographic parallel
projection onto the Z = 0 plane. Also, find the three foreshortening ratios
23. Magnify the triangle with vertices A(0,0), B(1,1) and C(5,2) to thrice of its size keeping B(1,1) fixed.
24. Obtain the mirror reflection of triangle ABC with vertices A(0,1), B(1,2), C(2,0) about the line y = -x .
25. What are the values of scaling constants SX and SY if – Enlarge entire picture 1/5 times.Enlarges x direction by 9 and y
direction unchanged.
26. Consider a unit square defined by A(0,0), B(1,0), C(1,1) and D(0,1). Using homogeneous coordinates, triple the size
of square ABCD. Now, reflect it about the line y = -x.
27. Consider a line segment AB parallel to y axis having endpoints A[2,2,4,1] and B[2,4,4,1]. Perform a perspective
projection onto the z = 0 plane from center of projection at z = -5.
 28. What will be the transformation matrices if the view planes are z = k, x = k and y = k with the following centers of
projections respectively-C (0,0, -d) for z = k plane, on negative z axis with C (0,0, -d), On negative x axis with C(-d,0,0)
for x = k plane.
Question D 1. Obtain D4 dither matrix using lower order matrices in the recurrence relation for obtaining Dither matrix Dn.
BATCH_4 : 2. Draw the 3x3 halftone grid patterns to display 10 intensities on a bilevel system.
Roll No 58 to 64
3. Given a Bezier curve represented by two end points as A(30,0) and B(0,0) and two control points that control endpoints
respectively
tangent vectors as C(50, –10) and D(50, -40). Find any other two points on this curve.
4. Consider a Bezier Curve with end point P1 and P4 in x direction as 3 and 7 respectively. The two intermediate control
points P2 being 5 and P3 being 6 in x direction. What will be the magnitude of starting tangent vector R1 and magnitude
of ending tangent vector R4 in x direction?
5. Given two keyframes for an object transformation, First keyframe contains a triangle and the second keyframe contains
a quadrilateral, Discuss any one technique to linearly expand a triangle into a quadrilateral.
6. A cubic Bezier curve segment is described by control points P0(2,2), P1(4,8), P2(8,8) and P3 (9,5). Another curve segment
is described by Q0(a, b), Q1(c.2), Q2(15.2) and Q3(18,2). Find the values of a, b, c such that the curve segments join
smoothly and C1 continuity exist between them.
7. Find the equation of the Bezier curve that passes through (0,0) and (4,2) and is controlled through (14,10) and (4,0).
 ASSLGNMENT
|Page No.
Cornutes Ghraphics Date:24 o44)4
Name Riun kumai
Semote Gm
Cone BSc Hora Cembuteh Seience
Submited te ’ Ms, Shalini Shana

(Batth-l) (Rale i s ) (Questien- )

O Eind out he ashec nati o th
hastan Syatorn
GO inches soreen and i00 izal[inch
en Sie i Binchas tLOinche
Screen

Calculoting ttha no h hixels in the heisantal

dinnensin
Ng.ol hice Scteen uidthin inches x
eaien in hixo lsinch
hicelinch

Calculatng
afials Scnesn hoight ininches X
Roaltin in

diidiiag
 |Page No.
|Date:

Venial ice

C o m uith an * Lo inch sreon and

esotie
 ndi 0.o1
Se
how= e-u.
o12446
Ms 1e6 46XI0-Tx 24 1.
wiuoseonds
2446x[0 =L.
6420 131
0.016664
totaliKels.
pixeu 0420 131 1024=1280.>X totalpixeli=
9aleulate
ttal
aate=
pS
b04 dyh piKelu, 28
CMtau
a scaw 024 eota syste MLace That
to24 l23bx Reatiou=
604ps. ate Aveale 1024
a 1280
stawg How
wmeutt Acign CG
Dale
No. Page a1S400
02
Resoution

80000 x 6
 Dato
Pago No

Axsbilka Vaxtney
24510UU4

BatI 4.
Quessi whar clo mea

(i) Aspels Ralio

C) Ralton a i028 by Lo2t

Au ciy mea 8 wewtical pot

hoigetal pot, necatsasy to
ee

wscolt, tece asce

wmis

atie

Lo2
 WTFS S
T
M
Page No.:
YOUVA
Date:
23|24
We haea vide

hi_h. me L024
eet kati

theight
keuon widme |280
pin
Mles 00 4375
I280
mcttt

Ach psel Mehes.

1024
000937S

0.009373 0·00 921s

2 f004375

diamli
 Nhwt: Kastuish Madan
RNOS IS7000L Batch d

Conpute qopbis
QG Dejine Aspct Ratio
width

A As PECT RATIO

Ratio o Veticl pointi to Hor2tal points

metlay to padee cqual leugtl linegy tn be th
Mhape
Aspeet Ratis
(h) Hughl inj
Giva W: AGpect Rotio * kujt
|S Xa
3 inches
|wiath 3inches
Kluvan Arora Page No.
2(5 10007
o putrrpmes Date

Brerenham'e algo nle

conveg a eme fromCDto (3,)1

(r).
aluel-e ¿ontana
20y-24n

braun stastug walue fo

dOeCLÚnpasemete
Po 2

-20r

Ae (2-X1)

2 Dy 20x
2(4)-2(1)

Jncrement stautng
(212)
 Date

K Pe
(212)
(3/2)

-2A
Pet20y.

( k+t L8 )
 Name handam Yaclw
Coese - Bac (Hhons) cS

Qes) Imecat te mt naoteu foolion wih wt

C,) to (3,1)

y alb om hons ,) to (3,U

two enti ,ts alofpt m

where

ha

Por

dy 2 (2) (3 -)- J
went huine he
d,>0
and slighly abev
bt

th
hoation.
hoeten wile be l2,2 ),
ment naatu
 insert
PrtBc

t i t ectant cieu cntud (o,o) wnd

q4 Acon corwut th
unitu ?
having hadius o 5 Ll do 4 a -
teut ieles
Aws:
dws meat myetant
ü) Bcham's uele ayotlm
Tn
hy hathh t u n i t initial cotaut
paint ile calgouthm
nd cevwcted.
aing id- bt scornnd

fuih on (o,o) and

Initialiing tautingntud radius u 5, do
u at
Ane A
(o,s) u th atarting peihon.
daien paLamtu:
(2)
Caleuating
d= |-S
d=-4
Thit hens a t u wng
(3) btenining nut pixd : (ineent xby 3)
Move ight by d pixel d moe aown by t pixel
" Mew 4 pixel ight hy nmnted )
(both X and y AL

ineumt' ery x.
pixed ond cewn by 1 , d0 we
d>cO, mowng hight bay s
3
ineunut both X an d
etant
to scan tu t t ntil x bcome
NL ony ed doep itusatu
egal to y do, th
ws than o
guatu thun y.
ttu teut tortaut o ciael
pixel endinat tor
(2, 4) , (3,4) (4, 3), (K,o)
(O,5), 0, 4),
 0010 l6 S
2
4
4 0100 12
Outoode (Bniy) Citoed
Point
(2KXmn) 9Bi4t
%ma) Bit32Rigbt
(y<gmia) 6ottbai 9:Bit
cedu Region
1oD(20,
) cC0,
1o) 20) 8(30, 20l, Atto,
o) sdlnal Co- (haung ABCD ctaaga
AS Reell
no
ame-kankha
Pal Q012
’Chcek tetul Rejectioss Calert
Betcode

deeolead.

tuatie
ntil n

lalulat ttiintossctiou
wtnalos boLndaly Bassd en tto hon- qlo
oLttode bitiU

for bdtea hit):y= ymia

tnclfoi.te
 alcecles
eide Samt

P'sateele (4) nclicetetls etadle t

Calolate titreeten
[ n i y = lo);

2) ((10-)o-S)+ 1

Calculat teLntusetisa ntt te te

x'= (20-5)(20-l2)/ (9a-12) +

3.33
Luhdotid eeiss 32,20)
!PCro,/) to q'(a33,20)
 Bclnputo Soep
Vn sem Date
Page No.
brocohi ageesal
Q1500LS

what the tondhion fx

omin =O, jmin20,

BH2 2
bi13 snCmar)=Ssin Co-1) xn[-1) 2D
 Date
Page No.

Br
Sign (I-1)

)o11ooeo
PAND -JDol AND ol] = lool
o00o

CindiHon 000o
 Assgment

A CO)0

fe po Ploj2)
s(2-4) 0
-y= 5C0-2)0

Rt 3

Cuj2
CO2)-o
FSugonC19)
Bit
coole
 Pago

AN D

mst calCulote cteecle foints

22

lyuteseclion

rteelon
 Page :
Date :

tecclugn

Ltm vtcis clion

 P'age Na. Date / 0

LNameJaMahi Yadav
Rol No- QlS00R3.
Aubject-lomnputer grapuin
Pemater-6th femerter.

14 Rasterlze, the Cne wing DDA done drawine

atd is,S, 20), G

. caloulate the iemoyi

g2 e-4220-(0z10,

2.Caloulate the mo steps

9n DDA, we ypiea ly itrate over the x
he mumber al tpc usll be Jame for botn

3" calolote the inoemet

Xincz b lo2/ Ctis ileaololeo to
 6.
B"Repeati
(S,t0)
18)(3,
ThËs XZ yz Cal Plot terate Coopi
stort
the Cayy et
Snitiallze
poirt Varableso
XtXine opeo Updote
Culate
mioeheloop
Co, wil yt th
Yne tne
14,19) t) CUiret 8teps
tterate (, ho the
meuw curennt
c0ordnaty?
12) back(update(imae toop
l s, Y-
8, coordimaty
(0 to CooydUnate foyor
13) the plo
timnes,
20).9,14) A-coTdrates,
tp6 el JHps
pope by)
(io, conqtnue
plottng baed X,
s om me, y) PageNo,
IS
fve, sf to
the WianeRed
epoint C, /2bate
yine n timi. the
l6) ityaing tne ratta,
(12B Mart
a
 DATE
j PAGE

Awweu-5

Ax = X,-X, = 8-1)=T
Ayy-y= l5-) =4
& 2Ay-Az= 8-t=1
RAy
Zby -2 A = &- 14
 Plat
9 -5
3 3
4 3 -3
(s2) 3
C4 3)
-1
(S, 3)
4
(A,4)

-6

3 4 5 7
 Q:Hhat ü the condiHor 4or tiial ujocfioru s a ine segmant
16LM i th L(a5) and M(,5) in Cohen Suthenland Line ipping
alhoithm uaing echangulas uuindaD dalinad by onttes
A(0,o) >8(1, o) c(t,1) end D(o, 1)
Ans) Tn the cohun- Suthen land tin Clipping algoithn a
tine segmtnt ia tiuially jected y both endpoints lie
ently en an1 stdu o the clipping uLn dow. M(1,5)
fos segmarnt LM uuth endpoints L(o. s) and
8(,0), C1,)
and the uindow doinad by veticss A(o,0)
and Dto, 1): |001

O001 O000

,5)
L(o,5) o101 o1 00

D6,) c(1,1) 0000

i AND =
A(0,o) thun Trinal ejeched
8(1,0)
hawe fh same y-tcoxdi na te and
Since both endpoin: sag marnt LM is tivially
lie abore the nindoy >1) the
oujced.

Roll no.: 21570025

Name: Mal Ka Tahan
 Nmv- Iuht a bupka Kol no 21S0026
To apn the tohun- uthetland

utindow (ACO) We n
Lodes to Lach pouit bad on
hei ulcie pouloha to the ttido undau

0 001

P:0000
9000o

R' )000
 DOMSPap Nio.
Date

Both cndpouil ce pceially buct

twe neodo clijo the
tganit he

10
.S!o(0
P: DO00
Laçnd o