English for Accounting

Brief course for beginners

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 LESSON 1

TYPES OF BUSINESS
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Words
NEW

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Employee /ɪmˈplɔɪiː/

● a person who is paid to work for somebody

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“ Small company usually has from 5 to
200 employees which are flexible
people to take on different roles. So
they need people who have a good
sense of responsibility, who feel they
have overall view of things and can
dig deep as needed.

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“
Small company usually has from 5 to 200 employees
which are flexible people to take on different roles. So
they need people who have a good sense of
responsibility, who feel they have overall view of
things and can dig deep as needed.

Công ty quy mô nhỏ thường có từ 5 đến 200 nhân viên, là

những người làm việc linh động có thể đảm nhận nhiều
vai trò khác nhau. Vì thế công ty cần những người có khả
năng kiêm nhiệm tốt, có sự bao quát và khi cần thiết có
thể suy nghĩ thấu đáo một cách nhanh chóng.
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Sole Proprietorship
Sole trader /səʊl prə'praɪətəʃɪp /
● Owned by one person
● No legal or financial distinction between business and
business owners

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“ Sole Proprietorship is the simplest
type of business which means self-
employed (this type of business
accounts for two-thirds of businesses
in the US ), so it is easy to establish
for those who have capital and
business mindset.

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“ Sole Proprietorship is the simplest type of business
which means self-employed (this type of business
accounts for two-thirds of businesses in the US ), so it
is easy to establish for those who have capital and
business mindset

Cá nhân tự kinh doanh là hình thức kinh doanh đơn giản

nhất, do tự mình làm chủ (tại Mỹ loại hình này chiếm tới
2/3 số đơn vị kinh doanh), loại hình này rất dễ thành lập,
chỉ cần có vốn và có đầu óc kinh doanh là đăng ký được
doanh nghiệp tư nhân.
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Partnership /'pɑːtnəʃɪp/

● Business, financial and legal responsibilities

are equally divided
● Two or more partners contribute the capital

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“ In most countries, partnerships
are established from
cooperation contract between
a

individuals, who are in a spirit of

cooperation, agreeing to
establish a business, contributing
with property, knowledge and
experiences and sharing profits.
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“
In most countries, partnerships are established from a
cooperation contract between individuals, who are in a
spirit of cooperation, agreeing to establish a business,
contributing with property, knowledge and experiences
and sharing profits.

Tại hầu hết các nước, tổ chức hợp danh được tạo nên từ
một hợp đồng hợp tác giữa các cá nhân, những người với
tinh thần hợp tác, đồng ý thành lập nên một tổ chức kinh
doanh, đóng góp bằng tài sản, kinh nghiệm, điều hành hoạt
động và cùng chia sẻ lợi nhuận.
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Limited liability
company /ˌlɪmɪtɪd laɪəˈbɪləti ˈkʌmpəni/

● Mixture of partnership and corporation

● No personal property at risk
● Under some regulation but less than public listed company

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“ Forming your business as a limited
liability company helps to protect you
against lawsuits, significantly cuts down
on paperwork compared to corporations
and other legal entity types, prevents
your company from being taxed twice,
and helps to present your business as
more credible.

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“
Forming your business as a limited liability company helps to
protect you against lawsuits, significantly cuts down on paperwork
compared to corporations and other legal entity types, prevents
your company from being taxed twice, and helps to present your
business as more credible.
Thành lập doanh nghiệp dưới dạng công ty trách nhiệm
hữu hạn giúp bảo vệ bạn trước các vụ kiện tụng đồng thời
cắt giảm đáng kể thủ tục giấy tờ so với các loại hình doanh
nghiệp khác, và đặc biệt ngăn công ty của bạn bị đánh thuế
hai lần và giúp doanh nghiệp của bạn đáng tin cậy hơn.

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Public listed
company /ˈpʌblɪk lɪstid ˈkʌmpəni/

● issued securities through an initial public offering (IPO)

● public business activities

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“ Public companies are joint-stock
companies that have issued securities to
the public. After issuing securities to the
public, organizations become public
companies (with registration). Public
companies are obliged to disclose
information about their activities in
accordance with law.

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“
Public companies are joint-stock companies that have issued
securities to the public. After issuing securities to the public,
organizations become public companies (with registration). Public
companies are obliged to disclose information about their activities
in accordance with law.

Công ty đại chúng là công ty cổ phần đã phát hành chứng khoán ra

công chúng. Sau khi phát hành chứng khoán ra công chúng, tổ chức
phát hành trở thành công ty đại chúng (có đăng ký). Công ty đại chúng
có nghĩa vụ phải công khai thông tin về hoạt động của mình theo quy
định của pháp luật.

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Not for profit
organization
● Earnings pay expenses of company
● Can apply for “tax exempt” status

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What kind of business is BEST described by
these statements?
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• I am the only owner of my business.
• I take all the risks of doing business.
• I keep all the profits.

A. Proprietorship B. Corporation
C. Partnership D. Cooperative

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In a corporation, owners share profit, but
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liability is limited to ……………

A. investment B. distribution
C. theft D. production

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 3
Which is NOT a basic type of business ownership?

A. Proprietorship B. Corporation
C. Partnership D. Retail

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Which of the following would generally
have unlimited liability?
4
A. A limited partner in a partnership.
B. A shareholder in a corporation.
C. The owner of a sole proprietorship.
D. A member in a limited liability company (LLC).

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Listening practice
5

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Fill in the blank 6
Corporation: A business corporation is a for-profit,
limited liability entity that has a separate legal
…………………..
personality from its members. A corporation is
shareholders and is overseen
owned by multiple ……………….
by a board of directors, which hires the business's
managerial staff.

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 Fill in the blank

Partnership: A partnership is a form of business in which

7
two or more people operate for the common goal of
making profit Each partner has total and unlimited
………………….
personal liability of the debts incurred by the
……………………..
partnership. There are three typical classifications of
partnerships: general partnerships, limited partnerships,
and limited liability partnerships.
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Fill in the blank 8
Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a
owned by one person. The owner may
business ………….
employ others.
operate on his or her own or may …………
The owner of the business has total and unlimited
debts incurred by the
personal liability of the ……….
business.

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Fill in the blank
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traded within the
Public companies are publicly ……….
open market, and a variety of investors buy the
shares . Most public companies were once private
………..
companies that, after meeting all regulatory
requirements, opted to become public to raise
capital .
………..

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 Please contact us for more info!

THANK 09 43 42 8998
YOU! edu@vietsourcing.com

Vietsourcing Training Center

1
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English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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 Lesson 2:
Financial Reporting
and user of Financial
Statement

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 New
words
3
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1 /faɪˈnænʃl rɪˈpɔːtɪŋ/

Financial
Reporting
Financial reporting is the financial results
of an organization that are released
to the public

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 “
FR encompasses:
￮ Financial statement, which include
the income statement, balance
sheet and statement of cash flow
￮ Accompanying disclosures

”
￮ Annual report issued to shareholders

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 FR encompasses:
￮ Financial statement, which include
the income statement, balance sheet
and statement of cash flow

“
￮ Accompanying disclosures
￮ Annual report issued to shareholders
Báo cáo tài chính tổng hợp thường bao gồm:
￮ Bản báo cáo tài chính định kỳ bao gốm: Báo
cáo Kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh, Bảng cân
đối kế toán và báo cáo lưu chuyển tiền tệ
￮ Các thuyết minh chi tiết về các chính sách kế
toán, phương pháp lập và các thông tin bổ
sung trong báo cáo tài chính
￮ Báo cáo hàng năm doanh nghiệp phát hành
cho cổ đông bao gồm nhiều nội dung bên
cạnh tình hình tài chính 6
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2
/faɪˈnænʃl ˈsteɪtmənt/

Financial
statement
Financial statements are written records
that convey the business activities and the
financial performance of a company

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3
/ˈæset/

Asset
Asset is a resource controlled by the entity
as a result of past events and from which
future economic benefits are expected to
flow to the entity

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4
/ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/

Liability
the amount of money that a person or
company owes

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5
/dɪsˈkləʊʒə(r)/

Equity
Equity is the value attributable to the
owners of a business
 Asset = Liability + Equity
Accounting equation helps you keep track
of all your assets, liabilities and equity. 11
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6
Statement of
financial position
Balance sheet
reports on a company’s assets, liabilities,
and owners’ equity at a given point in time,
usually the end of a fiscal quarter or year.

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 Balance sheet lists the resources,

“ obligations, and ownership details

of a company on a specific day. In
other words, this like a snapshot of
what the company looked like at a

”
certain time in history.

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 Balance sheet lists the resources, obligations,
and ownership details of a company on a

“
specific day. In other words, this like a
snapshot of what the company looked like at a
certain time in history.

Bảng cân đối kế toán báo cáo chi tiết các tài sản,
nghĩa vụ nợ và vốn chủ sở hữu của một công ty tại
một ngày cụ thể. Nói cách khác, bảng báo cáo như
một bức ảnh chụp nhanh tình hình công ty tại một

”
thời điểm nhất định trong quá khứ.

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7
Statement of
profit and loss
Income statement
reports on a company’s income, expenses,
and profits over a period of time, such as a
fiscal quarter or year.

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 Profit & loss statements are all

“
organized the same way,
regardless of industry. All
companies need to generate
revenue to stay in business.
Revenues are used to pay
expenses, interest payments
on debt, and taxes owed to
the government.

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” 16
 Profit & loss statements are all organized the

“
same way, regardless of industry. All
companies need to generate revenue to stay
in business. Revenues are used to pay
expenses, interest payments on debt, and
taxes owed to the government.

Báo cáo KQHĐKD đều có cấu trúc giống nhau

bất kể ngành nghề. Các công ty luôn cần tạo ra
doanh thu để duy trì các hoạt động kinh doanh
hiện tại. Doanh thu khi đó được sử dụng để
thanh toán các khoản chi phí, trả lãi vay và nộp

”
thuế cho nhà nước.

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8
Statement of
changes in equity
Statement of Retained Earnings a
reconciliation of the beginning and ending
balances in a company’s equity during a
reporting period

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 Statement of changes in equity

“ helps users of financial statement

to identify the factors that cause a
change in the owners' equity over
the accounting periods. The
statement starts with the beginning
equity balance, and then adds or
subtracts such items as profits and
dividend payments to arrive at the

”
ending balance.

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 Statement of changes in equity helps users of
financial statement to identify the factors that
cause a change in the owners' equity over the

“
accounting periods. The statement starts with the
beginning equity balance, and then adds or
subtracts such items as profits and dividend
payments to arrive at the ending balance.

Báo cáo tình hình thay đổi vốn chủ giúp cho
nhà đầu tư xác định các nhân tố gây nên biến
động của vốn đầu tư qua một kỳ kế toán. Bảng
báo cáo bắt đầu bằng số dư đầu kì, sau đó
cộng hoặc trừ các khoản lợi nhuận và cổ tức

”
để có được số dư cuối kỳ.

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9
Statement of
cash flow
Reports on a company’s cash flow
activities, including its operating, investing,
and financing activities. These are typically
referred to as sources and uses of cash.

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 The Statement of Cash Flows is one

“ of the three key financial statements

that measures how well a company
manages its cash position. The
statement of cash flows acts as a
bridge between the income
statement and balance sheet by
showing how money moved in and

”
out of the business.

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 The Statement of Cash Flows is one of the
three key financial statements that
measures how well a company manages

“
its cash position. The statement of cash
flows acts as a bridge between the income
statement and balance sheet by showing
how money moved in and out of the
business.
Báo cáo lưu chuyển tiền tệ được coi là một trong ba
báo cáo trọng yếu của một doanh nghiệp khi có thể
chỉ ra tình hình sinh lời và chi tiêu tiền mặt tại doanh
nghiệp đó. Đồng thời, báo cáo lưu chuyển tiền tệ đóng
vai trò là cầu nối giữa báo cáo KQHĐKD và bảng cân
đối kế toán bằng cách cho thấy cách thức dòng tiền
thu được và chi ra trong doanh nghiệp.
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10
/ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r)/

Stakeholder
Any group or individual who can affect or is
affected by the achievement of the organization's
objectives

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11
/ɪnˈvestə(r)/

Investor
a person or an organization that invests money in
something

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 Finding an investor for

“ your start-up in a friend or

family member isn't a hard
sell because they already
believe in you and are
passionate about helping
you succeed.

” 26
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 Finding an investor for your start-up in
a friend or family member isn't a hard

“
sell because they already believe in
you and are passionate about helping
you succeed.

Khi bạn bắt đầu kinh doanh và cần tìm người đầu
tư thì dễ dạng nhất là tìm trong số những người
quen của mình ví dụ như một người bạn hoặc
một thành viên gia đình vì họ vốn dĩ đã có sự tin
tưởng nhất định và luôn mong muốn bạn sẽ

”
thành công.

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12
/dəˈrektə(r)/

Director
a person who is in charge of a particular
activity or department in a company, a
college, etc.

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13
/ˈkredɪtə(r)/

Creditor
a person, company, etc. that somebody
owes money to

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14
/ˈdetə(r)/

Debtor
a person, a country or an organization that
owes money

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 Assume that a company

“
borrows money from its
bank. The company is the
debtor and the bank is the
creditor. If a manufacturer
sells goods to a retailer with
terms of net 30 days, the
manufacturer is the creditor
and retailer is the debtor.

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” 31
 Assume that a company borrows money
from its bank. The company is the debtor

“
and the bank is the creditor. If a
manufacturer sells goods to a retailer with
terms of net 30 days, the manufacturer is
the creditor and retailer is the debtor.

Giả sử rằng một công ty vay tiền từ ngân hàng.

Công ty lúc này được coi là con nợ và ngân hàng
sẽ là chủ nợ. Tương tự, nếu một nhà sản xuất
bán hàng hóa cho một cửa hàng bán lẻ với thời
hạn thanh toán trong vòng 30 ngày, thì nhà sản
xuất là chủ nợ và cửa hàng đó sẽ là con nợ.

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15
/ɪmˈplɔɪiː/

Employee
a person who is paid to work for
somebody

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16
/dɪsˈkləʊʒə(r)/

Disclosure
the act of making something known or
public that was previously secret or private

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 Financial reporting is the

“ disclosure of financial results

and related information to
management and external
stakeholders (e.g., investors,
customers, regulators) about
how a company is performing
over a specific period of time.

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” 35
 Financial reporting is the disclosure of
financial results and related information to

“
management and external stakeholders (e.g.,
investors, customers, regulators) about how a
company is performing over a specific period
of time.

Báo cáo tài chính nói cách khác là một bản

thuyết minh các kết quả tài chính và các thông tin
đến nhà quản lý và các bên liên quan ( nhà đầu
tư, khách hàng, chủ nợ) về cách thức công ty

”
hoạt động trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định.

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 Activity
Application of new words

37
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 Fill in the blanks
￮ An amount of money that a person, a company,
a country…. owes is a ______

￮ Summary of the changes in the retained

earnings of a corporation during a specific
period is ___________________________

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 Fill in the blanks
￮ Resources owned by a business call_______

￮ Reports the assets and liabilities to those

assets at a specific point in time is a
_________________

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 Fill in the blanks
￮ Amount of cash available to a business at any
given time is the statement of __________

￮ A financial statement that reports a company's

revenues and expenses and resulting net
income or net loss for a specific period of time
is the ___________________________

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 Fill in the blanks
￮ The act of releasing all relevant company
information that may influence an investment
decision is __________

￮ the difference between the value of the assets

and the value of the liabilities of something
owned is ________

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 Multiple choices
Debts payable to outsiders, called
"creditors“, "outsider claims“.
A. Materiality
B. Fixed asset
C. Liabilities
D. Net income
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 Multiple choices
What is accounting equation
A. Asset + Liability = Equity
B. Asset = Liability + Equity
C. Asset = Cash + Equity
D. Cash = Asset - Liability

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 Multiple choices
Stakeholders include the following:
A. Investors
B. Creditors
C. Employees
D. All of them

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 Multiple choices
The balance sheet heading will specify a
_______
A. Point of time
B. Point in time
C. Historical time
D. Day in future
45
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 Please contact us for more info!

THANK 09 43 42 8998
YOU! edu@vietsourcing.com

Vietsourcing Training Center

1
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English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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 Lesson 3
Source document in
accounting
 Source Document
/sɔːs ˈdɒkjumənt/
An original record which contains the detail that
supports or substantiates a transaction that will be
(or has been) entered in an accounting system.
3
 “
A source document does not have to be
a paper document. It can also be
electronic, such as an electronic record
of the hours worked by an employee, as
entered into a company's timekeeping
system through a smartphone.

4
A source document does not have to be a paper document.
It can also be electronic, such as an electronic record of the
hours worked by an employee, as entered into a company's
timekeeping system through a smartphone.

Chứng từ không nhất thiết phải là tài liệu bằng giấy mà có thể
là chứng từ điện tử. Ví dụ như hồ sơ điện tử ghi lại số giờ làm
việc của một nhân viên từ hệ thống chấm công của công ty
thông qua điện thoại.
 Quote
/kwəʊt/
A document sent to a potential customer offering
to sell goods or services at a certain price, under
specified conditions.
6
 “
A quotation is used to let a
potential customer know the cost
of goods or services before they
decide to purchase them. When a
seller sends a quotation, it commits
them to a certain price.

7
 A quotation is used to let a potential customer know the
cost of goods or services before they decide to purchase
them. When a seller sends a quotation, it commits them to a
certain price.

Bảng báo giá được sử dụng để cung cấp cho khách hàng biết
giá cả của hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ trước khi họ quyết định mua.
Khi một người bán gửi báo giá nghĩa là họ đã cam kết bán
hàng hóa tại một mức giá nhất định.
 Bank statement
/bæŋk ˈsteɪtmənt/
A report issued by a bank to its depositor
document the account balance and activity
during the period.
9
 “
Bank statement includes an account
summary, transaction details and
instructions for reporting any
inaccuracies. It can help you track
finances, catch account mistakes and
understand your spending habits on a
regular basis.

10
Bank statement includes an account summary, transaction
details and instructions for reporting any inaccuracies. It
can help you track finances, catch account mistakes and
understand your spending habits on a regular basis.

Bảng sao kê ngân hàng là bảng tổng hợp các giao dịch của
một tài khoản, giúp cho chủ tài khoản kiểm tra các sai sót,
nguồn tài chính, đồng thời hiểu được xu hướng chi tiêu trong
một khoảng thời gian đều đặn.
 Good Receive Note
/bæŋk ˈsteɪtmənt/
A record prepared by the buyer to show that
goods have been received from the seller.

12
 “
The goods received note will
typically show particulars of the
goods received, the parties to
the transaction, the date, and
quantity of products received.

13
 The goods received note will typically show particulars of
the goods received, the parties to the transaction, the date,
and quantity of products received.

Phiếu nhập kho thông thường sẽ thể hiện thông tin chi tiết của
các mặt hàng nhận được với xác nhận của các bên tham gia
giao dịch, ngày và số lượng hàng hóa nhập kho.
 Cheques
/tʃek/
A special bank note that represents the cash that
is being paid by the customer.

15
 Receipt
/rɪˈsiːt/
A piece of paper that shows that goods or
services have been paid for.

16
 “
Once the customer has paid their
bill, the supplier can issue a
receipt. A receipt is proof that the
payment has been made, which is
a good idea when paying cash.

17
Once the customer has paid their bill, the supplier can issue
a receipt. A receipt is proof that the payment has been
made, which is a good idea when paying cash.

Sau khi khách hàng thanh toán cho hàng hóa, dịch vụ, người
bán hàng xuất phiếu thu như là một bằng chứng cho việc hoàn
tất thanh toán, nhất là đối với thanh toán tiền mặt.
 Purchase Order
/ˈpɜːtʃəs ˈɔːdə(r)/
an official document issued by a buyer committing to
pay the seller for the sale of specific products or
services to be delivered in the future.
19
 Sales Order
/seɪls ˈɔːdə(r)/
A confirmation document created by the seller for a
customer before delivering the goods or services.

20
 Remittance Advice
/rɪˈmɪtns ədˈvaɪs/
A statement that accompanies a payment to a
supplier, detailing what was paid.

21
 “
The supplier uses the information on a
remittance advice to flag outstanding
receivables in its accounting system as
having been paid. A remittance advice
is frequently printed as an attachment
to a check payment.

22
 The supplier uses the information on a remittance advice to
flag outstanding receivables in its accounting system as
having been paid. A remittance advice is frequently printed
as an attachment to a check payment.

Nhà cung cấp thường sử dụng thông tin trên giấy báo chuyển tiền
để tất toán các khoản phải thu trên hệ thống kế toán. Giấy báo
chuyển tiền thường được định kèm với Séc thanh toán.
 Invoice
/ˈɪnvɔɪs/
A document submitted to a customer, identifying
a transaction for which the customer owes
payment to the issuer.
24
 “
If goods or services were purchased on
credit, the invoice usually specifies the
terms of the deal and provides
information on the available methods of
payment. Types of invoices may include a
receipt, a bill of sale, debit note, or sales
invoice.

25
 If goods or services were purchased on credit, the invoice
usually specifies the terms of the deal and provides
information on the available methods of payment

Khi hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ bán hàng và thu tiền sau, hóa đơn sẽ
thể hiện rõ thời hạn thanh toán và các phương thức thanh toán
trên đó
 Credit Note
/ˈkredɪt nəʊt/
A form or letter sent by a seller to a buyer,
stating that a certain amount has been credited
to the buyer's account.
27
 “
A credit note is issued in various
situations to correct a mistake, such as
when an invoice amount is overstated,
correct discount rate is not applied,
goods spoil within guaranty period, or
they do not meet the buyer's
specifications and are returned.

28
 A credit note is issued in various situations to correct a
mistake, such as when an invoice amount is overstated,
correct discount rate is not applied, goods do not meet the
buyer's specifications and are returned.

Hóa đơn điều chỉnh giảm do người bán phát hành được sử dụng
trong rất nhiều trường hợp khi phát sinh các lỗi sai: ví dự số tiền
thanh toán trên hóa đơn bị ghi quá do không ghi nhận mức chiết
khấu, hàng hóa không đạt yêu cầu của người mua và bị trả lại.
 Debit Note
/ˈdebɪt nəʊt/
a document sent by a customer to a supplier in
respect of goods returned or an overpayment made.
It is a formal request for the supplier to issue a
credit note
30
 Delivery Note
/dɪˈlɪvəri nəʊt/
A document accompanying a shipment of goods
that lists the description, and quantity of the
goods delivered.
31
 Delivery note also describes whether any goods in the
original order are not enclosed - thereby providing an
overview of what the recipient has ordered and what has
been sent in that particular delivery.

Phiếu giao hàng sẽ nêu rõ liệu có hàng hóa nào trong đơn đặt
hàng ban đầu không được vận chuyển hay không – cung cấp
thông tin bao quát về những gì người mua đã đặt và những gì đã
được vận chuyển trong lần giao hàng này.
ACTIVITIES
Bring the words into practice

33
In accounting, pieces of paper that prove that a
transaction occurred are called _____.

A. Ledgers C. Journals

B. Source D. Balance Sheets

Document

34
Credit notes are issued when _______

A. The seller delivers goods to the purchaser

B. Goods are returned to the seller by the purchaser

C. There is not enough money in the bank

35
Accounting source documents are commonly
called:

A. The books

B. The Money

C. The Paperwork

36
The document issued with a sale is ________

A. Recorded by the seller as a purchase invoice

B. Recorded by the seller as a check

C. Recorded by the seller as a sales invoice

37
Match the words with the definitions
Let’s review all the new words
Goods received note The document that is completed by the customer and sent to the
(GRN) supplier showing what they would like to order.
Quotation A document to show a reduction in the amount owing to a supplier
due to faulty or damaged goods being supplied
Statement A document that shows how much an item or items will cost

Credit note Sent to a customer to remind them how much they owe the supplier,
usually at the end of the month
Invoice Sent by the customer to the supplier to show that payment of their
account has been made
Purchase order This is an internal document that the customer would complete as
an extra check that everything has been received that was ordered.
Remittance advice This document accompanies the goods that are delivered and is
signed by the customer when delivered. It can also be used by the
supplier to check that the correct goods are being sent
Delivery note Shows the customer how they much they owe the supplier for goods
purchased on credit
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 Purchase order The document that is completed by the customer and sent to the
supplier showing what they would like to order.
Credit note A document to show a reduction in the amount owing to a supplier
due to faulty or damaged goods being supplied
Quotation A document that shows how much an item or items will cost

Statement Sent to a customer to remind them how much they owe the supplier,
usually at the end of the month
Remittance advice Sent by the customer to the supplier to show that payment of their
account has been made
Goods received note This is an internal document that the customer would complete as
(GRN) an extra check that everything has been received that was ordered.
Delivery note This document accompanies the goods that are delivered and is
signed by the customer when delivered. It can also be used by the
supplier to check that the correct goods are being sent
Invoice Shows the customer how they much they owe the supplier for goods
purchased on credit
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41
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Lesson 4: Ledger

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 3

Nominal Ledger
/ˈnɒmɪnl ˈledʒə(r)/
Also known as the general ledger, is the main accounting
record for a company’s financial transactions.

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 4

“
Nominal Ledger is composed of a chart of accounts
which are categorized as assets, liabilities, equity,
revenue and expenses. For example, the ledger
keeps track of accounts that reflect the value of
purchased materials and services from each
supplier, payments to suppliers and their
outstanding debts.

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 5

Nominal Ledger is
composed of a chart of
accounts which are
Sổ cái thông thờng bao gồm các tài khoản
categorized as assets, tài sản, nợ, nguồn vốn, doanh thu cũng
liabilities, equity, như các chi phí của một doanh nghiệp. Ví
revenue and expenses. dụ sổ cái theo dõi các tài khoản giúp ta
For example, the ledger xem được giá trị nguyên vật liệu và dịch
keeps track of accounts vụ mua từ mỗi nhà cung ứng, các khoản
that reflect the value of thanh toán và số dư công nợ tương
purchased materials
ứng.
and services from each
supplier, payments to
suppliers and their
outstanding debts.

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 6

Inventory Account
/ˈɪnvəntri əˈkaʊnt/
An asset account that is intended to be sold in the ordinary
course of business.

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 7

“
Inventory is the link between the
production and sale of products,
accounting for a large proportion in short-
term assets, therefore plays a very
important role in the production and
business of enterprises.

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 8

Inventory is the link Hàng tồn kho là sự liên kết giữa việc
between the production
sản xuất và bán sản phẩm, giá trị
and sale of products,
accounting for a large hàng tồn kho chiếm tỉ trọng lớn trong
proportion in short-term tài sản ngắn hạn nên có vai trò rất
assets, therefore plays a quan trọng trong việc sản xuất kinh
very important role in doanh của doanh nghiệp.
the production and
business of enterprises.

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 9

Income Account
/ˈɪnkʌm əˈkaʊnt/
Accounts that record the earnings a company receives from
selling services and goods to customers and returns on any
investments.

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 Expense account
/ɪkˈspens əˈkaʊnt/
Accounts that record the costs of running the business
for the period.

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 11

“
Expenses are decreases in assets or
increases in liabilities that result in
decreases in equity, other than those
relating to distributions to holders of
equity claims.

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 12

Expenses are
Chi phí làm giảm tài sản hoặc
decreases in assets
or increases in tăng nợ phải trả dẫn đến giảm
liabilities that result vốn chủ sở hữu mà không phải
in decreases in là những khoản liên quan đến
equity, other than việc phân phối lợi nhuận cho
those relating to
chủ sở hữu.
distributions to
holders of equity
claims.

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 13

Control Account
/kənˈtrəʊl əˈkaʊnt/
A general ledger account that summarizes and combines all of
the subsidiary accounts for a specific type.

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 14

“
Control account is a summary
account that equals the sum of
the subsidiary account and is
usually used to record account
receivables and account payables

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 15

Control account is a
summary account Tài khoản kiểm soát là tài
that equals the sum khoản lưu giữ tổng số dư của
of the subsidiary các tài khoản con cùng loại. Tài
account and is khoản kiểm soát được chủ yếu
usually used to dùng cho các khoản nợ phải thu
record account
receivables and và nợ phải trả.
account payables

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 16

Wage and Salary Account

/weɪdʒ ənd ˈsæləri əˈkaʊnt/
Accounts that record the amounts earned by employees
during the accounting period.

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Telephone expense account
/ˈtelɪfəʊn ɪkˈspens əˈkaʊnt/
Accounts that record the cost associated with all land
lines, fax lines, and cell phones during a usage period.

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 18

Sales Ledger
/seɪls ˈledʒə(r)/
a detailed itemization of sales made, presented in date
sequence.

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 19

Purchase Ledger
/ˈpɜːtʃəs ˈledʒə(r)/
a detailed itemization of purchases made, presented in date
sequence.

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 20

“
A typical transaction entered into the
purchase ledger will record an account
payable, followed at a later date by a
payment transaction that eliminates
the account payable.

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 21

A typical transaction Khi một giao dịch được hạch toán

entered into the vào sổ cái mua hàng thì sẽ được ghi
purchase ledger will nhận tương ứng với tài khoản phải
record an account trả, tài khoản phải trả này được cập
payable, followed at nhật sau mỗi giao dịch thanh toán
a later date by a
cho nhà cung cấp và làm giảm số
payment transaction
that eliminates the
tiền nợ họ.
account payable.

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 Revenue account
/kæʃ əˈkaʊnt/
The account showing the inflow of money from sale of
goods or services over an accounting period.

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 23

“
There are many different kinds of
revenue accounts, but they all
represent the same basic concepts: a
company receives cash or a claim to
cash for the sale or use of its assets.

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 24

There are many Có nhiều loại tài khoản doanh

different kinds of
thu khác nhau, nhưng tất cả đều
revenue accounts, but
they all represent the thể hiện một khái niệm cơ bản là
same basic concept: a công ty thu được tiền hoặc có
company receives quyền thu được tiền sau khi bán
cash or a claim to hoặc cho người khác sử dụng
cash for the sale or
các tài sản của mình.
use of its assets.

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 25

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 26

Activities
Bring the new word into practice!

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 27

Crossword
1. a regular amount of money that you earn,
usually every week/month for work or
services
2. the earnings a company receives from
selling services and goods to customers
and returns on any investments.
3. the act or process of buying something
4. the power to make decisions about how
an organization runs
5. the inflow of money from sale of goods
or services over an accounting period.
6. all the goods intend to be sold
7. a person, company, etc. that somebody
owes money to

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 28

Which one of the following is known as the king of all books of

accounts? _____________

The left hand side of a ledger account is known as: _______

A collection or group of all accounts of a business enterprise is

known as:________

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09 43 42 8998
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29
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Lesson 5
Accounting for sales
transaction

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 3

Sales
/seils/
Sales refers to the revenues
earned when a company sells
its goods, products,
services…

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 4

“From an accounting point of view, a

sale is not valid until the product has
been delivered. Fees for services
rendered are usually recorded
separately from sales of merchandise”

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 5

“From an accounting point of view, a sale is not valid

until the product has been delivered. Fees for services
rendered are usually recorded separately from sales
of merchandise”

“Trong kế toán, việc bán hàng chỉ thực sự được hoàn

tất khi sản phẩm được giao đến tay khách hàng. Các
khoản phí từ cung cấp dịch vụ thường được tách riêng
biệt với tiền hàng thu được từ bán hàng hóa”

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 6

Revenue
/ˈrevənjuː/
The income generated from
normal business operations
and includes discounts and
deductions for returned
merchandise

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 7

“Revenue is shown usually as the

top item in an income (profit and
loss) statement from which all
charges, costs, and expenses are
subtracted to arrive at net income.”

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 8

“Revenue is shown usually as the top item in an

income (profit and loss) statement from which all
charges, costs, and expenses are subtracted to arrive
at net income.”

“Doanh thu thường được trình bày ở dòng đầu tiên

trong báo cáo kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh (báo cáo
lãi/lỗ), sau đó trừ đi các loại chi phí ta sẽ có được thu
nhập ròng.”

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Sales vs Revenue
Key Differences

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#1: Meaning

Vs

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#2: Source

Vs

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#3: Indicates

Vs

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 13

Cash Sales
/kæʃ seils/
Sales in which the payment
obligation of the buyer is
settled at once

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 14

“A cash sale eliminates the need for the

seller to extend credit to a customer.
Therefore, there is no risk of a bad debt.
Sales involving direct immediate transfer to
the seller bank account or payments
through credit cards are also cash sales.”
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 15

“A cash sale eliminates the need for the seller to extend credit to
a customer. Therefore, there is no risk of a bad debt. Sales
involving direct immediate transfer to the seller bank account or
payments through credit cards are also cash sales.”

“Việc mua bán bằng tiền mặt giúp loại bỏ việc kéo dài nợ phải
thu, góp phần giảm thiểu các khoản nợ xấu. Việc chuyển khoản
trực tiếp vào tài khoản ngân hàng của người bán hoặc thanh toán
qua thẻ tín dụng ngay khi mua hàng hóa, dịch vụ cũng được coi là
mua bán thu tiền ngay.
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 16

Accounting for Cash Sales

Sales Cash

XXXX XXXX

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 17

Credit Sales
/ˈkredɪt seils/
Purchases made by
customers for which
payment is delayed.

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 18

“The use of credit sales is a key

competitive tool in some industries,
where longer payment terms can
be used to attract additional
customers.”

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 19

“The use of credit sales is a key competitive tool in

some industries, where longer payment terms can be
used to attract additional customers.”

“Bán hàng trả sau là một trong các cách cạnh tranh phổ biến đối
với một số ngành, thời hạn thanh toán càng lâu thì càng thu hút
thêm nhiều khách hàng.”

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 20

Accounting for Credit Sales

Sales Receivable

XXXX XXXX

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 21

Receivable
Ledger account
/rɪˈsiːvəbl ˈledʒə(r) əˈkaʊnt/
Account in which lists all the
customers that owe money
to the company along with
their current balances.

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 22

“The receivable ledger accounts summarize all

credit sales made by customers at the end of
a period. This individual detail of every
customer’s balance is not listed or recorded in
the general ledger.”

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 23

“The receivable ledger accounts summarize all credit sales made

by customers at the end of a period.

“Các tài khoản phải thu liệt kê tất cả tình hình công nợ của từng
khách hàng vào cuối mỗi kỳ kế toán.

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 24

Receivable
Control account
/rɪˈsiːvəbl kənˈtrəʊl əˈkaʊnt/
An account maintained in the
general ledger used to record
summary transactions relating
to accounts receivable.

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 25

“The balance on the accounts

receivable control account at any
time reflects the total amount
outstanding and due to the business
by customers for credit sales.”

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 26

“The balance on the accounts receivable control account at any

time reflects the total amount outstanding and due to the
business by customers for credit sales.”

“Tại một thời điểm bất kì, số dư của tài khoản tổng hợp phản ánh
tổng số dư nợ bằng với số dư công nợ của từng khách hàng trong
mỗi lần giao dịch cộng lại.”

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 27

Sales return
/seɪls rɪˈtɜːn/
Merchandise sent back by a
buyer to the seller

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 28

Accounting for Sales Return

Account Receivable Sales return

XXXX XXXX

The seller records this return as a debit to a Sales Returns account and
a credit to the Accounts Receivable account

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 29

Cost of Sales
/kɒst əv seɪls/
The accumulated total of all
costs used to create a product
or service, which has been sold.

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 30

“The cost of sales is a key part of the

performance metrics of a company,
since it measures the ability of an entity
to design, source, and manufacture
goods at a reasonable cost. .”

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 31

“The cost of sales is a key part of the performance metrics of a

company, since it measures the ability of an entity to design,
source, and manufacture goods at a reasonable cost.”

“Giá vốn hàng bán là một trong các số liệu đánh giá hiệu quả
quan trọng của một công ty vì nó cho phép đo lường khả năng thiết
kế, nguồn lực và sản xuất hàng hóa với chi phí hợp lý của họ.

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 32

Accounting for COGS

Inventory Cost of goods sold

XXXX XXXX

The cost of sales is also known as the cost of goods sold or COGS.

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 33

ACTIVITIES
Bring the words into practice!

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Listen to the dialogue and continue with the matching answer.

What is the account format that displays debits, credits, balances, and
headings?

It must be ______________________

T-account

Ledger account

General ledger

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Listen to the dialogue and continue with the matching answer.

What is the key difference between cash sales and credit sales?

_______________________________________

The amount of money received

Time to receive cash

The order made

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Listen to the dialogue and continue with the matching answer.

What is sales return?

___________________________________________________

Merchandise sent back by the buyer to the seller

Time to receive cash

The money earned by selling goods

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Listen to the dialogue and continue with the matching answer.

How can you record the Credit Sales transaction?

_______________________________________________

A debit to Cash account and a credit to Sales Return account

A credit to a Cash account and a debit to the Inventory account

A credit to a Sales account and a debit to the Accounts Receivable account

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Listen to the dialogue and continue with the matching answer.

In a T-account, the balance is equal to what amount?

__________________________________________

the total of all debit and credit entries

the total of all debit entries

the difference between the total of debit entries and the total of credit entries

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 39

THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
▫ edu@vietsourcing.com
▫ 09 43 42 8998

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English f or Account ing
Brief course for beginners

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 LESSON 6
ACCOUNTING FOR
PURCHASE TRANSACTION
PURCHASE
/ˈ pɜːtʃəs/
The act or process of buying
something.

3
 “
The purchasing of a product by a consumer of
the same brand name is often a measure of
loyalty to a brand by consumers and is often
taken into consideration by marketing
research professionals to evaluate a business.

4
 “
The purchasing of a product by a consumer of the same brand name is
often a measure of loyalty to a brand by consumers and is often taken
into consideration by marketing research professionals to evaluate a
business.

Thói quen mua hàng của người tiêu dùng với một thương hiệu thường
là thước đo lòng trung thành của người tiêu dùng đối với thương hiệu
đó và được các chuyên gia nghiên cứu thị trường dùng làm công cụ để
đánh giá một doanh nghiệp.

5
INVENTORY
/ˈ ɪnvəntri/
The term for the goods available
for sale and raw materials used
to produce goods available for
sale.

6
 “
Inventory represents one of the most important
assets of a business because the turnover of
inventory represents one of the primary sources
of revenue generation and subsequent earnings
for the company's shareholders.

7
 “
Inventory represents one of the most important assets of a business
because the turnover of inventory represents one of the primary sources
of revenue generation and subsequent earnings for the company's
shareholders.

Hàng tồn kho là một trong những tài sản quan trọng nhất của doanh
nghiệp vì doanh thu từ hàng tồn kho là một trong những nguồn thu
chính và mang lại lợi nhuận lâu dài cho các cổ đông của công ty.

8
SUPPLIER
/səˈ plaɪə(r)/
​A person or company that
supplies goods.

9
 “
The role of a supplier in a business is to
provide high-quality products from a
manufacturer at a good price to a distributor
or retailer for resale.

10
 “
The role of a supplier in a business is to provide high-quality
products from a manufacturer at a good price to a distributor
or retailer for resale.

Vai trò của nhà cung cấp trong hoạt động một doanh
nghiệp là cung cấp các sản phẩm chất lượng cao từ nhà sản
xuất với giá tốt qua các kênh phân phối hoặc nhà bán lẻ tới
người mua

11
Account Payable
/əˈ kaʊnt ˈ peɪəbl/
​A company's obligation to pay
off a short-term debt to its
creditors or suppliers.

12
 “
Accounts payable are debits that must be
paid off within a given period to avoid default.
For example, at the corporate level, AP refers
to short-term debt payments to suppliers.

13
 “
Accounts payable are debits that must be paid off within a
given period to avoid default. For example, at the corporate
level, AP refers to short-term debt payments to suppliers.

Các khoản phải trả là các khoản nợ cần phải được thanh toán
trong một thời hạn nhất định để tránh dẫn tới quá hạn. Trong
doanh nghiệp, các khoản phải trả thường được coi là những
khoản thanh toán ngắn hạn.

14
 Account ing f or Purchase

Account Payable Inventory/Purchase

XXXX XXXX

15
 Account ing f or Purchase Ret urn

Purchase/Inventory Account Payable

XXXX XXXX

16
PAYM ENT
/ˈ peɪmənt/
​The act of paying somebody or
something or of being paid

17
 Account ing f or Payment t o Suppliers

Account Payable Cash/Bank

XXXX XXXX

18
DISCOUNT
/ˈ dɪskaʊnt/
An amount of money that is
taken off the usual cost of
something

19
 “
A cash discount is an incentive that a seller offers to
a buyer in return for paying a bill owed before the
scheduled due date. The seller will usually reduce the
amount that the buyer owes by a small percentage
or a set dollar amount.

20
 “
A cash discount is an incentive that a seller offers to a buyer in return
for paying a bill owed before the scheduled due date. The seller will
usually reduce the amount that the buyer owes by a small percentage or
a set dollar amount.

Chiết khấu thanh toán là một chính sách ưu đãi của người bán đối với
người mua để đổi lấy việc thanh toán trước ngày đáo hạn dự kiến. Người
bán thường sẽ chiết khấu theo tỷ lệ hoặc số tiền nhất định.

21
Discount Received
/ˈ dɪskaʊnt rɪˈ siːvd/
The buyer of goods or services
is granted a discount by the
seller.

22
Set t lement discount
/ˈ setlməntˈ dɪskaʊnt/
A discount for prompt payment
of invoice by the customer.

23
 Account ing Discount Received

Cash Account Payable

90,000 100,000

Purchase : 100,000
Payment within 10 days will take a discount of 10% = 10,000
Assumption: Payment made within 10 days

24
 Account ing Discount Received

Discount Received

10,000

Purchase : 100,000
Payment within 10 days will take a discount of 10%
Assumption: Payment made within 10 days

25
Purchase Order
/ˈ pɜːtʃəsˈ ɔːdə(r)/
A written authorization from a
buyer to acquire goods or
services.

26
 “
The Purchase Order authorizes a
supplier to deliver to the buyer at
the price, quality level, delivery
date, and certain other terms
specified in the agreement.

27
 “
The Purchase Order authorizes a supplier to deliver to the
buyer at the price, quality level, delivery date, and certain
other terms specified in the agreement.

Đơn đặt hàng yêu cầu nhà cung cấp giao hàng với mức giá,
đảm bảo ngưỡng chất lượng, ngày giao hàng và một số điều
khoản khác được quy định theo thỏa thuận.

28
Order Conf irmat ion
/ˈ ɔːdə(r) ˌ kɒnfəˈ meɪʃn/
A written confirmation of an order which is
sent by the producing or service rendering
company that accepts the order placed by a
purchasing customer.

29
Act ivit ies
Bring the words into practice

30
 1.
PURCHASE ORDER
Guidelines to fill in the purchase order
COM PLETE THE FORM

32
 COM PLETE THE FORM

1. COMPANY DETAILS
These are the details of our organisation. They are
usually printed onto the purchase order form, often along
with a company logo. You do not need to complete the
company details on your form, as these details are
3. DATE OF ORDER already printed.
Always write in the current date. Assume that today is 1
July 2002. 2. PURCHASE ORDER NO
You should always write the date in the This is often printed on the document. If not, you will
format day, month (in words) and year, such as 1 July
2002. need to handwrite it in. The PO indicates that this is a
Avoid shortcuts, like 1/7/02, as these may be purchase order. It is the first form on pad eight.
misunderstood.

33
 COM PLETE THE FORM

5. VENDOR 4. SHIP TO
This is the name and address of the supplier that you are
In this section write down where the supplier should
ordering the goods from.
send the goods to.
The goods may be required at one of the branches, or at
It is important that the address is written neatly and
some other location. If this is not filled in, the goods
correctly. If this is not legible the order may not get to the
may be delivered to the wrong location and have to be
supplier.
transported again before they reach the correct
destination. This could be expensive for your company.

34
 COM PLETE THE FORM

8. QUANTITY ORDERED, PART NUMBER, 7. DELIVERY DATE

DESCRIPTION, UNIT PRICE AND TOTAL You need to tell the supplier what date the goods or
There is room for a number of separate items on this services are required by. The supplier may have to make
purchase order form. Write the details of the goods or special arrangements to get the goods to you on time. If
services you are ordering here. the supplier cannot meet the deadline they should let you
You need to include the number of items being ordered know so you can make other arrangements.
(in Qty ordered), the part number, a clear description of If the goods are required very urgently, you can indicate
the item, the price per unit, and the total price (ie Qty this by writing ASAP (as soon as possible) in this space.
ordered multiplied by Unit price).

35
 COM PLETE THE FORM

9. SHIP VIA, SHIPPING METHOD AND SHIPPING TERMS

• Ship via: Customer can choose to delivery goods by truck, train, ship or plane.
• Shipping method: Now that you have set up all of the pieces you need, it's time to put them together into
the shipping options that the customer sees when they reach checkout.
• Shipping term: Timeframe within which payment is due. Net 30 (30 days) is common.

36
 COM PLETE THE FORM

10. TOTAL AMOUNT

This is where you should add up all of the amounts in the
Total column and insert the result.
In this example, the total amount is $756.25

12. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 11. AUTHORISED BY

This section needs to be filled in if there are any special The person authorised to order the equipment will sign the

conditions or instructions that you need to give to the 'authorised by' section. This will normally be your

supplier. In this activity, there are no special supervisor.

conditions, so you don't need to write anything in this You do not need to complete the authorised by section on

section of your form. your form.

37
THANKS!
ANY QUESTIONS?
You can find us at:
▪ 0 9 43 42 8 998
▪ edu@vietsourcing.com

38
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

Vietsourcing.com
Lesson 7: Wage
Control Account

Vietsourcing.com
WAGE
/weɪdʒ/
a regular amount of money that you earn, usually
every day or week, for work or services

Vietsourcing.com
SALARY
/ˈsæləri/
money that employees receive for doing their job,
especially professional employees or people
working in an office, usually paid every month

Vietsourcing.com
Difference between wage
and salary

Vietsourcing.com
Wage vs Salary
Key Differences

Vietsourcing.com
#1: Meaning

Vs

Vietsourcing.com
#2: Skill

Vs

Vietsourcing.com
#3: Basis of payment

Vs

Vietsourcing.com
#4: Payment cycle

Vs

Vietsourcing.com
PAYROLL
/ˈpeɪrəʊl/
the total amount paid in wages by a company

Vietsourcing.com
“ From an accounting
perspective, payroll and
payroll taxes are
subject to laws and
regulations and can
considerably affect the
net income of most
companies.
Vietsourcing.com
“
From an accounting perspective,
payroll and payroll taxes are subject
to laws and regulations and can
considerably affect the net income of
most companies.

Trong kế toán, bảng lương và các

khoản thuế theo lương phải tuân
theo luật pháp và các quy định,
đồng thời được xem là khoản có sức
ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến thu nhập
ròng của các công ty.
Vietsourcing.com
PAYSLIP
/ˈpeɪslɪp/
a piece of paper given to an employee that shows
how much money they have been paid and how
much has been taken away for tax, etc.

Vietsourcing.com
“ When applying for a
student visa or traveling
abroad, you will need a
payslip to prove your
income, preventing fake
documents, so that you
are eligible to go abroad.

Vietsourcing.com
“
When applying for a student visa or
traveling abroad, you will need a
payslip to prove your income,
preventing fake documents, so that you
are eligible to go abroad.

Khi làm hồ sơ xin visa du học hay đi du lịch

nước ngoài bạn sẽ cần có bảng xác nhận
lương, đây là cách làm giấy tờ chứng minh
nguồn thu nhập, ngăn chặn làm giả hồ sơ, từ
đó bạn mới có đủ điều kiện để ra nước ngoài.

Vietsourcing.com
National Insurance
/ˌnæʃnəl ɪnˈʃʊərəns/
a system of payments that have to be made by
employers and employees to provide help for
people who are sick, old or unemployed

Vietsourcing.com
“ National Insurance
contributions are a tax on
earnings paid by employees
and employers and help to
build your entitlement to
certain state benefits, such
as the State Pension and
Maternity Allowance.

Vietsourcing.com
“
National Insurance Contributions are a tax
on earnings paid by employees and
employers and help to build your
entitlement to certain state benefits, such as
the State Pension and Maternity Allowance.

Qũy bảo hiểm quốc gia được xem là một

khoản thuế tính vào thu nhập được nộp bởi
người lao động và người sử dụng lao động,
khoản tiền này được sử dụng để đảm bảo
quyền lợi mỗi cá nhân đối với một số lợi ích
của nhà nước, chẳng hạn như các khoản Trợ
cấp Nhà nước và Trợ cấp thai sản.

Vietsourcing.com
Income Tax
/ˈɪnkʌm tæks/
the amount of money that you pay to the
government according to how much you earn

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“ Income Tax is collected by
the government. It’s used to
help provide funding for
public services such as
education and the welfare
system, as well as
investment in public
projects, such as roads, rail
and housing.

Vietsourcing.com
“
Income Tax is collected by the government.
It’s used to help provide funding for public
services such as education and the welfare
system, as well as investment in public
projects, such as roads, rail and housing.

Thuế thu nhập được thu bởi chính phủ, sử

dụng để cung cấp nguồn lực tài chính cho
các dịch vụ cộng như giáo dục và hệ thống
phúc lợi, cũng như đầu tư vào các dự án hạ
tầng như đường bộ, đường sắt và nhà ở.

Vietsourcing.com
Net Pay
/net peɪ/
the amount of pay remaining for issuance to an
employee after deductions have been taken from
the individual's gross pay.

Vietsourcing.com
ACCOUNTING FOR WAGE & SALARY

Wage and Salary Salary Expense

XXXX XXXX

record the amounts earned by employees during the accounting

period under the accrual basis of accounting

Vietsourcing.com
ACCOUNTING FOR WAGE & SALARY

Wage & Salary Control

Cash/Bank Account

XXXX XXXX

Record the amount of wage and salary that the company has to pay
to employees

Vietsourcing.com
Tax return
/ˈtæks rɪtɜːn/
an official document in which you give details of
the amount of money that you have earned so
that the government can calculate how much tax
you have to pay

Vietsourcing.com
“ Tax returns allow taxpayers
to calculate their tax liability,
schedule tax payments, or
request refunds for the
overpayment of taxes. In
most countries, tax returns
must be filed annually for an
individual or business with
reportable income

Vietsourcing.com
“
Tax returns allow taxpayers to calculate
their tax liability, schedule tax payments, or
request refunds for the overpayment of
taxes. In most countries, tax returns must
be filed annually for an individual or
business with reportable income .

Tờ khai thuế cho phép người nộp thuế tính

toán nghĩa vụ thuế của họ, lên lịch nộp thuế
hoặc yêu cầu hoàn lại tiền thuế đã nộp vượt
mức. Ở hầu hết các quốc gia, tờ khai thuế
phải được nộp hàng năm đối với cả cá nhân
lẫn doanh nghiệp.

Vietsourcing.com
Human Resources
/ˌhjuːmən rɪˈsɔːsɪz/
the department in a company that deals with
employing and training people

Vietsourcing.com
“ Human resource
management involves
developing and
administering programs
that are designed to
increase the effectiveness
of an organization or
business
Vietsourcing.com
“
Human resource management involves
developing and administering programs
that are designed to increase the
effectiveness of an organization or
business.

Quản lý nguồn nhân lực bao gồm các

vấn đề liên quan đến chương trình
phát triển và quản lý hành chính đã
được thiết kế để tăng hiệu quả của
một tổ chức hoặc doanh nghiệp.

Vietsourcing.com
ACCOUNTING FOR NATIONAL INSURANCE

Cash/Bank Insurance Payable

XXXX XXXX

Employers pay employer contributions for each employee and collect

and forward their employees' contributions.

Vietsourcing.com
ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME TAX

Cash/Bank Income Tax Payable

XXXX XXXX

recognize tax liabilities for estimated income taxes payable, and

determine the tax expense for the current period

Vietsourcing.com
Activities
Let’s review all the new words!!!!

Vietsourcing.com
MATCH THE WORDS

A small document, included with an employee's wage

WAGE or salary, giving details of money earned and tax and
insurance paid.

A fixed pay that an individual draws for the work

SALARY done by him on an annual basis.

A variable pay that an individual draws on the basis of

PAYROLL hours spent in completing the certain amount of work.

PAYSLIP The list of employees that receive compensation

from a company
Vietsourcing.com
Employment Contract

Vietsourcing.com
Instruction to employment contract

1.
Names and address of all
parties involved

Vietsourcing.com
Instruction to employment contract

2.
Duration of Contract

3.
Clearly defined job
position and role

4.
Length of job and
duration of
schedule/work hours
Vietsourcing.com
Instruction to employment contract

5.
Pay,
compensation,
& benefits

Allowances

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Instruction to employment contract

6.
Pay,
compensation, &
benefits (cont)

Vietsourcing.com
Instruction to employment contract

7.
Termination
guidelines

8.
Terms of
relationship

Vietsourcing.com
Instruction to employment contract

9.
Signatures and dates

Both your company and the new employee must accept the terms and agreements of the
employment contract to have a binding arrangement. Employment contracts can hold up
in the court of law so you absolutely must take them seriously.

Vietsourcing.com
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at
◂ 09 43 42 8998

◂ edu@vietsourcing.com

43
 English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

Vietsourcing.com Vietsourcing.com
 LESSON 8
TRIAL BALANCE

Vietsourcing.com
 Primary Book
/ˈpraɪməri bʊk/
The financial transactions are 3

summarized and recorded as per

the double entry system in a
journal.

Vietsourcing.com
 “
The information in primary
books is then summarized
and posted into a general
ledger, from which financial
statements are produced.
It’s also known as the
primary book of accounting
or the book of original entry.

Vietsourcing.com 4
 “
The information in primary books is then
summarized and posted into a general
ledger, from which financial statements
are produced. It’s also known as the
primary book of accounting or the book of
original entry.

Thông tin trong sổ sách ghi nhận ban đầu

sẽ được tổng hợp lại và ghi chép vào sổ
cái chung, từ đó tạo ra các bản báo cáo tài
chính doanh nghiệp. Cũng có thể gọi sổ
sách ghi nhận ban đầu là sổ bút toán gốc.

Vietsourcing.com 5
 Sales Day Book
/seɪls deɪ bʊk/
a manually-maintained ledger in 6

which is recorded the key detailed

information for each individual
credit sale to a customer

Vietsourcing.com
 “
The daily total of the sales
listed in the sales day book
is then transferred into the
sales ledger. Thus, the most
detailed recordation of
credit sales is the sales day
book, with only daily totals
of credit sales appearing in
the sales ledger.

Vietsourcing.com 7
 “
The daily total of the sales listed in the
sales day book is then transferred into
the sales ledger. Thus, the most detailed
recordation of credit sales is the sales
day book, with only daily totals of credit
sales appearing in the sales ledger.

Tổng doanh số hàng ngày được ghi chép

trong sổ bán hàng sau đó được chuyển vào
sổ cái bán hàng. Do đó, bản ghi chi tiết
nhất về doanh số bán chịu là sổ bán hàng,
chỉ có tổng doanh số bán chịu hàng ngày
xuất hiện trong sổ cái bán hàng..
Vietsourcing.com 8
 Purchase Day
Book
/ˈpɜːtʃəs deɪ bʊk/
9

an accounting ledger in which

purchasing transactions are recorded.

Vietsourcing.com
 “

Vietsourcing.com 10
 Cash Book
/kæʃ bʊk/
a financial journal that contains all 11

cash receipts and payments,

including bank deposits and
withdrawals.

Vietsourcing.com
 “
There are numerous reasons why
a business might record
transactions using a cash book
instead of a cash account. Daily
cash balances are easy to access
and determine. Mistakes can be
detected easily through
verification, and entries are kept
up-to-date.

Vietsourcing.com 12
 “
There are numerous reasons why a business
might record transactions using a cash book
instead of a cash account. Daily cash balances
are easy to access and determine. Mistakes
can be detected easily through verification,
and entries are kept up-to-date.

Có nhiều lý do tại sao một doanh nghiệp chọn ghi lại

các giao dịch bằng tiền vào sổ quĩ thay vì chỉ sử dụng
tài khoản tiền để theo dõi. Số dư tiền hàng ngày dễ
dàng được tra cứu và xác nhận. Những lỗi sai có thể dễ
dàng phát hiện thông qua việc xác minh vì các bút toán
được cập nhật mỗi ngày.

Vietsourcing.com 13
 Sales Return
Day Book
14

/ seɪls rɪˈtɜːn deɪ bʊk/

a book of prime entry used to record
goods returned by customers.

Vietsourcing.com
 “
When customers return goods for
some reason, a credit note is
raised, all credit notes are
recorded in the sales returns day
book. The information recorded in
this book is used to make
postings to the accounts
receivable ledger and to relevant
accounts in the general ledger.

Vietsourcing.com 15
 “
When customers return goods for some
reason, a credit note is raised, all credit notes
are recorded in the sales returns day book.
The information recorded in this book is used
to make postings to the accounts receivable
ledger and to relevant accounts in the general
ledger.

Khi khách hàng trả lại hàng hóa cho doanh nghiệp vì
một số lí do nào đó, thì hóa đơn điều chỉnh được lập ra
để gửi cho khách hàng và được lưu trữ lại trong sổ ghi
chép hàng bán bị trả lại.Thông tin được ghi trong sổ
được sử dụng để hạch toán giảm các khoản phải thu và
các tài khoản có liên quan trong sổ cái.

Vietsourcing.com 16
 Purchase Return
Day Book
17

/ ˈpɜːtʃəs rɪˈtɜːn deɪ bʊk/

a book of prime entry used to record
goods returned to suppliers.

Vietsourcing.com
 “
When a business returns goods it
has purchased on credit it
receives a credit note from the
supplier and records this in the
purchases returns day book. The
information recorded in this book
is used to make postings to the
accounts payable ledger and to
relevant accounts in the general
ledger.

Vietsourcing.com 18
 “
When a business returns goods it has
purchased on credit it receives a credit note
from the supplier and records this in the
purchases returns day book. The information
recorded in this book is used to make postings
to the accounts payable ledger and to relevant
accounts in the general ledger.

Khi doanh nghiệp trả lại hàng hóa đã mua trước đó sẽ

nhận được hóa đơn điều chỉnh từ nhà cung cấp và
phiếu này được lưu trữ trong sổ hàng mua trả lại nhà
cung cấp. Thông tin được ghi trong sổ được sử dụng để
hạch toán các khoản phải trả và các tài khoản có liên
quan trong sổ cái.

Vietsourcing.com 19
 Post to Ledger
/pəʊst tə ˈledʒə(r)/ 20

the process of transferring entries in

the journal into the accounts in the
ledger

Vietsourcing.com
 “
After journal entries are made,
the next step in the accounting
cycle is to post the journal entries
into the ledger. Posting to the
ledger is the classifying phase of
accounting. While the journal is
referred to as Books of Original
Entry, the ledger is known as
Books of Final Entry.

Vietsourcing.com 21
 “
After journal entries are made, the next step in
the accounting cycle is to post the journal
entries into the ledger. Posting to the ledger is
the classifying phase of accounting. While the
journal is referred to as Books of Original
Entry, the ledger is known as Books of Final
Entry.

Sau khi các bút toán nhật ký được ghi nhận , bước tiếp
theo trong chu trình kế toán là cập nhật các bút toán
này vào sổ cái. Trong khi sổ ban đầu được gọi là sổ bút
toán gốc, sổ cái được gọi sổ bút toán tổng kết.

Vietsourcing.com 22
 Trial Balance
/ˈtraɪəl ˈbæləns/ 23

a bookkeeping worksheet in which the

balance of all ledgers are compiled into
debit and credit account column totals
that are equal.

Vietsourcing.com
 “
A company prepares a trial
balance periodically, usually at
the end of every reporting period.
The general purpose of producing
a trial balance is to ensure the
entries in a company's
bookkeeping system are
mathematically correct.

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 “
A company prepares a trial balance
periodically, usually at the end of every
reporting period. The general purpose of
producing a trial balance is to ensure the
entries in a company's bookkeeping system
are mathematically correct.

Mỗi doanh nghiệp thường chuẩn bị bảng cân đối thử

định kỳ, thông thường là vào cuối mỗi kỳ báo cáo. Mục
đích chung của việc tạo ra bảng cân đối thử là để đảm
bảo các bút toán trong hệ thống sổ sách kế toán của
công ty là chính xác về mặt tính toán.

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 IMBALANCE
/ɪmˈbæləns/
26
a situation in which two or more things
are not the same size or are not treated
the same, in a way that is unfair or
causes problems

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 TRIAL BALANCE IS 27

IMBALANCE

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 Suspense
Account
/səˈspens əˈkaʊnt/
28

an account used to temporarily store

transactions for which there is
uncertainty about where they should be
recorded

Vietsourcing.com
 “
Once the accounting staff
investigates and clarifies the
purpose of this type of
transaction, it shifts the
transaction out of the suspense
account and into the correct
account(s). An entry into a
suspense account may be a debit
or a credit.

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 “
Once the accounting staff investigates and
clarifies the purpose of this type of
transaction, it shifts the transaction out of the
suspense account and into the correct
account(s). An entry into a suspense account
may be a debit or a credit.

Sau khi nhân viên kế toán kiếm tra và chỉnh sửa giao
dịch chưa chắc chắn, chúng sẽ được loại ra khỏi tài
khoản tạm thời và ghi nhận vào (các) tài khoản chính
xác khác. Bút toán trong tài khoản tạm thời ghi có thể
là nợ hoặc có.

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 ERROR
/ˈerə(r)/ 31

a mistake, especially one that causes

problems or affects the result of
something

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 Correction of
Error
32

/kəˈrekʃn əv ˈerə(r)/
normal accounting tasks and are
carried out using the double entry
system

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 “
In accounting, errors are not
corrected using erasers or
correction fluids but rather by
making other accounting entries
that would set off those errors
and at the same time show a
correct financial state of the
business.

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 “
In accounting, errors are not corrected using
erasers or correction fluids but rather by
making other accounting entries that would
set off those errors and at the same time show
a correct financial state of the business.

Trong kế toán, các lỗi không được sửa chữa bằng cách
xóa bỏ hoặc tẩy xóa mà thay vào đó là thực hiện các
bút toán kế toán khác bù trừ với các lỗi đó, đồng thời
cho thể hiện tình trạng chính xác về tài chính của
doanh nghiệp.

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 Transposition
Error
/ˌtrænspəˈzɪʃn ˈerə(r)/
35

a simple error of data entry that occurs when

two digits that are either individual or part of a
larger sequence of numbers are accidentally
reversed (transposed) when posting a
transaction

Vietsourcing.com
 “
In accounting, it is most common
when data is being entered
manually and referenced from
another source. This could
include instances where
information from an invoice
received by accounts payable is
entered into the balance sheet
inaccurately.

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 “
In accounting, it is most common when data is
being entered manually and referenced from
another source. This could include instances
where information from an invoice received by
accounts payable is entered into the balance
sheet inaccurately.

Trong kế toán, lỗi sai phổ biến nhất là khi dữ liệu được
nhập thủ công và lấy tham chiếu từ một nguồn khác.
Điều này có thể bao gồm các trường hợp khi thông tin
từ hóa đơn của các tài khoản phải trả được nhập vào
bảng cân đối không chính xác.

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 Extended
Trial Balance
38

/ɪkˈstendɪd ˈtraɪəl ˈbæləns /

a standard trial balance to which are
added columns extending to the right

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 “
The extended trial balance is
extremely useful for creating a
visual representation of where
each of the accounts in the
standard trial balance goes in the
financial statements, which yields
revenues, expenses, and profits
for the reporting period, as well as
asset, liability, and equity totals
as of the end of the reporting
period.

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 “
The extended trial balance is extremely useful for
creating a visual representation of where each of the
accounts in the standard trial balance goes in the
financial statements, which yields revenues,
expenses, and profits for the reporting period, as well
as asset, liability, and equity totals as of the end of
the reporting period.

Bảng cân đối mở rộng giúp ích trong việc tạo lập hình
ảnh trực quan về các tài khoản từ bảng cân đối thử để
lập báo cáo tài chính, cho biết doanh thu, chi phí và lợi
nhuận của kỳ báo cáo, cũng như tài sản, công nợ phải
trả và tổng vốn chủ sở hữu ở cuối kì.

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 ACTIVITIES
Practice the new words!

Vietsourcing.com
 CORRECTION OF ERRORS
▹ Step 1: Identify the __________ and state the entries
that should have been made.

▹ Step 2: State the entries actually made

▹ Step 3: State the entries to be made to _______ wrong 42

entries

▹ Step 4: State the entries to complete ________ entries

▹ Step 5: Complete double entry through __________

account, if needed

▹ Step 6: Combine entries in steps 3, 4 and 5

Vietsourcing.com
 THANKS!
Any questions?
43

You can find me at:

09 43 42 8998
edu@vietsourcing.com

Vietsourcing.com
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

Vietsourcing.com
LESSON 9
BANK
RECONCILIATION
Cash Book
/kæʃ bʊk/
a financial journal that contains all
cash receipts and disbursements,
including bank deposits and
withdrawals.
“
Entries in the cash book are then posted into the
general ledger. A cash book is set up as a
subsidiary to the general ledger in which all
cash transactions made during

an accounting period are

recorded in chronological order.

“
Entries in the cash book are then posted into the general ledger.
A cash book is set up as a subsidiary to the general ledger in
which all cash transactions made during an accounting period
are recorded in chronological order.

Các bút toán trong sổ kế toán tiền

thông thường được hạch toán lại vào
sổ cái. Sổ được thiết lập như một
phần phụ của sổ cái, trong đó tất cả
các giao dịch bằng tiền được thực
hiện trong một kỳ kế toán đều được
ghi nhận theo trình tự thời gian.
Bank Statement
/bæŋk ˈsteɪtmənt/
A record, typically sent to the account
holder every month, summarizing all
the transactions in an account
throughout the time from the previous
statement to the current one
Bank Statement
“
The opening balance from the previous month added
to the total of all transactions during the period
results in the closing balance for the current
statement. Consumers should

carefully review their bank

statements and keep them

for their own financial records.

“
The opening balance from the previous month added to the total of all
transactions during the period results in the closing balance for the
current statement. Consumers should carefully review their bank
statements and keep them for their own financial records.

Số dư đầu kỳ từ tháng trước được

cộng với các giao dịch trong kỳ tạo
ra số dư cuối kỳ trong sao kê hiện
tại. Chủ tài khoản nên xem xét cẩn
thận sao kê ngân hàng và lưu trữ
trong hồ sơ tài chính của mình như
một tài liệu quan trọng.
Bank Reconciliation
/bæŋk ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn/
A document that matches the cash
balance on a company’s balance
sheet to the corresponding amount
on its bank statement.
“
The cash book is the record prepared by the business
while the bank statement is prepared by the bank. The
balance on the bank statement may not be necessarily
the same as that on the cash book;

hence, bank reconciliation

should be performed to

investigate the difference.

“
The cash book is the record prepared by the business while the bank
statement is prepared by the bank. The balance on the bank
statement may not be necessarily the same as that on the cash book;
hence, bank reconciliation should be performed to investigate the
difference.

Số kế toán tiền là do doanh nghiệp lập

còn sao kê ngân hàng lập bởi ngân hàng
về biến động trong tài khoản ngân hàng
của doanh nghiệp. Số dư trên sao kê
ngân hàng có thể không bằng với số dư
trên sổ kế toán tiền. Vì thế việc đối chiếu
ngân hàng dùng để tìm ra sự chênh lệch.
OMISSION
/əˈmɪʃn/
The act of not including
somebody/something or not doing
something; the fact of not being
included/done
“
Errors or omissions by the bank can lead to a difference
between the balance as per bank statement and the
balance as per cash book. For instance, bank may
incorrectly record the deposits or

withdrawals of another

account into the company’s

bank account.
 Errors or omissions by the bank can lead to a difference

“
between the balance as per bank statement and the balance
as per cash book. For instance, bank may incorrectly record the
deposits or withdrawals of another account into the company's
bank account.

Sai sót hoặc sự bỏ sót của ngân hàng có

thể dẫn đến sự chênh lệch giữa số dư
trên sao kê ngân hàng và số dư trên sổ
kế toán tiền. Ví dụ, ngân hàng có thể ghi
sai các khoản tiền gửi hoặc rút tiền từ tài
khoản của một khách hàng khác vào tài
khoản ngân hàng của công ty.
Uncleared Lodgement
/ˌʌnˈklɪə(r)d läjmənt/
Cheques received from customers
and recorded as receipts in the cash
book, but haven’t been credited in the
bank statement
“
Shortly, the outstanding lodgements are cheques sent
to suppliers but not yet cleared by the bank. They are
added to the bank statement balance because, until

it is recorded by the bank, the bank

statement shows a lower

balance than the cash book.

 Shortly, the outstanding lodgements are cheques sent to

“
suppliers but not yet cleared by the bank. They are added to the
bank statement balance because, until it is recorded by the bank,
the bank statement shows a lower balance than the cash book.

Nói một cách ngắn gọn, séc còn treo là

séc thu bởi doanh nghiệp nhưng chưa
được ngân hàng ghi nhận. Chúng được
cộng thêm vào số dư của bản sao kê
ngân hàng trên báo cáo đối chiếu số dư
bởi vì bảng sao kê ngân hàng phát hành
thể hiện số dư thấp hơn so với sổ kế toán
và sẽ được ngân hàng ghi nhận trong kỳ
tới.
Unpresented Cheque
/ˌʌnprɪˈzentɪd tʃek/
An unpresented check is also referred
to as an outstanding check or a check
that has not yet cleared the bank.
 Regarding to unpresented check, Entity records the

“ payment in its cash book as soon as the cheque is

issued to the person but the bank records the
transaction when it receives the

cheque. This causes a

timing difference in the

recording of the payment.

“
Regarding to unpresented cheque, entity records the payment in
its cash book as soon as the cheque is issued to the person but
the bank records the transaction when it receives the cheque.
This causes a timing difference in the recording of the payment.

Đối với séc chưa xử lý thanh toán,

doanh nghiệp đã hạch toán khoản thanh
toán vào sổ kế toán tiền ngay khi séc
được phát hành nhưng ngân hàng chỉ
ghi nhận giao dịch khi séc được mang
tới ngân hàng. Điều này chính là sự
khác biệt về thời gian trong việc ghi
nhận khoản thanh toán.
Debit Advice
/ˈdebɪt ədˈvaɪs/
Also called a debit memorandum,
debit note or debit. A banker sends a
debit note to customers to inform
them of deductions from their
accounts.
 Debit advice is used to advise a customer/account

“ holder of a withdrawal from his/her account with a

financial institution, such as a check posted to the
account. These days, the advent of the Internet has
made debit advices quicker.

Consequently, deductions

resulting from debit advices

occur in real time.

 Debit advice is used to advise a customer/account holder of a

“
withdrawal from his/her account with a financial institution,,
such as a check posted to the account. These days, the advent
of the Internet has made debit advices quicker.

Giấy báo nợ được sử dụng để thông báo cho

khách hàng/chủ tài khoản sau mỗi chi tiền,
chẳng hạn như séc thanh toán trừ thẳng vào
tài khoản. Sự ra đời của Internet đã làm cho
giấy báo nợ được phát hành nhanh hơn, bởi
chúng ta có thể nhìn thấy luôn trên tài khoản
online.
Credit Advice
/ˈkredɪt ədˈvaɪs/
A transaction that increases a
customer's funds
“
The concepts of debit and credit advice are at the heart
of modern-day banking. These terms help bankers run
their businesses efficiently, ensuring that customer
accounts reflect accurate balances. Account accuracy
helps financial institutions retain

customers and improve their

reputation in the marketplace

 The concepts of debit and credit advice are at the heart of

“
modern-day banking. These terms help bankers run their
businesses efficiently, ensuring that customer accounts reflect
accurate balances. Account accuracy helps financial institutions
retain customers and improve their reputation in the marketplace

Giấy báo nợ và giấy báo có là dịch vụ cần

thiết của tất cả ngân hàng hiện nay. Chúng
giúp ngân hàng điều hành một cách hiệu
quả, đảm bảo tài khoản của khách hàng
phản ánh số dư chính xác. Tài khoản chính
xác giúp các tổ chức tài chính giữ chân
khách hàng và cải thiện danh tiếng của họ
trên thị trường
Bank Error
/bæŋk ˈerə(r)/
Mistakes made by the bank
“
Depending on the error, the correction could increase or
decrease the balance shown on the bank statement. Since
the company did not make the error, the company's records
are not changed. It may occur for a number

of reasons, such as a payment that

does not clear or a deposit

that is placed in the wrong account.

 Depending on the error, the correction could increase or decrease the

“
balance shown on the bank statement. Since the company did not make
the error, the company's records are not changed. It may occur for a
number of reasons, such as a payment that does not clear or a deposit
that is placed in the wrong account.

Tùy thuộc vào lỗi sai mà việc hiệu chỉnh có

thể tăng hoặc giảm số dư hiển thị trên bảng
sao kê ngân hàng. Vì công ty không gây ra
lỗi, nên sổ kế toán của công ty không bị thay
đổi. Điều này có thể xảy ra vì một số lý do,
chẳng hạn như thanh toán không được hạch
toán hoặc tiền nộp vào bị ghi nhận vào tài
khoản sai.
 Bank Reconciliation Procedures
● Step 1: On the bank statement, compare the company’s list of issued checks and deposits to the checks shown on
the statement to identify uncleared checks and deposits in transit.

● Step 2: Using the cash balance shown on the bank statement, add back any deposits in transit.
● Step 3: Deduct any outstanding checks.
● Step 4: This will provide the adjusted bank cash balance.
● Step 5: Use the company’s ending cash balance, add any interest
earned.

● Step 6: Deduct any bank service fees.

This will arrive at the adjusted company cash balance.

● Step 7: After reconciliation, the adjusted bank balance should match

with the company’s ending adjusted cash balance.
Bank Reconciliation Statement
ADJUSTMENT
/əˈdʒʌstmənt/
to change something slightly to make
it more suitable for a new set of
conditions or to make it work better
Activities
Let’s take our practice quiz!!!
1. Fill in the blanks
• Checks that have been written by a company but have not yet
been charged to the company's checking account are referred to
as __________ checks.
2. Multiple choice questions
Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared by:

A. Bank
B. Customer’s Accountant
C. Auditors
D. None of the above
Bank Statement is prepared by:

A. Banker
B. Customer’s Accountant
C. Auditors
D. None of these
Cheques issued but not presented in the bank are called:

A. Un-presented cheques
B. Un-credited cheques
C. Un-collected cheques
D. Un-cleared cheques
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
● 09 43 42 8998
● edu@vietsourcing.com
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

Vietsourcing.com
 LESSON 10
Preparation of
Financial Statement
Vietsourcing.com
 Closing entries
/ˈkləʊzɪŋ ˈentri/
entries made at the end of an accounting period
to zero out all temporary accounts and transfer
their balances to permanent accounts

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 At the end of the year, with closing
entry, all the temporary accounts
must be closed or reset, so the
beginning of the following year will
have a clean balance to start with.

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 At the end of the year, with closing entry, all the temporary accounts
must be closed or reset, so the beginning of the following year will have
a clean balance to start with.

Vào cuối năm, bút toán khóa sổ cho phép tất cả các tài khoản tạm
thời phải được đóng hoặc đặt lại từ đầu, để làm mới cho năm tiếp
theo.

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 Adjusting entry
/əˈdʒʌstɪŋ ˈentri/
journal entries recorded at the end of an
accounting period to alter the ending balances in
various general ledger accounts

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 Adjusting entries are made to more closely
align the reported results and financial
position of a business which involves the
matching of revenues to expenses under the
matching principle, and so impacts reported
revenue and expense levels.
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 Adjusting entries are made to more closely align the reported
results and financial position of a business which involves the
matching of revenues to expenses under the matching
principle, and so impacts reported revenue and expense levels.

Các bút toán điều chỉnh được thực hiện để lên được các kết
quả và tình hình tài chính của một doanh nghiệp và thường
liên quan đến doanh thu, chi phí theo nguyên tắc phù hợp
đồng thời tác động trực tiếp đến doanh thu và chi phí trong
báo cáo
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 PREPAYMENT
/ˌpriːˈpeɪmənt/
the sum paid for goods or services before their
receipt or invoiced due date

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 Prepayment means an obligation
has been paid for in advance of
its due date or corresponding
goods being received such as
insurance and rent
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 Prepayment means an obligation has been paid
for in advance of its due date or corresponding
goods being received such as insurance or rent
Trả trước là một nghĩa vụ đã được thanh toán
trước ngày đáo hạn hoặc trước khi nhận được
hàng ví dụ như bảo hiểm hoặc tiền thuê nhà
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 ACCRUAL
/əˈkruːəl/
a sum or money or a debt that has been allowed
to grow over a period of time

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 Accrued expenses are expenses that have occurred but
are not yet recorded in the company's general ledger. This
means these expenses will not appear on the financial
statements unless an adjusting entry is entered prior to
issuing the financial statements.

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 Accrued expenses are expenses that have occurred but are not yet
recorded in the company's general ledger. This means these expenses
will not appear on the financial statements unless an adjusting entry is
entered prior to issuing the financial statements.

Các khoản trích trước chi phí phải trả là các khoản đã phát
sinh nhưng chưa được hạch toán trong sổ cái. Nghĩa là các
chi phí này chưa xuất hiện trên BCTC trừ khi các bút toán
điều chỉnh được lập trước khi phát hành báo cáo.
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 Opening inventory
/ˈəʊpənɪŋ ˈɪnvəntri/
the amount of inventory that a business has on
hand at the beginning of an accounting period,
such as a new fiscal year or quarter

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 The opening inventory is the
recorded cost of inventory at the end
of the immediately preceding
accounting period, which then carries
forward into the start of the next
accounting period.
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 The opening inventory is the recorded cost of
inventory at the end of the immediately preceding
accounting period, which then carries forward into the
start of the next accounting period.
Hàng tồn đầu kì là giá trị hàng tồn kho được ghi
nhận vào cuối kỳ kế toán trước đó và sau đó
được mang sang đầu kỳ kế toán tiếp theo.
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 Cost of good sold
/kɒst əv ɡʊd səʊld/
the direct costs attributable to the production of
the goods sold in a company

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 COGS includes the cost of the
materials used in creating the good
along with the direct labor costs used
to produce the good. It excludes
indirect expenses, such as distribution
costs and sales force costs.
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 COGS includes the cost of the materials used in creating the
good along with the direct labor costs used to produce the
good. It excludes indirect expenses, such as distribution
costs and sales force costs.
Giá vốn hàng bán bao gồm chi phí của các nguyên vật liệu
được sử dụng để tạo ra hàng hóa cùng với chi phí lao động
trực tiếp được sử dụng để sản xuất hàng hóa. Và chi phí này
không bao gồm các chi phí gián tiếp như chi phí phân phối và
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chi phí bán hàng. 20
 Formula of COGS
Opening Purchase Ending
COGS = + -
Inventory during period Inventory

Cost of goods sold is also referred to as "cost of sales."

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 Unadjusted trial
balance
/ˌʌnəˈdʒʌstɪd ˈtraɪəl ˈbæləns/
the listing of general ledger account balances at
the end of a reporting period, before any
adjusting entries are made to the balances to
create financial statements

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 The unadjusted trial balance is used
as the starting point for analyzing
account balances and making
adjusting entries. This report is a
standard one that can be issued by
many accounting software packages.
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 The unadjusted trial balance is used as the starting
point for analyzing account balances and making
adjusting entries. This report is a standard one that can
be issued by many accounting software packages.
Bảng cân đối thử chưa điều chỉnh được sử dụng làm
điểm khởi đầu để phân tích số dư tài khoản và thực hiện
các bút toán điều chỉnh. Báo cáo này có thể được phát
hành bởi phần mềm kế toán.
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 Accounting cycle
/əˈkaʊntɪŋˈsaɪkl/
a collective process of identifying, analyzing, and
recording the accounting events of a company

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 The series of steps begin when a
transaction occurs and end with its
inclusion in the financial statements.
Additional accounting records used
during the accounting cycle include
the general ledger and trial balance.
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 The series of steps begin when a transaction occurs and
end with its inclusion in the financial statements.
Additional accounting records used during the accounting
cycle include the general ledger and trial balance.
Là một quá trình bao gồm các bước được bắt đầu khi
một giao dịch xảy ra và kết thúc bằng việc ghi nhận vào
báo cáo tài chính. Hồ sơ kế toán được sử dụng trong chu
kỳ kế toán bao gồm sổ cái và bảng cân đối kế toán thử.
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 Accounting Policy
/əˈkaʊntɪŋˈpɒləsi/
the rules used by an entity to ensure that
transactions are recorded properly and financial
statements produced correctly

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Current vs Non-
current

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 #1: Assets

Current assets:
Vs
• Cash and cash
equivalents Non-current assets:
• Accounts receivable • Land
• Prepaid expenses • PPE
• Inventory • Trademarks
• Marketable securities • Long-term investments and
goodwill Vietsourcing.com
 #2: Liability

Vs Non-current
Current liability: liability:
• Bonds payable
• Accounts payable
• Interest payable
• Long-term loan
• Income taxes payabl • Deferred tax liabilities
• Bank account overdrafts • Capital lease
• Accrued expenses
• Short-term loans
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 Preparation of Financial
Statement
Steps of Financial Statement preparation

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 Step 1 Compare the receiving log to
accounts payable to ensure
that all supplier invoices
have been received. Accrue
the expense for any invoices
that have not been received.

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 Step 2 Compare the shipping log to
accounts receivable to
ensure that all customer
invoices have been issued.
Issue any invoices that have
not yet been prepared.

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 Step 3 Accrue an expense for any
wages earned but not yet
paid as of the end of the
reporting period.

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 Step 4 Calculate depreciation
and amortization expense
for all fixed assets in the
accounting records.

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 Conduct an ending physical
Step 5 inventory count, or use an
alternative method to
estimate the ending inventory
balance. Use this information
to derive the cost of goods
sold, and record the amount
in the accounting records.
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 Conduct a bank
Step 6 reconciliation, and create
journal entries to record
all adjustments required
to match the accounting
records to the bank
statement.
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 Step 7 Post all subsidiary
ledger balances to the
general ledger.

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 Step 8 Review the balance
sheet accounts, and use
journal entries to adjust
account balances to
match the supporting
detail.
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 Step 9 Print a preliminary version of
the financial statements and
review them for errors. There
will likely be several errors,
so create journal entries to
correct them, and print the
financial statements again.
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 Step 10 Accrue an income tax
expense, based on the
corrected income
statement.

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 Step 11 Close all subsidiary
ledgers for the period,
and open them for the
following reporting
period.

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 Step 12 Print a final version
of the financial
statements.

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 Step 13 Write footnotes to
accompany the
financial statements.

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 Step 14 Provide a cover letter
that explains key points
in the financial
statements.

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 Step 15 Distribute the
financial statements.

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 Activities
Let’s review all the new
words above!

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 Listen and fill in the blank
Listen to the first 5 steps of FS preparation.

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 Step 1: Compare the receiving log to accounts
_________ to ensure that all supplier invoices
have been received. _________ the expense for
any invoices that have not been received.
Step 2: Compare the shipping log to accounts
_________ to ensure that all customer invoices
have been issued. Issue any ________ that have
not yet been prepared.
Step 3: Accrue an expense for any wages
earned but not yet _______ as of the end of the
reporting period.
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 Step 4: Calculate ____________ and amortization
expense for all fixed assets in the accounting
records.
Step 5: _________ an ending physical inventory
count, or use an alternative method to estimate
the ending _________ balance. Use this information
to derive the ________________, and record the
amount in the accounting records.

Vietsourcing.com 51
 Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?
You can find me at
▫ 09 43 42 8998
▫ edu@vietsourcing.com

Vietsourcing.com 52
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

Vietsourcing.com
 Lesson 11
Introduction to
cost accounting

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 Cost
Accounting
/kɒst əˈkaʊntɪŋ/
a form of managerial accounting that
aims to capture a company's total cost of
production by assessing the variable
costs of each step of production as well as
fixed costs, such as a lease expense.

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 “ Cost accounting is used
internally by management
in order to make fully
informed business
decisions.

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 Cost accounting is used
internally by management in
order to make fully informed
business decisions.

Kế toán chi phí được nhà quản lý

sử dụng nội bộ để đưa ra các
quyết định kinh doanh có đầy đủ
thông tin.
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 Management
Accounting
/ˈmænɪdʒmənt əˈkaʊntɪŋ/
the practice of identifying, measuring,
analyzing, interpreting, and communicating
financial information to managers for the
pursuit of an organization's goals

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 “ Managmement accounting
involves the presentation of
financial information for
internal purposes to be used
by management in making
key business decisions.
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 Management accounting involves
the presentation of financial
information for internal purposes
to be used by management in
making key business decisions.

Kế toán quản trị liên quan đến việc

trình bày thông tin tài chính dùng cho
các mục đích nội bộ và được ban quản
lý sử dụng để đưa ra các quyết định
kinh doanh quan trọng.
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 Financial
Accounting
/faɪˈnænʃl əˈkaʊntɪŋ/
the process of recording, summarizing and
reporting the myriad of transactions
resulting from business operations over a
period of time.

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 “ Financial accounting
provide historical
information to satisfy the
information needs of
persons not involved in
running the business
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 Financial accounting provides
historical information to
satisfy the information needs
of persons not involved in
running the business
Kế toán tài chính cung cấp thông
tin trong quá khứ để thỏa mãn
nhu cầu về thông tin tài chính
của những người không trực tiếp
điều hành doanh nghiệp
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 Key differences
Management Accounting VS Financial Accounting

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 #1: inherent meaning

MA
Vs
Management
accounting helps FA
management make Classifies, analyzes,
effective decisions records and summarizes
about business the financial affairs of the
company Vietsourcing.com
 #2: Application

Vs
FA
MA Is prepared to show
Helps management take forth the accuracy and
meaningful steps and fair picture of the
strategies financial affairs

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 #4: dependence

Vs

MA FA
Quantitative and Quantitative
qualitative

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 #5: basic of decision making

MA
Vs
Historic and
predictive FA
information Historic information

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 #6: format

Vs

MA FA
No set of particular Specific formats for
format for presenting presenting and
recording

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 #7: used for

MA Vs

Only for FA
management
Mainly for potential
investors and all
stakeholders
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 Responsibility
Accounting
/rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti əˈkaʊntɪŋ/
a system of control where responsibility is
assigned for the control of costs

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 “ Responsibility accounting is
based on the assumption
that every cost incurred
must be the responsibility of
one person somewhere in
the company.
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 Responsibility accounting is
based on the assumption that
every cost incurred must be the
responsibility of one person
somewhere in the company.
Kế toán trách nhiệm dựa trên giả
thiết rằng mọi chi phí phát sinh
đều thuộc về trách nhiệm của một
chủ thể nào đó trong công ty.
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 Cost Centre
/ kɒst ˈsentə(r)/
a department or function within an
organization that does not directly add to
profit but still costs the organization money
to operate

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 “ Cost centers only contribute
to a company's profitability
indirectly, unlike a profit
center, which contributes to
profitability directly through
its actions.
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 Cost centers only contribute to a
company's profitability indirectly,
unlike a profit center, which
contributes to profitability
directly through its actions.

Các trung tâm chi phí chỉ đóng góp vào

lợi nhuận của một công ty một cách gián
tiếp thay vì đóng góp trực tiếp thông qua
hoạt động như trung tâm lợi nhuận.
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 Profit Centre
/ˈprɒfɪt ˈsentə(r)/
a branch or division of a company that
directly adds or is expected to add to the
bottom-line profitability of the entire
organization

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 “ The analysis of profit centers
is required to determine the
future allocation of available
resources and to decide
whether certain activities
should be cut entirely.
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 The analysis of profit centers is
required to determine the future
allocation of available resources
and to decide whether certain
activities should be cut entirely.
Việc phân tích các trung tâm lợi nhuận là
cần thiết để có thể phân bổ các nguồn lực
sẵn có trong tương lai và quyết định xem
có nên cắt giảm hoàn toàn một số hoạt
động nhất định hay không.
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 Revenue
Centre
/ˈrevənjuː ˈsentə(r)/
a distinct operating unit of a business that is
responsible for generating sales.

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 “ A revenue center is judged
solely on its ability to
generate sales; it is not
judged on the amount of
costs incurred.

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 A revenue center is judged
solely on its ability to generate
sales; it is not judged on the
amount of costs incurred.
Một trung tâm doanh thu được đánh
giá chỉ dựa vào khả năng tạo doanh
số của nó và không được đánh giá
dựa trên các khoản chi phí phát sinh
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 Investment
Centre
/ɪnˈvestmənt ˈsentə(r)/
a business unit in a firm that can utilize
capital to contribute directly to a company's
profitability.

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 Companies evaluate the
“ performance of an investment
center according to the
revenues it brings in through
investments in capital assets
compared to the overall
expenses.
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 Companies evaluate the performance
of an investment center according to
the revenues it brings in through
investments in capital assets
compared to the overall expenses.

Các công ty đánh giá hiệu quả của một

trung tâm đầu tư theo doanh thu mà nó
mang lại thông qua việc đầu tư vào tài sản
vốn so với tổng chi phí.
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 Cost Object
/kɒst ˈɒbdʒɪkt/
a managerial term for a product, process,
department, or customer that costs
originate from or are associated with

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 “ Anything that generates
costs or has expenses
associated with it can be
considered a cost object.

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 Anything that generates costs or
has expenses associated with it
can be considered a cost object.

Bất cứ đối tượng nào tạo ra chi phí hoặc

có liên quan đến chi phí đều có thể được
coi là một đối tượng chi phí.

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 Material cost
/məˈtɪəriəl kɒst/
the cost of materials used to manufacture a
product or provide a service

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 Labour cost
/ˈleɪbə(r) kɒst/
the sum of all wages paid to employees, as
well as the cost of employee benefits and
payroll taxes paid by an employer

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 Overhead
cost
/ˌəʊvəˈhed kɒst/
all costs on the income statement except for
direct labor, direct materials, and direct
expenses

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 “ A company must pay
overhead cost on an ongoing
basis, regardless of how
much or how little the
company sells.

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 Production
cost
/prəˈdʌkʃn kɒst/
◂ production costs are the costs that
occur in the manufacturing facilities.
◂ Production costs are also referred to as
manufacturing costs, product costs

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 Production costs can
“ include a variety of
expenses, such as labor, raw
materials, consumable
manufacturing supplies,
and general overhead.
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 Production costs can include a
variety of expenses, such as labor,
raw materials, consumable
manufacturing supplies, and
general overhead.
Chi phí sản xuất bao gồm nhiều loại
chi phí như nhân công, nguyên liệu,
vật tư tiêu hao và chi phí chung.
Vietsourcing.com
 Activities
Bring the new words into
practice!!!!

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 1. Fill in the blank
◂ The ongoing business expenses
not directly attributed to
creating a product or service.
◂ The cost of _______ is all
expenses which are related to
employees.
◂ Anything that generates costs
or has expenses associated
with it.

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 1. Fill in the blank
◂ The ________ accounting that is
mainly used for potential
investors and all stakeholders.
◂ The ________ center which
contributed directly to a
company’s profitability through
its actions.
◂ Cleaning supplies used in
production process is
considered ________ cost

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 2. Describe a graph
1 2 3 4 4

Upward Downward Big changes Small changes No changes

trend trend
• to increase • to decrease • dramatically • gradually • remained the same
• to rise • to fall • sharply • slightly • remained constant
• to go up • to go down • suddenly • steadily • stabilised
• to climb • to decline • significantly • gently
• to shoot up • to drop • drastically • moderately
• to rocket • to plunge • noticeably • little by little
• to soar • to plummet • steeply • step by step
• text
• text

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 Homework
The chart below gives
information about
Someland's main exports in
2005, 2015, and future
projections for 2025.

Summarise the information

by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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This bar chart illustrates the performance of
Someland's primary exports in 2005 and 2015. It
also indicates future projections for 2025. Homework
According to the data, it seems likely that
international tourism will become the dominant
industry, although dairy exports will remain strong.
In 2005, we can see that tourism was the greatest
exports earner of the three industries, with revenue
standing at just over $6 billion.

This figure has increased slightly, so that now, in

2015, it has reached almost $7 billion. It is
estimated that international tourism will continue to
grow, so that by 2025, it will be earning around
$8 billion for the country. In 2000, dairy exports
were worth around $5 billion, but since then there
has been a dramatic increase, and sales for this
year are approximately $8 billion. Experts are
predicting that exports in this area may fall
slightly, so a figure of $7.5 billion is expected for
2025. Meat products are the third key industry in
Someland, but sales have dropped since 2000 and
now stand at $3.5 billion. It is expected that sales
will continue to decrease in the future.
Vietsourcing.com
 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at
◂ 09 43 42 8998
◂ edu@vietsourcing.com

Vietsourcing.com 50
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

Vietsourcing.com
Vietsourcing.com
 Lesson 12
Cost Classification

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Cost Classification
/kɒst ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
involves the separation of a group of
expenses into different categories

3
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 A cost classification system is
used to bring to management's
attention certain costs that are
considered more crucial than
others, or to engage in financial
modeling

4
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A cost classification system is used to bring
to management's attention certain costs
that are considered more crucial than
others, or to engage in financial modeling

Hệ thống phân loại chi phí được sử dụng để chỉ

ra cho quản lý một số chi phí quan trọng so với
các chi phí khác hoặc để xây dựng mô hình tài
chính

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 Direct Cost
/dəˈrekt kɒst/
a price that can be completely attributed to
the production of specific goods or services

6
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Direct costs do not need to
be fixed in nature, as their
unit cost may change over
time or depending on the
quantity being utilized.

7
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 Direct costs do not need to be fixed in
nature, as their unit cost may change over
time or depending on the quantity being
utilized.

Chi phí trực tiếp không nhất thiết phải cố định vì

chi phí trên một đơn vị của chúng có thể thay đổi
theo thời gian hoặc tùy thuộc vào số lượng được
sử dụng.

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 Indirect Cost
/ˌɪndəˈrekt kɒst/
costs used by multiple activities, and which cannot
therefore be assigned to specific cost objects

9
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 Some costs, such as
depreciation or administrative
expenses, are more difficult to
assign to a specific product,
and therefore, are considered
to be indirect costs.
10
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 Some costs, such as depreciation or
administrative expenses, are more difficult
to assign to a specific product, and therefore,
are considered to be indirect costs.

Một số chi phí, chẳng hạn như khấu hao hoặc

chi phí hành chính thường khó phân bổ vào một
sản phẩm cụ thể, và do đó, được coi là chi phí
gián tiếp.

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 Prime Cost
/praɪm kɒst/
a firm's expenses directly related to the
materials and labor used in production

12
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The prime cost calculates the
direct costs of raw materials
and labor, but does not factor
in indirect expenses, such as
advertising and
administrative costs.
13
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The prime cost calculates the direct costs
of raw materials and labor, but does not
factor in indirect expenses, such as
advertising and administrative costs.

Chi phí trực tiếp cơ bản là tổng chi phí nguyên

liệu và nhân công trực tiếp , không bao gồm chi
phí gián tiếp, như chi phí quảng cáo và quản lý
hành chính.

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 Fixed Cost
/fɪkst kɒst/
a cost that does not change with an increase
or decrease in the amount of goods or
services produced or sold
15
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A company's fixed cost does not
vary with the volume of
production. It remains the same
even if no goods or services are
produced, and therefore, cannot
be avoided.
16
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 A company's fixed cost does not vary with the
volume of production. It remains the same even
if no goods or services are produced, and
therefore, cannot be avoided.
Chi phí cố định của một công ty không thay đổi khi
thay đổi sản lượng. Nó luôn được duy trì kể cả khi
không có sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ được sản xuất và
có nghĩa là không thể tránh được chi phí này.

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Variable Cost
/ˈveəriəbl kɒst/
a corporate expense that changes in
proportion to production output

18
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 Variable costs increase or
decrease depending on a
company's production volume;
they rise as production
increases and fall as production
decreases.
19
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 Variable costs increase or decrease
depending on a company's production
volume; they rise as production increases
and fall as production decreases.
Chi phí biến đổi tăng hay giảm tùy thuộc vào
khối lượng sản phẩm của công ty; chi phí tăng
khi sản lượng tăng và giảm khi sản lượng giảm.

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Semi-variable Cost
/ˈsemiˈveəriəbl kɒst/
also known as a semi-fixed cost or a mixed
cost, is a cost composed of a mixture of both
fixed and variable components
21
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 Semi-variable cost means that
costs are fixed for a set level of
production or consumption, and
become variable after this
production level is exceeded.

22
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 Semi-variable cost means that costs are
fixed for a set level of production or
consumption, and become variable after
this production level is exceeded.
Chi phí nửa biến đổi có nghĩa là chi phí cố định
cho một mức sản xuất hoặc tiêu dùng đã định và
sau đó biến đổi sau khi vượt quá ngưỡng này.

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Controllable Cost
/kənˈtrəʊləbl kɒst/
an expense that a manager has the power to
influence

24
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 A cost is considered to
be controllable if the
decision to incur it
resides with one person.
25
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 A cost is considered to be
controllable if the decision to
incur it resides with one person.
Một chi phí được coi là có thể kiểm soát được
nếu quyết định về việc chi phí có phát sinh
hay không do một cá nhân quyết định.

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Uncontrollable
Cost
/ʌnkənˈtrəʊləbl kɒst/
an expense over which a person has no direct
control
27
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 A cost could be
uncontrollable at a low level
of an organization, however,
a more senior manager
might be given this authority
28
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A cost could be uncontrollable at a low
level of an organization, however, a
more senior manager might be given
this authority.
Một chi phí có thể không kiểm soát được ở
cấp quản lý thấp nhưng có thể được kiểm soát
bởi cấp quản lý cao hơn.

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 Sunk Cost
/sʌŋk kɒst/
Also known as past cost which is a cost that
has already been incurred in the past and
cannot be recovered
30
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Sunk costs are excluded from
future business decisions
because the cost will remain
the same regardless of the
outcome of a decision.
31
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 Sunk costs are excluded from future
business decisions because the cost will
remain the same regardless of the outcome
of a decision.
Chi phí chìm được loại trừ khi ra các quyết định
kinh doanh trong tương lai vì chi phí này là
không thay đổi bất kể kết quả của quyết định ra
sao.

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Activities
Bring the new words into practice!

33
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 1.
Multiple choices questions
Let’s start with the first set of slides

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Which of the following would normally be classified
as a direct labour cost?
A. The basic pay of production line staff
B. Overtime premiums paid – if the overtime is not
worked at the specific request of a customer
C. The basic pay of production line supervisors
D. Idle time payments to production line staff

35
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A manufacturing firm is very busy and overtime is being
worked. The amount of overtime premium paid to production
line workers would normally be classed as:

A. Factory overheads
B. Part of prime cost
C. Direct labour costs
D. Administrative overheads

36
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A cost that is easily traceable to a cost object is known as:

A. indirect cost
B. variable cost
C. direct cost
D. fixed cost

37
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A cost that is not easily or conveniently traceable to a cost
object is known as:

A. indirect cost
B. variable cost
C. direct cost
D. fixed cost

38
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A cost that changes in total dollar amount with the change in
the level of activity is known as:

A. fixed cost
B. mixed cost
C. conversion cost
D. variable cost

39
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 2.
Describe a graph
The line graph

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 IELTS Line Graph Verbs & Nouns

Upward trend Downward trend

﹡ rise / a rise ﹡ decrease / a
﹡ increase / an increase decrease
﹡ climb / a climb ﹡ drop / a drop
﹡ grow / a growth ﹡ fall / a fall
﹡ go up ﹡ decline / a decline

41
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Other vocabulary
﹡ fluctuate / a ﹡ level off
fluctuation ﹡ peak at
﹡ dip / a dip ﹡ reach a peak of
﹡ remain steady ﹡ hit a high of
﹡ remain stable ﹡ hit a low of
﹡ remain unchanged ﹡ bottom out
﹡ plateau

42
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 Line Graph Adverbs & Adjectives

﹡ Adverbs: steadily, gradually, sharply, rapidly, steeply,

slightly, dramatically, significantly, considerably

﹡ Adjectives: steady, gradual, sharp, rapid, steep, slight,

dramatic, significant, considerable

43
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 Time Expressions

﹡ over the next three days ﹡ the last year

﹡ three days later ﹡ the final year
﹡ in the following three days ﹡ the first year
﹡ the next three days show ﹡ at the beginning of the
﹡ over the period period
﹡ from…to… / between … and… ﹡ at the end of the period

44
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Line Graph Sample

45
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 Line Graph Sample

The graph illustrates how many people from the age of 65 and above were
reported to have contracted influenza in a particular village in the UK from 1985
to 1995.

Overall, the number of cases of elderly people with influenza increased over the
period given. The highest number of people with the illness can be seen in 1991.

In 1985, the number of cases of influenza stood at 40 and then rose steadily over
the next three years to reach 55 in 1987. In the following year, 1988, the figure
dipped slightly to below 50 after which it rose significantly to reach a high of 75
in 1991.

From 1991, there was a decrease to about 60 in 1993 of the number of reported
cases of influenza. From this point, except for a slight increase of about 5 cases,
the number remained at about 60 at the end of the period.

46
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 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
09 43 42 8998
edu@vietsourcing.com

47
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English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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LESSON 13
Cost of good sold
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 Cost of
C GS good sold /kɒst əv ɡʊd səʊld/

the direct costs attributable to the production

of the goods sold in a company

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“ The cost of goods sold is is
the amount of money the
company spent on labor,
materials, and overhead to
manufacture or purchase
products that were sold to
customers during the year.
4
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 The cost of goods
Sentences Giá vốn hàng bán
sold is is the amount
of money the là số tiền chi phí
company spent on nhân công, vật liệu
labor, materials, and và chi phí chung để
overhead to sản xuất hoặc mua
manufacture or các sản phẩm để
purchase products bán cho khách hàng
that were sold to trong một năm.
customers during the
year.
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 Inventory
C GS valuation /ˈɪnvəntri ˌvæljuˈeɪʃn/
the cost associated with an entity's
inventory at the end of a reporting period

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“ The inventory valuation is
based on the costs incurred by
the entity to acquire the
inventory, convert it into a
condition that makes it ready
for sale, and have it transported
into the proper place for sale
7
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 The inventory
Sentences Việc xác định giá trị
valuation is based on
hàng tồn kho dựa trên
the costs incurred by
chi phí mà công ty
the entity to acquire
phải chi ra để có
the inventory,
được hàng tồn kho,
convert it into a
hoặc chế biến để có
condition that makes
đủ điều kiện sẵn sàng
it ready for sale, and
để bán và vận chuyển
have it transported
đến nơi thích hợp để
into the proper place
bán
for sale
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 Stock
C GS taking /stɒk teɪkɪŋ/

the counting of on-hand inventory

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“ Stocktaking allows you to
monitor stock shrinkage,
identify security
vulnerabilities, spot theft
hot spots and closely
monitor high value items
10
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Stocktaking allows Sentences Kiểm kê HTK cho
you to monitor phép bạn giám sát sự
stock shrinkage, tăng giảm của hàng
identify security hóa, xác định các lỗ
vulnerabilities, hổng bảo mật, phát
hiện trộm cắp và
spot theft hot spots
giám sát chặt chẽ
and closely các mặt hàng có giá
monitor high value trị cao.
items
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 Understated Overstated
Inventory value Inventory value
Increases the COGS Lowers the COGS
Lower stock in accounting Excess stock in accounting
records: less closing stock records: higher closing
and higher COGS stock and less COGS
Understated
Net income (income Overstated
statement) Net income.
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 Understated Overstated
Inventory value Inventory value
Causes Causes
errors in receipting stock, theft, damage, fraud or
failure to reconcile the incorrect inventory counts
movement of raw materials and administrative errors
and finished goods from one
location to another and
unrecorded transactions
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 Opening
C GS inventory/ˈəʊpənɪŋ ˈɪnvəntri/
the amount of inventory that a business has on
hand at the beginning of an accounting period,
such as a new fiscal year or quarter

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“ Opening inventory is part of
the cost of sales of the current
period and should therefore be
added to purchases in the
trading section of income
statement.

15
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Opening inventory Sentences Hàng tồn kho đầu kì
is part of the cost là một phần của giá
of sales of the vốn hàng bán trong kì
current period and kế toán và được hạch
should therefore toán cộng thêm vào
giá trị hàng mua
be added to
trong kỳ trên báo cáo
purchases in the
lãi lỗ.
trading section of
income statement.
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 Ending
C GS inventory /ˈendɪŋ ˈɪnvəntri/

the cost of those goods on hand at the end of a

reporting period

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“ A trend of ending inventory
balances that are increasing
over time can indicate that
some inventory is becoming
obsolete, since the amount
should remain about the same
as a proportion of sales.
18
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 A trend of ending
Sentences Nếu số dư hàng tồn
inventory balances
kho cuối kì tăng theo
that are increasing
thời gian có thể thấy
over time can
rằng một số hàng tồn
indicate that some
kho đang trở nên lỗi
inventory is
thời, trên thực tế số
becoming obsolete,
lượng này cần được
since the amount
giữ ở mức ổn định
should remain about
như một phần của
the same as a
doanh số.
proportion of sales.
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ACCOUNTING FOR INVENTORY

Inventory Cost of good sold

XXXX XXXX

Record an ending inventory value, as well as to calculate the cost of

goods sold for the reporting period

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 Work in
C GS process /wɜːk ɪn ˈprəʊses/
partially finished goods awaiting
completion

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“ WIP refers to the raw
materials, labor, and overhead
costs incurred for products that
are at various stages of the
production process. WIP is a
component of the inventory
asset account on the balance
sheet.
22
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 WIP refers to the WIP thể hiện giá trị
raw materials, labor, Sentences nguyên liệu, nhân
and overhead costs công và chi phí phát
incurred for sinh của các sản
products that are at phẩm đang ở trong
various stages of the giai đoạn sản xuất.
production process. Giá trị WIP là một
WIP is a component phần của tài khoản
of the inventory hàng tồn kho trên
asset account on the bảng cân đối kế toán.
balance sheet.
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 Inventory
C GS movement /ˈɪnvəntri ˈmuːvmənt/
the movement (In and Out) of the stocks due to sale
to customer, transfer, sales return or stocking in

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“ Stock managers need to manage
inventory movement effectively
so that the current level of
inventory is recorded, an
optimum level of stock is
maintained, and costs to the
organization are controlled.
25
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Stock managers need Các nhà quản lý hàng
to manage inventory
Sentences
tồn kho cần quản lý
movement effectively luân chuyển hàng tồn
so that the current kho một cách hiệu
level of inventory is quả, ghi lại lượng
recorded, an hàng hóa trong kho
optimum level of và từ đó tối ưu hóa
stock is maintained, mức hàng tồn kho,
and costs to the kiểm soát được các
organization are chi phí phát sinh.
controlled.
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 Inventory
C GS adjustment /ˈɪnvəntri əˈdʒʌstmənt/
increases or decreases made in inventory to
account for theft, loss, breakages, and errors in the
amount or number of items received

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“ When an inventory
adjustment entry is made to
remove the extra stock due
to overstated errors, this
reduces the amount of
closing stock and increases
the COGS.
28
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When an inventory Sentences Bút toán điều chỉnh
adjustment entry is được thực hiện để
made to remove the loại bỏ hàng tồn
extra stock due to kho do lỗi ghi nhận
overstated errors, thừa sẽ làm giảm
this reduces the lượng hàng tồn kho
amount of closing cuối kì và tăng giá
stock and increases vốn hàng bán.
the COGS.
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 Gross
C GS
Profit /ɡrəʊs ˈprɒfɪt/
the profit a company makes after deducting the costs
associated with making and selling its products, or the costs
associated with providing its services

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“ Gross profit only includes
variable costs and does not
account for fixed costs. Gross
profit assesses a company's
efficiency at using its labor
and supplies in producing
goods or services.
31
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 Lợi nhuận gộp có thể
Gross profit can only Sentences chỉ bao gồm chi phí
includes variable
biến đổi và không
costs and does not
bao gồm chi phí cố
account for fixed
định. Lợi nhuận gộp
costs. Gross profit
đánh giá hiệu quả
assesses a company's
của một công ty trong
efficiency at using its
việc sử dụng nhân
labor and supplies in
công và nguyên liệu
producing goods or
của họ trong sản xuất
services.
hàng hóa, dịch vụ.
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FORMULA OF GROSS PROFIT

Gross profit = Revenue − Cost of goods sold

Gross profit will appear on a company's income statement and can be

calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS) from revenue
(sales).

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 Gross Profit
C GS
Margin
/ɡrəʊs ˈprɒfɪt ˈmɑːdʒɪn/

a profitability ratio that calculates the percentage

of sales that exceed the cost of goods sold

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“ Gross profit margin is a metric
used to assess a company's
financial health and business
model by revealing the amount of
money left over from sales after
deducting the cost of goods sold.
35
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Gross profit margin is Sentences Tỉ suất lợi nhuận gộp
a metric used to là một số liệu được
assess a company's sử dụng để đánh giá
financial health and mô hình kinh doanh
business model by và sức khỏe tài chính
revealing the amount của công ty bằng
of money left over cách tính toán số tiền
from sales after còn lại từ doanh thu
deducting the cost of sau khi trừ đi giá vốn
goods sold. hàng bán.
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 Actvities
Bring the new words into practice!

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 Reading - 5 Good Reasons for Regular Stocktaking
1. Stocktaking provides you with business intelligence that can help you improve and optimise
your stock management processes and procedures in key areas such as booking-in stock
deliveries, transferring stock from location to location, processing sales, returning stock to
suppliers and so on.
2. Stocktaking allows you to monitor stock shrinkage, identify security vulnerabilities, spot theft
hot spots and closely monitor high value items.
3. Stock from web and retail sale returns is often overlooked or processed incorrectly resulting in
ongoing stock inaccuracies. Regular stocktake will quickly flush out problems with your returns
processing.
4. Your business-critical processes and systems such as forecasting, ordering, stock replenishment
and stock distribution all need up to date and accurate stock figures. If your stock levels are
inaccurate you will be prone to over/under ordering, over or under stocking at your stores and
to selling stock on-line that you do not have. This can adversely impact business performance
and customer service.
5. Knowing your stock levels are correct ensures that you can plan with confidence, maximise
your profits, provide better customer service and ultimately strengthen your competitive
position in the market place.
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Multiple choices questions
01 Why is stocktaking important
A. Uncover theft
B. Discover additional stock shrinkage issues
C. Ensure that your business is meeting targets
D. Improve your stock ordering process
E. All of the above
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Multiple choices questions
Overlooked or processed incorrectly stock from web and
02 retail sale returns resulting in:

A. Optimal ending inventory

B. Ongoing stock inaccuracies
C. Loss of current inventory
D. Lowering the ordering process

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Multiple choices questions
Why does stocktaking impact directly on the business
03 performance and customer services

A. Avoiding to delivery broken goods

B. Updating stock figures and selling exactly what you have
C. Find flaws in your pricing strategies
D. All of the above

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Multiple choices questions
04 What is disadvantage of stocktaking?
A. Stock taking causes disruption in normal course of business
B. Low cost incurred
C. Taking corrective measures and moving discrepancies
D. Moral check and clerical staff

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Calculate COGS
Company ABC makes shoes and has a beginning inventory of
05 $9,000, makes purchases valued at $5,000, and is left with
an ending inventory of $2,000.

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Calculate Gross Profit
If ABC reported $5 million in total revenue for the year and
06 cost of goods sold (cost of materials and direct labor) of $2
million

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 Business Plan

Thank You
Please contact us for more information
Phone: 09 43 42 8998
Email: edu@vietsoucing.com
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English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Vietsourcing.com
 LESSON 14
Material and Labour cost
/rɔː məˈtɪəriəl/

Raw material
● materials or substances used in the primary production or
manufacturing of goods

3
When a company uses raw materials in
production, it transfers them from the
raw materials inventory to the work-
in-progress inventory
Khi một công ty sử dụng nguyên liệu thô
trong sản xuất, công ty sẽ chế biến chúng
từ trạng thái thô sang hàng hóa dở dang.

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/wɜːk ɪn ˈprəʊses/

Work in process
● partially finished goods awaiting completion

5
When a company completes its work-
in-process items, it adds the finished
items to the finished goods inventory,
making them ready for sale.
Khi một công ty hoàn thiện sản phẩm dở
dang, chúng sẽ được nhập vào kho hàng
thành phẩm, trở thành các mặt hàng sẵn
sàng cho việc giao dịch bán
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/ˈɪnvəntri ˈlevl/

Inventory level
● An inventory level represents the available quantity of an
inventory item at a specific location

7
Keeping a high level of inventory
allows businesses to easily meet
customer demand. However, it might
cost a lot of money
Giữ trữ hàng tồn kho cao cho phép các
doanh nghiệp dễ dàng đáp ứng nhu cầu
của khách hàng. Tuy nhiên, việc này cũng
sẽ làm phát sinh các chi phí sau này.
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/liːd taɪm/

Lead time
● the time between the design of a product and its
production, or between ordering a product and receiving it

9
Reducing lead time can streamline operations
and improve productivity, increasing output
and revenue. By contrast, longer lead times
negatively affect sales and manufacturing
processes.
Giảm thời gian chờ hàng có thể hợp lý hóa hoạt
động và cải thiện năng suất, tăng sản lượng và
doanh thu. Ngược lại, thời gian chờ hàng kéo dài
ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến quá trình bán hàng và sản
xuất.
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/ˌriːˈɔːdə(r) ˈlevl/

Reorder level
● the inventory level at which a company would place a new
order or start a new manufacturing run

11
Reorder level depends on a company’s
work-order lead time and its demand
during that time and whether the
company maintain a safety stock.
Ngưỡng đặt lại hàng phụ thuộc vào thời gian
chờ hàng và nhu cầu của công ty trong thời
gian chờ đó, đồng thời xem xét liệu công ty có
duy trì mức hàng tồn kho ở ngưỡng an toàn
hay không.
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/ˌriːˈɔːdə(r) ˈkwɒntəti/

Reorder quantity
● the quantity of the order that is to be placed on a new
purchase order for the particular item

13
The reorder quantity provides the best
balance between the various factors like
quantity discounts, freight, storage
costs, and working capital requirements.
Số lượng hàng đặt lại cần xem xét dung
hòa tốt nhất các yếu tố như chiết khấu liên
quan đến số lượng, vận chuyển hàng hóa,
chi phí lưu trữ và các yêu cầu từ vốn lưu
động.
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/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈɔːdə(r) ˈkwɒntəti/

Economic order
quantity
● Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order size which minimizes the
sum of carrying costs and ordering costs of a company’s inventories

15
/ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk ˈɪnvəntri ˈsɪstəm/

Periodic
Inventory system
● an accounting method in which you determine the amount
of inventory at the end of each accounting period.

16
Under the periodic inventory system, a
company will not know its unit
inventory levels nor COGS until the
physical count process is complete.
Đối với phương pháp hạch toán hàng tồn
kho định kỳ, một doanh nghiệp sẽ không
biết giá trị hàng tồn kho cũng như giá vốn
hàng bán cho đến khi quá trình kiểm đếm
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/pəˈpetʃuəl ˈɪnvəntri ˈsɪstəm /

Perpetual
Inventory system
18
A perpetual inventory system is superior to
the older periodic inventory system because
it allows for immediate tracking of sales and
inventory levels for individual items, which
helps to prevent stockouts.
Phương pháp kê khai thường xuyên ưu thế hơn
phương pháp kê khai định kì bởi vì nó cho phép
theo dõi chặt chẽ giá trị hàng bán và hàng tồn
kho đối với từng mặt hàng, giúp ngăn chặn việc
thiếu hụt hàng hóa.
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/dəˈrekt məˈtɪəriəl/

Direct material
● used within the final product

20
The direct materials for a manufacturer of dessert
products will include flour, sugar, eggs, milk, vegetable
oil, spices, and other ingredients in the recipes. In
manufacturing, the direct materials are listed in each
product’s bill of materials.

Chi phí nguyên liệu trực tiếp để sản xuất thực

phẩm ăn sáng bao gồm: bột mỳ, trứng, sữa,
dầu, gia vị và các thành phần khác. Trong sản
xuất, chi phí nguyên liệu trực tiếp được liệt kê
trong bảng kê nguyên liệu của sản phẩm.
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/ˌɪndəˈrekt məˈtɪəriəl/

Indirect material
22
The indirect materials are like resources
used to assemble direct materials into
finished products.

Các vật liệu gián tiếp giống như các phần được
sử dụng để kết nối các vật liệu trực tiếp thành
các sản phẩm hoàn chỉnh.

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ACCOUNTING FOR ISSUE RAW MATERIAL

Raw Material Work in process

XXXX XXXX

For direct materials, debit the work in process inventory account

and credit the raw materials inventory account.

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ACCOUNTING FOR ISSUE RAW MATERIAL

Raw Material Overheads

XXXX XXXX

For indirect materials, debit the overhead account and credit the
raw materials inventory asset account.

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/ˈleɪbə(r)/

LABOUR COST
● The cost of wages paid to workers during an accounting period on
daily, weekly, monthly, or job basis, plus benefits (if any).

26
If the cost of labor is improperly allocated
or evaluated, it can cause the price of
goods or services to shift away from their
true cost and damage profits.

Nếu chi phí nhân công được phân bổ hoặc

đánh giá không đúng, nó có thể khiến giá của
hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ thay đổi, chi phí thực
không đúng và lợi nhuận có thể bị tổn thất.
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/ˈəʊvətaɪm/

OVERTIME COST
28
If an employee works more than a specified
number of hours in a week, the additional
hours are called overtime. Pay for any hours
worked as overtime are paid at a higher rate
than regular hours.
Nếu một nhân viên làm việc nhiều hơn một số
giờ quy định trong một tuần, thì số giờ tăng
thêm được gọi là làm thêm giờ. Chi trả đối với
giờ làm thêm thường cao hơn so với mức của
giờ làm thông thường.
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/ˈəʊvətaɪm ˈpriːmiəm/

Overtime
premium
● the additional payment made to an employee for hours
worked in excess of 40 hours per week.

30
ACCOUNTING FOR LABOR COST

Wage/Salary expense Work in process

XXXX XXXX

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/ˈpiːs.wɜːk/

PIECEWORK
● work for which the amount of pay depends on the number of
things finished rather than on the time spent making them

32
Piecework is a type of employment when
workers are paid for the piece of work or
task they do, for example making articles of
clothing and getting paid a rate per piece of
clothing produced.
Công việc trả lương theo sản phẩm là người lao
động được trả tiền tính theo công việc hoặc
nhiệm vụ hoàn thành, ví dụ như sản xuất các
sản phẩm may mặc và được trả công tính theo
mỗi sản phẩm quần áo được sản xuất.
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/ˌɡærənˈtiː peɪ/

Guarantee payment
● an agreement that an employer must pay employees for
days when they are available to work even when there is no
work for them to do

34
Under certain circumstances, you may have to
pay your employees a guarantee payment if you
cannot provide them with employment on a day
when they would normally work for you under
their contract of employment.

Trong một số trường hợp nhất định, bạn phải

trả cho người lao động một thu nhập bảo đảm
kể cả khi bạn không thể cung cấp công việc vào
ngày làm việc theo hợp đồng lao động.
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 Actvities
Bring the new words into practice!

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Fill in the blanks
For direct material, physically become the
_________ product at the end of the
manufacturing process.

For indirect material, the purchase of raw

materials is recorded in an account entitled
___________
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Watching the video below
and answer to questions
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Vietsourcing.com
Multiple choices questions
01 A perpetual inventory system may be defined as:
A. The checking of physical stock against the bin card information on a
continuous basis.
B. The documentation system which records all stores transaction on a
continuous basis.
C. The check of the stock on the same date in each accounting period.
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Multiple choices questions
02 Perpetual inventory system tracks inventory movement
through the use of:
A. Bar code
B. Radio Frequency Identification
C. Physically counting
D. A and B

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Multiple choices questions
03 Adjustment are made to the number of inventory such as

A. Theft
B. Breakage
C. Various bar scanning malfunction
D. All of the above

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Multiple choices questions
04 Perpeptual Inventory system is superior than periodic
inventory system due to
A. Eliminating or decrease physically counting
B. Immediately tracking inventory number
C. No need of manually adjustment by the company's accountants
D. All of the above

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 Business Plan

Thank You
Please contact us for more information
Phone: 09 43 42 8998
Email: edu@vietsoucing.com
www.vietsourcing.com
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Lesson 15
Production
Overhead cost
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 Overhead Cost
/ˌəʊvəˈhed
02 kɒst/

• the ongoing
03 business expenses not directly
attributed to creating a product or service
04

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“ It is important for budgeting
purposes but also for determining
how much a company must charge
“
for its products or services to
make a profit.

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“ Overhead cost is important for budgeting
purposes but also for determining how much a
“
company must charge for its products or
services to make a profit.

Chi phí sản xuất chung là một yếu tố quan trọng khi tạo
lập ngân sách đồng thời giúp xác định mức chi phí mà
một công ty sẽ tính vào giá bán để kiếm lời từ các sản
phẩm hoặc dịch vụ của mình.
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Fixed Production
Overhead cost
02

/fɪkst prəˈdʌkʃn ˌəʊvəˈhed kɒst/

03
• a cost that does not change with an increase
or decrease in the amount of goods or services
04
produced or sold
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“ Fixed production overhead costs can
be a contributor to better economies
of scale because fixed costs can
decrease per unit when larger
“
quantities are produced.

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 “ Fixed production overhead costs can be a
contributor to better economies of scale because
“
fixed costs can decrease per unit when larger
quantities are produced.

Chi phí sản xuất cố định góp phần tăng tính kinh
tế theo quy mô vì chi phí cố định trên mỗi đơn vị
sẽ giảm khi số lượng sản xuất tăng lên.
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 Variable Production
Overhead cost
02

/ˈveəriəbl prəˈdʌkʃn ˌəʊvəˈhed kɒst/

03
• a corporate expense that changes in proportion
to production
04 output

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“ Variable production overhead costs
increase or decrease depending on a
company's production volume; they
rise as production increases and fall
“
as production decreases.

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 “ Variable production overhead costs increase
or decrease depending on a company's
production volume; they rise as production
“
increases and fall as production decreases.

Chi phí sản xuất biến đổi tăng hoặc giảm tùy thuộc
vào khối lượng sản xuất của công ty; chúng tăng khi
lượng sản xuất tăng và giảm khi lượng sản xuất giảm
. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 Marginal Cost
/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl
02 kɒst/

03
• the change in total production cost that comes
from making or producing one additional unit
04

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“The purpose of analyzing marginal
cost is to determine at what point an
organization can achieve economies
“
of scale to optimize production and
overall operations.

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“
The purpose of analyzing marginal cost is
to determine at what point an organization
can achieve economies of scale to optimize
“
production and overall operations.

Mục đích của việc phân tích chi phí cận biên là
để xác định thời điểm một doanh nghiệp có thể
đạt được hiệu quả kinh tế theo quy mô tối ưu
hóa sản xuất và hoạt động kinh doanh. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 Marginal
Costing
02
/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl ˈkɒstɪŋ /

03
• Also called variable costing, a method where the
variable costs are considered as the product cost
and the
04 fixed costs are considered as the costs of
the period.
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“ Marginal costing is the costing
technique in which variable costs are
charged to cost units and fixed costs
“
of the period are written off in full
against the aggregate contribution.

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 “ Marginal costing is the costing technique in
which variable costs are charged to cost units
“
and fixed costs of the period are written off in
full against the aggregate contribution.

Chi phí cận biên là phương pháp tính chi phí trong
đó chi phí biến đổi được tính vào đơn giá sản
phẩm và chi phí cố định thì được trừ sau lợi nhuận
cận biên. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 CONTRIBUTION
/ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn/
02

03
• the amount of earnings remaining after all direct
costs have been subtracted from revenue
04

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 Contribution gives an idea of how much
“ 'money' there is available to 'contribute'
towards paying for the overheads of the
organisation. For this reason, the
contribution concept is frequently “
employed by management accountants.

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 Contribution gives an idea of how much 'money'

“ there is available to 'contribute' towards paying

for the overheads of the organisation. For this
“
reason, the contribution concept is frequently
employed by management accountants.

Lợi nhuận cận biên thể hiện "số tiền" có sẵn“chi trả
" cho các chi phí của tổ chức. Vì lý do này, khái niệm
lợi nhuận biên thường được sử dụng bởi các kế toán
quản trị. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 Absorption
Costing
02
/əbˈzɔːpʃn ˈkɒstɪŋ/
03
• a managerial accounting cost method of capturing all costs
associated with manufacturing a particular product and is
required
04 by generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP) for external reporting.

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“Absorption costing allocates
fixed overhead costs to a
product whether or not it was
“
sold in the period.

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 “ Absorption costing allocates fixed
overhead costs to a product whether or
“
not it was sold in the period.

Phương pháp tính giá thành toàn bộ phân bổ chi

phí sản xuất chung cố định vào một sản phẩm cho
dù nó có được bán trong kỳ hay không.
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 Absorption costing steps
The steps required to complete a periodic assignment of costs to produced goods

Assign costs to cost pools

01 This is comprised of a standard set of accounts that are always included in cost
pools, and which should rarely be changed.

Calculate usage
02 Determine the amount of usage of whatever activity measure is used to assign
overhead costs, such as machine hours or direct labor hours used.

Assign costs
03 Divide the usage measure into the total costs in the cost pools to arrive at the
allocation rate per unit of activity, and assign overhead costs to produced goods
based on this usage rate.

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 Absorption Costing: Advantages and
Disadvantages

In compliance with GAAP Can Skew Profit and Loss

Doesn't Help Improve Operational

Accounts for All Production Costs
Efficiency

Not Useful for Comparison of

Tracks Profits More Accurately
Product Lines

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 The effect of absorption and marginal
costing on inventory valuation
Inventory values will therefore be different at Values inventory at the total variable production
the beginning and end of a period. cost of a unit of product.
Marginal costing

Absorption costing

Values inventory at the full production cost of a If inventory values are different, then this will
unit of product. have an effect on profits reported in the
income statement in a period.
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 Reconciling profits reported under the
different methods
Inventory levels changes during a period then If inventory levels decrease, marginal costing gives
profits differ under both methods the higher profit.
Marginal costing

Absorption costing

If inventory levels increase, absorption costing If inventory levels are constant, both methods
gives the higher profit. give the same profit.

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 ALLOCATION
/ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/
02

• the process of shifting overhead costs to cost objects,

using a rational basis of allotment
04

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“ Allocation is the linking of all
production costs to the cost
unit to prepare a full cost per unit.
“

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 “ Allocation is the linking of all
production costs to the cost unit to prepare
“
a full cost per unit.

Allocation nên hiểu là giai đoạn kết nối toàn bộ chi

phí đến một đơn vị chi phí để chuẩn bị cho việc tính
giá thành toàn bộ trên một đơn vị sản phẩm.
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 Apportionment
/əˈpɔːʃnmənt/
02

03
• the separation of revenues, expenses, or profits, which are
then assigned to different accounts, departments, or subsid
iaries. 04

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“ At the time of making primary
distribution, apportionment of
overhead usually ignores the
“
distinction between production and
service departments.

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 “ At the time of making primary distribution,
apportionment of overhead usually ignores the
“
distinction between production and service
departments.

Tại thời điểm thực hiện phân phối cơ bản, phân

bổ chi phí thường bỏ qua sự phân biệt giữa các
bộ phận sản xuất và dịch vụ.
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 ABSORPTION
02
/əbˈzɔːpʃn/

a method3 of accounting where all the costs of manufacturing,

(including fixed, variable and mixed costs) are allocated to
the produced units
04

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 “ The rate of absorption is the
predetermined rate at which overhead
costs are charged to cost objects. It reflect
changes in the overhead cost pool and the
“
basis of allocation.

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“ The rate of absorption is the predetermined rate at
which overhead costs are charged to cost objects. It
“
reflect changes in the overhead cost pool and the
basis of allocation.

Tỷ lệ gán chi phí là tỷ lệ được xác định trước mà

tại đó chi phí sản xuất được gán cho các đối tượng
chi phí. Nó phản ánh những thay đổi trong nhóm
chi phí sản xuất trên cơ sở tập hợp. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
Overhead
Absorption Rate
02

/ˌəʊvəˈhed əbˈzɔːpʃn reɪt/

03

Overhead absorption rate is a rate charged to cost unit inte

nded to account for the overhead at a predetermined level
of activity

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“In most cases, overhead absorption
rate is calculated prior to accounting
period using estimated or budgeted
“
overheads figures for an estimated
activity level.

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 “ In most cases, overhead absorption rate is
calculated prior to accounting period using
“
estimated or budgeted overheads figures for an
estimated activity level.

Trong hầu hết các trường hợp, tỉ lệ ấn định chi ph

í được tính toán trước kỳ kế toán bằng cách sử dụ
ng chi phí dự toán hoặc ngân sách chia cho mức
độ hoạt động ước tính. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 Blanket
Absorption Rate
02

/ˈblæŋkɪt əbˈzɔːpʃn reɪt/

03

• one single overhead absorption rate for the whole factory

04

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“ BAR is a common absorption rate
used throughout a factory and for all
jobs and units of output irrespective
“
of the departments in which they
were produced or processed.

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 “ BAR is a common absorption rate used
throughout a factory and for all jobs and units
of output irrespective of the departments in
“
which they were produced or processed.

Tỉ lệ ấn định chung là một tỷ lệ phân bổ được sử dụ

ng trong toàn bộ nhà máy đối với tất cả các công vi
ệc và sản phẩm đầu ra không phân biệt các bộ phận
sản xuất hay qui trình sản xuất. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
Activities
Bring the new words into practice!!!

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Question 1: Blanket overhead rate is:

One single overhead absorption rate for the whole

01 factory

02 Rate which is blank or nil rate

Rate in which multiple overhead rates are

03 calculated for each production department, service
department etc

04 Always a machine hour rate

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 Question 2: Which of the following costs is not
included while computing unit product cost under
marginal costing?
01 Direct materials cost

02 Direct labor cost

03 Variable manufacturing overhead cost

04 Fixed manufacturing overhead cost

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Question 3: Variable costing is also known as:

01 direct/marginal costing

02 absorption costing

03 activity based costing

04 normal costing

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Question 4: The reason of difference in profit under
variable costing and absorption costing is:

01 change in selling price

02 change in fixed cost

03 change in variable cost

04 change in inventory

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Question 5: When inventory increases, the profit
under absorption costing is:

01 always equal to variable costing

02 always higher than variable costing

03 always lower than variable costing

04 always equal to break even point

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PowerPoint Presentation

Worldmap
Style

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The formula for AC can be computed by using the following steps:
Step 1: Firstly, the direct labor cost per unit is directly attributable to Explanation
the production. The direct labor cost can be determined based on the of the
labor rate, level of expertise and the no. of hours put in by the labor Absorption
for production. However, the labor cost can also be taken from the Costing
income statement. Formula
Step 2: Secondly, identify the material type required and then
determine the amount of the material required for the production of
a unit of product in order to calculate the direct material cost per unit.
However, the direct raw material cost can also be taken from the
income statement.
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The formula for AC can be computed by using the following steps:
Step 3: Thirdly, determine which part of the manufacturing overhead Explanation
is variable in nature. The manufacturing overhead is available in the of the
income statement. Absorption
Step 4: Next, determine which part of the manufacturing overhead is Costing
fixed in nature and then divide the value by the number of units Formula
produced to arrive at per unit cost.
Step 5: Finally, the formula for absorption cost is derived by adding
up direct labor cost per unit, direct raw material cost per unit,
variable manufacturing overhead per unit and fixed manufacturing
overhead per unit as shown above.

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 Business Plan

Thank You
Please contact us for more information
Phone: 09 43 42 8998
Email: edu@vietsoucing.com
www.vietsourcing.com
English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Vietsourcing.com
Lesson 16
Pricing
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 /ˈmɑːkʌp əv kɒst/

Mark-up of cost
the percentage of an item's wholesale cost that the retailer
includes in its retail cost to make a profit.

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 For resellers that Đối với các nhà bán
purchase thousands lẻ hàng hóa, một cách
of products (e.g., rất đơn giản và hay
retailers), the dùng đó là giá bán
simplicity inherent in được xác định từ việc
markup pricing cộng vào chi phí một
makes it a more tỉ lệ lợi nhuận mong
attractive pricing muốn vì nó đơn giản
option than more
time-consuming và tiết kiệm thời gian
methods. hơn.
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 /Fʊl kɒst plʌs ˈpraɪsɪŋ/

Full cost plus-pricing

a price-setting method under which you add together the direct
material cost, direct labor cost and overhead costs for a
product, and add to it a markup percentage (to create a profit
margin) in order to derive the price of the product

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 Full cost plus Phương pháp định
pricing may be giá dựa trên tổng
used to set long- chi phí có thể được
term prices that are sử dụng để thiết lập
sufficiently high to mức giá bán dài
ensure a profit after hạn nhằm đảm bảo
all costs have been lợi nhuận sau khi
incurred. trừ tất cả các chi
phí phát sinh.
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 /ˈmɑːdʒɪnl kɒst plʌs ˈpraɪsɪŋ/

Marginal cost
plus pricing
the practice of setting the price of a product at or slightly above
the variable cost to produce it.

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 Marginal cost plus Phương pháp định giá
pricing is completely dựa trên chi phí biến
unacceptable for đổi khá là bất lợi đối
long-term price với việc thiết lập giá
setting, since it will trong dài hạn vì mức
result in prices that giá này không bao
do not capture a gồm chi phí cố định
company's fixed phát sinh tại doanh
expenses. nghiệp.
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 /trænsˈfɜː(r) ˈpraɪsɪŋ/

Transfer pricing
an accounting practice that represents the price that one
division in a company charges another division for goods and
services provided.

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Transfer pricing allows Giá bán hàng nội bộ
for the establishment cho phép thiết lập giá
of prices for the goods cho hàng hóa và dịch
and services exchanged
between a subsidiary, vụ trao đổi giữa một
an affiliate, or công ty con, công ty
commonly controlled liên kết hoặc các công
companies that are ty được kiểm soát bởi
part of the same larger cùng một doanh
enterprise.
nghiệp lớn.
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 /ɡəʊl ˈkɒŋɡruəns/

Goal congruence
consistency or agreement of individual goals with company goals

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 A well thought-out Một tổ chức được thiết
organizational design kế thường cân nhắc kỹ
causes goal lưỡng để có được sự
congruence and phù hợp về mục tiêu và
results in an kết quả là một tổ chức
organization being có thể làm việc cùng
able to work together
to accomplish a nhau để đạt được một
strategy. chiến lược.
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 /seɪls ˈmɑːdʒɪn/

Sales margin
the amount of profit generated from the sale of a product
or service

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 By analyzing Bằng cách phân
sales margins, tích tỷ suất lợi
one can identify nhuận từ doanh số
which products bán hàng, có thể
xác định sản phẩm
being sold are the nào mang về có lợi
most profitable. nhuận cao nhất.
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 /səˈplaɪŋ dɪˈvɪʒn/

Supplying division
A transfer at actual cost would give the supplying division no
incentive to control costs because all of the costs could be
passed on to the receiving division.

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 /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/

AUTONOMY
ability to maintain the independence of the business

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 If the firm's monetary Nếu nhu cầu về tiền của
needs cannot be met in doanh nghiệp không thể
the form of loans, the được đáp ứng bằng hình
risk of financial thức vay vốn, nguy cơ
imbalance requires mất cân bằng tài chính
financing in the form of đòi hỏi phải được tài trợ
capital contributions. It dưới hình thức vốn góp.
is now losing its Rõ ràng lúc này, doanh
autonomy. nghiệp mất quyền tự chủ.
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 /ˈdjuːəl ˈpraɪsɪŋ/

Dual Pricing
a situation in which the same product or service is sold at
different prices in different markets.

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 Dual pricing may Mức giá kép có thể
be used by a được sử dụng bởi
business for a một doanh nghiệp vì
variety of reasons,
but it is most often nhiều lý do, thường
an aggressive move là một động thái
to take market tích cực để giành
share away from lấy thị phần từ các
competitors. đối thủ cạnh tranh.
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 /ˌdiːˌsentrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

Decentralization
a company's top management delegating authority to subunits
of the company. Subunits include divisions, subsidiaries, profit
centers, investment centers, and so on.

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 A benefit of Một lợi ích của việc
decentralization is quản lý phi tập
having the decision trung là giúp những
makers closer to người ra quyết định
the markets in tiếp xúc gần hơn với
order to make thị trường để đưa ra
better and faster quyết định tốt hơn
decisions. và nhanh hơn.
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 /ɑːms leŋθ trænˈzækʃn/

Arms’length
transaction
The arm's length principle is the condition or the fact that the
parties to a transaction are independent and on an equal
footing. Such a transaction is known as an "arm's-length
transaction"
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 Arm’s length Giao dịch độc lập
transaction becomes trở nên quan trọng
important to khi quyết định một
determine if an thỏa thuận có hoàn
agreement was freely toàn tự do về giá,
entered into to show các yêu cầu các
that the price, điều kiện khác một
requirements, and cách công bằng và
other conditions hợp lý.
were fair and real. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 Actvities
Bring the new words into practice!

www.vietsourcing.com Vietsourcing.edu.vn
Watch the video below
and answer the
questions!
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Project Description
Objective Results
Add your objective here Add your results here

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1. The objective of transfer pricing is to
____________ within an organization.
A. Minimize cost;
B. Achieve economic efficiency;
C. Maximize benefit.

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2. A price on goods and services sold by one
member of a corporate family to another,
such as from a parent to its subsidiary in a
foreign country, is known as —
A. export price
B. arm’s length price
C. import price
D. transfer price
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3. Transfer prices are used when individual
entities of a larger multi-entity firm are
treated and measured as _____________
A. Separately run entities
B. A part of corporation

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4. How can Big Corporation reduce
its tax burden?
A. By making Division A profitable and Division B unprofitable
B. Division A charge Division B very high prices for the car
sound system
C. A only
D. Both A & B

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English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Vietsourcing.com
LESSON 17
Forecast and Budget
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 /ˈfɔːkɑːst/

FORECAST
a statement about what will happen in the future, based on information
that is available now

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The forecast may be used for short-
term operational considerations, such
as adjustments to staffing, inventory
levels, and the production plan.

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The forecast may be used for short-
term operational considerations, such
as adjustments to staffing, inventory
levels, and the production plan.
Dự toán có thể được sử dụng cho các
hoạt động ngắn hạn, chẳng hạn như
điều chỉnh nhân sự, mức tồn kho và
kế hoạch sản xuất. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 /faɪˈnænʃl ˈfɔːkɑːstɪŋ/

Financial Forecasting
a technique that uses historical data as inputs to make informed
estimates that are predictive in determining the direction of future
trends

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Businesses utilize financial forecasting
to determine how to allocate their
budgets or plan for anticipated
expenses for an upcoming period of
time.

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Businesses utilize financial forecasting to
determine how to allocate their budgets
or plan for anticipated expenses for an
upcoming period of time.
Các doanh nghiệp sử dụng dự toán tài chính
để phân bổ ngân sách hoặc lập kế hoạch cho
các chi phí dự kiến trong một kỳ kế toán tiếp
theo.
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 /ˈbʌdʒɪt/

BUDGET
an estimation of revenue and expenses over a specified future period of
time and is usually compiled and re-evaluated on a periodic basis.

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At companies and organizations,
a budget is an internal tool used
by management and is often not
required for reporting by external
parties.

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At companies and organizations, a
budget is an internal tool used by
management and is often not required
for reporting by external parties.
Trong các công ty và doanh nghiệp, ngân
sách là một công cụ được sử dụng bởi nhà
quản lý và không bắt buộc phải báo cáo ra
bên ngoài.
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 /haɪ ləʊ meθəd/

High-low method
a way of attempting to separate out fixed and variable costs given a
limited amount of data

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The high-low method involves taking
the highest level of activity and the
lowest level of activity and comparing
the total costs at each level.

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The high-low method involves taking
the highest level of activity and the
lowest level of activity and comparing
the total costs at each level.
Phương pháp cực đại - cực tiểu là phương
pháp sử dụng mức độ hoạt động cao nhất và
mức độ hoạt động thấp nhất để so sánh với
tổng chi phí ở mỗi cấp độ.
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 /ˌsensəˈtɪvəti əˈnæləsɪs/

Sensitivity analysis
a tool used in financial modeling to analyze how the different values of
a set of independent variables affect a specific dependent variable
under certain specific conditions

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Sensitivity analysis can be used to help
make predictions in the share prices of
publicly-traded companies or how
interest rates affect bond prices.

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Sensitivity analysis can be used to help
make predictions in the share prices of
publicly-traded companies or how
interest rates affect bond prices.
Phân tích độ nhạy có thể được sử dụng để
đưa ra dự đoán về giá cổ phiếu của các công
ty niêm yết hoặc mức lãi suất ảnh hưởng đến
giá trái phiếu.
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 /ˈbʌdʒɪt ˈmænjuəl/

Budget manual
a set of rules and instructions used by large organizations to prepare
their budgets and related reports

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Budget manuals are developed and
updated through a budget committee
that oversees standards and practices
within the organization's financial units.

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Budget manuals are developed and
updated through a budget committee
that oversees standards and practices
within the organization's financial units.
Hướng dẫn lập ngân sách được phát triển và
cập nhật bởi ủy ban ngân sách có các tiêu
chuẩn giám sát và thực tiễn thực hiện cho
từng đơn vị tài chính của doanh nghiệp.
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 /ˌtɒp ˈdaʊnˈ bʌdʒɪt/

Top-down budgeting
a budgeting method in which senior management develops a high-
level budget for the company

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 /ˌbɒtəm ˈʌp ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Bottom-up budgeting
a budgeting method that starts at the department level to the top level

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The top down budgeting process

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The bottom up budgeting process

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 /ˈprɪnsəpl ˈbʌdʒɪt ˈfæktə(r)/

Principal budget factor

the constraining factor which ultimately determines the level of activity
planned

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In the majority of organisations, principal
budgeting factor is sales demand but it can
also be shortage of materials or inadequate
plant capacity. Decisions must be taken at
an early stage to minimise the impact of any
principal budget factor.

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In the majority of organisations, principal budgeting
factor is sales demand but it can also be shortage of
materials or inadequate plant capacity. Decisions
must be taken at an early stage to minimise the
impact of any principal budget factor.
Trong phần lớn các tổ chức, yếu tố ngân sách chính là
nhu cầu về sản phẩm nhưng cũng có thể là vấn đề
thiếu nguyên liệu hoặc công suất nhà máy. Các quyết
định phải được đưa ra ở giai đoạn đầu để giảm thiểu
tác động của bất kỳ yếu tố rào cản nào.
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 /rɪˈsɔːs/

RESOURCE
a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has
and can use, especially to increase their wealth

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Company Resources are all assets a
company controls and can use to
achieve its goals, which include: Human
Resources, Material Resources, Financial
Resources, Intangible Assets.

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Company Resources are all assets a company
controls and can use to achieve its goals, which
include: Human Resources, Material Resources,
Financial Resources, Intangible Assets.

Nguồn lực của một công ty là tất cả tài sản mà

công ty kiểm soát và sử dụng để đạt được mục tiêu
của mình, bao gồm: nguồn nhân lực, nguyên vật
liệu, nguồn lực tài chính, các tài sản vô hình.
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 /rɪˈsɔːs ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/

Resource allocation
the process of assigning and managing assets in a manner that
supports an organization's strategic goals

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Resource allocation involves balancing
competing needs and priorities and
determining the most effective course
of action in order to maximize the
effective use of limited resources and
gain the best return on investment.

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Resource allocation involves balancing competing
needs and priorities and determining the most
effective course of action in order to maximize the
effective use of limited resources and gain the best
return on investment.

Phân bổ nguồn lực bao gồm cân bằng các nhu cầu có
tính cạnh tranh và sự ưu tiên, xác định cách thức hiệu
quả nhất để tối đa hóa việc sử dụng các nguồn lực hạn
chế và thu được lợi tức đầu tư tốt nhất.
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 /ˈfʌŋkʃənl ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Functional Budget
A budget which is associated with the functions of an organization. For
examples: Sales budget, Production budget,etc.

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A functional budget for the manufacture
of a product line might include estimated
costs of production, marketing, sales,
labor, equipment and materials, as well
as projected sales income.

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A functional budget for the manufacture of a
product line might include estimated costs of
production, marketing, sales, labor, equipment
and materials, as well as projected sales income.

Ngân sách chức năng đối với sản xuất một sản phẩm
có thể bao gồm chi phí ước tính của các khâu sản
xuất, tiếp thị, bán hàng, nhân công, trang thiết bị và
vật liệu, cũng như thu nhập từ bán hàng dự kiến.
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 /seɪls ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Sales Budget
An outline of sales expectations set by management, usually for a
period of one year. The features of a sales budget usually include a
breakdown of sales for each quarter and the number of units to be sold.

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 /prəˈdʌkʃn ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Production Budget
a financial plan that lists the number of units to be manufactured during
a period.

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 /ˈleɪbə(r) ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Labour Budget
calculate the number of labor hours that will be needed to produce the
units itemized in the production budget

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 /ˌəʊvəˈhed ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Overhead Budget
A budget contains all manufacturing costs other than the costs of direct
materials and direct labor.

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 /ˈmɑːstə(r) ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Master Budget
the aggregation of all lower-level budgets produced by a company's
various functional areas, and also includes budgeted financial
statements, a cash forecast, and a financing plan

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A master budget is the central planning
tool that a management team uses to
direct the activities of a corporation, as
well as to judge the performance of its
various responsibility centers.

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A master budget is the central planning tool that
a management team uses to direct the activities
of a corporation, as well as to judge the
performance of its various responsibility centers.

Ngân sách tổng thể là công cụ lập kế hoạch trung tâm

mà các nhà quản lý sử dụng để chỉ đạo các hoạt động
của một tập đoàn, cũng như để đánh giá hiệu quả hoạt
động của các trung tâm trách nhiệm khác nhau.
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 Actvities
NOTE TAKING

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 Three steps to creat your financial forecast
Step 1. Gather your past financial statements.
……………………………………………………………

Step 2. Decide how you’ll make projections.

……………………………………………………………

Step 3. Prepare your pro forma statements.

……………………………………………………………

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 Business Plan

Thank You
Please contact us for more information
Phone: 09 43 42 8998
Email: edu@vietsoucing.com
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English for Accounting
Brief course for beginners

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Lesson 18
Standard
Costing
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 Bill of
material
an extensive list of raw materials,
components, and assemblies required to
construct, manufacture a product or service

/bɪl əv məˈtɪəriəl/

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 Bill of material is especially
important in manufacturing
settings, where product
Bill of completion relies on an
accurate and detailed stock
material of physical parts.

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 Bill of material is especially important in
manufacturing settings, where product completion
relies on an accurate and detailed stock of physical
parts.

Bảng kê nguyên vật liệu định mức rất quan trọng

trong quá trình sản xuất, vì sản phẩm hoàn
thành dựa trên tính toán chính xác và chi tiết số
lượng của hàng tồn kho
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 Standard
cost card
a detailed listing of the standard amounts
materials, labor, and overhead required to
create one unit of a product

/ˈstændəd kɒst kɑːd/

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 The standard cost card
is comprised of the
expected quantities of
Standard materials to be used
during the production
cost card process, which can vary
somewhat from the
actual amounts used.
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 The standard cost card is comprised of the
expected quantities of materials to be used
during the production process, which can vary
somewhat from the actual amounts used.

Bảng giá thành định mức bao gồm số lượng

nguyên vật liệu dự kiến sẽ được sử dụng trong quá
trình sản xuất, có thể khác biệt đôi chút so với số
lượng thực tế được sử dụng.
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 Variance
analysis
the quantitative investigation of the
difference between actual and planned
behavior

/ˈveəriəns əˈnæləsɪs/

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 Variance analysis is
especially effective
when you review the
Variance amount of a variance
on a trend line, so that
Analysis sudden changes in the
variance level from
month to month are
more readily apparent.
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Variance analysis is especially effective when
you review the amount of a variance on a
trend line, so that sudden changes in the
variance level from month to month are more
readily apparent.
Phân tích biến động đặc biệt hiệu quả khi được dùng để
xem xét biến động về số lượng thể hiện theo xu hướng,
giúp ta nhận thấy sự tăng giảm đột ngột của mức biến
động qua các tháng dễ hơn.
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 Favorable
variance
the positive difference between budgeted
figures for a period and actual figures for the
period

/ˈfeɪvərəbl ˈveəriəns/

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 A favorable variance
indicates that a business
Favorable has either generated
more revenue than
Variance expected or incurred
fewer expenses than
expected.

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A favorable variance indicates that a business
has either generated more revenue than
expected or incurred fewer expenses than
expected.

Biến động thuận lợi cho biết một doanh nghiệp

đang tạo ra nhiều doanh thu hơn dự kiến hoặc
phát sinh ít chi phí hơn dự kiến.

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 Adverse
variance
the negative difference between budgeted
figures for a period and actual figures for the
period

/ˈædvɜːs ˈveəriəns/

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 An adverse variance can
alert management that
the company's profit will
Adverse be less than expected.
The sooner an adverse
Variance variance is detected, the
sooner attention can be
directed towards fixing
any problems.
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 An adverse variance can alert management
that the company's profit will be less than
expected. The sooner an adverse variance is
detected, the sooner attention can be
directed towards fixing any problems.
Một biến động bất lợi cảnh báo nhà quản lý rằng
lợi nhuận của công ty sẽ thấp hơn dự kiến. Việc
phát hiện sớm các biến động bất lợi sẽ góp phần
giải quyết các vấn đề sớm hơn.
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 Direct
material variance
the difference between the standard cost of
materials resulting from production activities
and the actual costs incurred

/dəˈrekt məˈtɪəriəl ˈveəriəns/

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 The direct material
variance is comprised
Direct of two other variances,
which are purchase
Material price variance and
material yield variance.
Variance It is usually charged to
the cost of goods sold
in the period incurred.
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 The direct material variance is comprised of
two other variances, which are purchase price
variance and material yield variance. It is
usually charged to the cost of goods sold in
the period incurred.
Biến động nguyên vật liệu trực tiếp bao gồm biến
động về giá mua và biến động về số lượng nguyên
vật liệu. Thường được tính vào giá vốn hàng bán
trong kỳ kế toán phát sinh.
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 Purchase
price variance
the difference between the actual price paid
to buy an item and its standard price,
multiplied by the actual number of units
purchased.
/ˈpɜːtʃəs praɪs ˈveəriəns/

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 PPV results when the
actual price paid for
purchased materials is
Purchase different from the
budgeted cost of those
Price materials. This is a
Variance lagging indicator to
quantify the efficiency
of the procurement
function. Vietsourcing.edu.vn
 PPV results when the actual price paid for
purchased materials is different from the
budgeted cost of those materials. This is a
lagging indicator to quantify the efficiency of
the procurement function.
Biến động về giá mua là kết quả của chênh lệch
giữa giá thực trả cho vật liệu mua với chi phí dự
tính của những vật liệu đó. Đây là một chỉ số đánh
giá hiệu quả hoạt động của bộ phận mua hàng.
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 Material
usage variance
the difference between the actual amount of
material used and the standard amount
expected to be used, multiplied by the
standard cost of the materials
/məˈtɪəriəl
ˈjuːsɪdʒˈveəriəns/
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 A favorable material
Material usage means higher
production than standard
usage production based on the
standard input quantity
Variance which results in lower
materials cost.

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A favorable material usage variance means
higher production than standard production
based on the standard input quantity which
results in lower materials cost.

Biến động về số lượng nguyên vật liệu sử dụng thuận lợi

cho thấy mức sản xuất thực tế cao hơn mức sản xuất
định mức dựa trên số lượng đầu vào tiêu chuẩn dẫn đến
chi phí nguyên vật liệu thấp hơn.
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 Labor rate
variance
the difference between the actual cost of
labor and the standard cost of labor utilized
during a period

/ˈleɪbə(r) reɪt ˈveəriəns/

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 The labor rate variance
can be used to evaluate
Labor the performance of a
company's bargaining
Rate staff in setting hourly
rates with the company
Variance union for the next
contract period.
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 The labor rate variance can be used to
evaluate the performance of a company's
bargaining staff in setting hourly rates with the
company union for the next contract period.

Biến động chi phí nhân công có thể được sử dụng

để đánh giá hiệu quả của công ty trong việc đàm
phán mức giá theo giờ công với đại diện công đoàn
công ty cho các kỳ hợp đồng tiếp theo.
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 Labor
efficiency
variance
the difference between the standard cost of actual
number of direct labor hours utilized during a period
and the standard hours of direct labor for the level of
output achieved

/ˈleɪbə(r) ɪˈfɪʃnsi ˈveəriəns/

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 If the labor efficiency
variance outcome is
unfavorable, there will
Labor likely to be a review by
industrial engineers to
Efficiency see if the underlying
process can be
Variance improved to reduce the
number of production
hours required
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 If the labor efficiency variance outcome is
unfavorable, there will likely to be a review by
industrial engineers to see if the underlying
process can be improved to reduce the number of
production hours required

Nếu kết quả biến động hiệu quả lao động là bất lợi,
nhiều khả năng sẽ có một đánh giá mang tính kỹ thuật
chuyên ngành để xem xét có thể cải thiện qui trình để
giảm số giờ sản xuất cần thiết hay không.
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 Variable
overhead
spending variance
the difference between the actual and
budgeted rates of spending on variable
overhead

/ˈveəriəbl ˌəʊvəˈhed
ˈspendɪŋ ˈveəriəns/

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 The variable overhead
spending variance is
Variable most applicable in
Overhead situations where the
production process is
Spending tightly controlled, as is
the case when large
Variance numbers of identical
units are produced.
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The variable overhead spending variance is
most applicable in situations where the
production process is tightly controlled, as is
the case when large numbers of identical
units are produced.
Biến động về chi tiêu của chi phí sản xuất chung biến đổi
thường được áp dụng trong các tình huống mà quy trình
sản xuất được kiểm soát chặt chẽ, như trường hợp nhà máy
sản xuất một số lượng lớn các sản phẩm giống nhau.
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 Variable
overhead
efficiency variance
the difference between the actual and
budgeted hours worked

/ˈveəriəbl ˌəʊvəˈhed
ɪˈfɪʃnsi ˈveəriəns/

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 The variable overhead
efficiency variance is
Variable a compilation of
Overhead production expense
information submitted
Efficiency by the production
department and the
Variance projected labor hours
to be worked.
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The variable overhead efficiency variance is a
compilation of production expense
information submitted by the production
department and the projected labor hours to
be worked.
Biến động về hiệu quả chi phí sản xuất biến động
là sự tổng hợp của thông tin chi phí sản xuất được
nộp lên từ bộ phận sản xuất và số giờ lao động dự
kiến.
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 Fixed
overhead
efficiency variance
the difference between the number of hours
that actual production should have taken

/fɪkst ˌəʊvəˈhed ɪˈfɪʃnsi

ˈveəriəns/

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 The fixed overhead
efficiency variance
Fixed measures how
efficient employees
Overhead are at manufacturing
products. It’s standard
Efficiency is the company’s
Variance expected labor costs
for producing a set
number of units.
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 The fixed overhead efficiency variance
measures how efficient employees are at
manufacturing products.

Biến động về hiệu quả của chi phí SX chung

cố định đo lường mức độ hiệu quả của nhân
viên trên từng sản phẩm.
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 Fixed
overhead
spending variance
the difference between the actual fixed
overhead expense incurred and the
budgeted fixed overhead expense

/fɪkst ˌəʊvəˈhed
ˈspendɪŋ ˈveəriəns/

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 Fixed overhead spending
variance is a better
Fixed accounting variance for
management to review,
Overhead since it highlights
changes in costs that
Spending were not expected to
Variance change when the fixed
cost budget was
formulated.
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 Fixed overhead spending variances is a better
accounting variance for management to review,
since it highlights changes in costs that were not
expected to change when the fixed cost budget
was formulated.

Biến động về giá chi phí SX chung cố định là công

cụ quan trọng đối với nhà quản lý vì nó cho biết
những thay đổi về chi phí chưa được dự kiến khi
lập ngân sách chi phí cố định.
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Activity

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Fill in the blanks
Variances Formulas
…….. Standard Cost of Material – Actual Cost of
Material
…….. (Standard Purchase Price – Actual Purchase
Price) x Actual Quantity
……… Actual Fixed Overheads - Budgeted Fixed
Overheads
……… Actual Cost of Actual Hours - Standard Cost of
Actual Hours
……… (Actual Hours - Standard Cost) x Standard Rate
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 Thanks!
Please contact us for more information
Phone: 09 43 42 8998
Email: edu@vietsoucing.com
 LESSON 19
INVESTMENT PROJECT
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Relevant cost
/ˈreləvənt kɒst/
‘Relevant costs’ can be defined as any cost
relevant to a decision.

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 Management uses relevant
costs in decision making,
such as whether to close a
Relevant business unit, whether to
cost make or buy parts or labor,
and whether to accept a
customer's last minute or
special orders.
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Management uses relevant costs in decision
making, such as whether to close a business unit,
whether to make or buy parts or labor, and whether
to accept a customer's last minute or special orders.

Nhà quản lý sử dụng chi phí liên quan khi đưa ra

quyết định như xem xét đóng cửa một đơn vị kinh
doanh, tự sản xuất hoặc mua ngoài một phần của sản
phẩm hoặc nhân công và có nên chấp nhận đơn đặt
hàng vào phút cuối hoặc đơn đặt hàng đặc biệt của
khách hàng hay không.
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Sunk cost
/sʌŋk kɒst/
money that has already been spent and which
cannot be recovered

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 Sunk costs are excluded
from future business
Sunk decisions because the
cost cost will remain the
same regardless of the
outcome of a decision.
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Sunk costs are excluded from future
business decisions because the cost
will remain the same regardless of the
outcome of a decision.

Chi phí chìm được loại trừ khỏi các quyết

định kinh doanh trong tương lai vì chi phí
sẽ vẫn giữ nguyên cho dù kết quả của quyết
định có mang lại lợi nhuận hay không.
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Incremental
cost
/ˌɪŋ.krəˈmentəl kɒst/
Incremental means extra, and we are always
interested in the extra cash flows that result
from doing a project.

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 Incremental cost
Incremental costs (or marginal
costs) help determine the
profit maximization point for
an organization. This point
occurs when marginal costs
equal marginal revenues.
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Incremental costs (or marginal costs) help
determine the profit maximization point for
an organization. This point occurs when
marginal costs equal marginal revenues.

Chi phí gia tăng (hoặc chi phí cận biên) giúp
xác định điểm tối đa hóa lợi nhuận của một tổ
chức. Điểm này được xác định khi chi phí cận
biên bằng doanh thu cận biên.
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Committed
cost
/kəˈmɪtɪd kɒst/
costs that would be incurred in the future
but they cannot be avoided because the
company has already committed to them
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 Committed costs are
long term in nature,
and they can't be
Committed reduced significantly
cost without impacting the
entity's ability to
operate normally.
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Committed costs are long term in nature,
and they can't be reduced significantly
without impacting the entity's ability to
operate normally.

Chi phí cam kết về bản chất là dài hạn và

thường ảnh hưởng đến khả năng hoạt động
thông thường của doanh nghiệp khi chi phí
này giảm xuống đáng kể.
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Cash inflow
/kæʃ ˈɪnfləʊ/
the money going into a business

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Cash outflow
/kæʃ ˈaʊtfləʊ/
the money leaving the business

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 By looking at a
company's cash inflow
Cash compared to its outflow,
inflow vs you can balance up
outflow whether the risk of
investing is worth any
potential gains.
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By looking at a company's cash inflow
compared to its outflow, you can balance
up whether the risk of investing is worth
any potential gains.

Bằng cách xem xét dòng tiền chi ra với dòng

tiền thu vào của công ty, ban quản lý có thể
cân bằng xem liệu rủi ro đầu tư có xứng đáng
với bất kỳ lợi nhuận tiềm năng nào không.
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Discounted
cash flow
/dɪsˈkaʊntɪd ˈkæʃ fləʊ/
a valuation method used to estimate the value
of an investment based on its future cash flows

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 DCF analysis attempts
to figure out the value
Discounted of a company today,
cash flow based on projections of
how much money it will
generate in the future.
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DCF analysis attempts to figure out the
value of a company today, based on
projections of how much money it will
generate in the future.

Phân tích dòng tiền chiết khấu được dùng để

định giá doanh nghiệp trong thời điểm hiện
tại dựa trên dự đoán về các dòng tiền mà
doanh nghiệp có thể tạo ra trong tương lai.
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Discount
factor
/dɪsˈkaʊnt ˈkæʃ fləʊ/
Discount rates, also known as discount factors,
are a critical component of the time value of
money

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Compound
interest
/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/
interest calculated on the initial principal, which
also includes all of the accumulated interest of
previous periods of a deposit or loan
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 Compound interest

The rate at which compound

interest accrues depends on the
frequency of compounding,
such that the higher the number
of compounding periods, the
greater the compound interest.
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The rate at which compound interest
accrues depends on the frequency of
compounding, such that the higher the
number of compounding periods, the
greater the compound interest.
Tốc độ tích lũy lãi kép phụ thuộc vào tần
suất gộp sao cho số kỳ hạn gộp càng cao, lãi
kép càng lớn.
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Time value
of money
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
the concept that money available at the present
time is worth more than the identical sum in the
future due to its potential earning capacity
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 The time value of money is
also related to the concepts of
Time inflation and purchasing power.
Both factors need to be taken
value of into consideration along with
money whatever rate of return may be
realized by investing the
money
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The time value of money is also related to the
concepts of inflation and purchasing power. Both
factors need to be taken into consideration along
with whatever rate of return may be realized by
investing the money

Giá trị thời gian của tiền có mối liên hệ với khái
niệm về lạm phát và sức mua của đồng tiền. Cả hai
yếu tố này cần thiết để xem xét tỉ suất lợi tức khi
đầu tư.
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Effective
annual rate
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
the interest rate that is actually earned or paid
on an investment, loan or other financial product
due to the result of compounding over a given
time period
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 EAR is used to compare
different products—
Effective including loans, lines of
credits, or investment
annual products like deposit
rate certificates—that
calculate compounded
interest differently.
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EAR is used to compare different products—
including loans, lines of credits, or investment
products like deposit certificates—that calculate
compounded interest differently.

Lãi suất hiệu quả được sử dụng để so sánh các sản

phẩm khác nhau như các khoản vay, dòng tín dụng
hoặc sản phẩm đầu tư như chứng chỉ tiền gửi mà
lãi kép được tính theo nhiều cách khác nhau.
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Simple interest
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
a quick and easy method of calculating the
interest charge on a loan or a percent (per year)
of the amount borrowed

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 When you make a
payment on a simple
interest loan, the payment
Simple first goes toward that
interest month’s interest, and the
remainder goes toward
the principal.
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When you make a payment on a simple interest
loan, the payment first goes toward that
month’s interest, and the remainder goes
toward the principal

Khi bạn thực hiện thanh toán cho một khoản vay
tính theo lãi suất đơn, khoản thanh toán trước tiên
sẽ trả cho tiền lãi tháng đó và phần còn lại sẽ được
chuyển để thanh toán tiền nợ gốc.
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Net present
value
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
the difference between the present value of
cash inflows and the present value of cash
outflows over a period of time
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 A positive net present value
indicates that the projected
Net earnings generated by a
present project or investment - in
present dollars - exceeds
value the anticipated costs, also
in present dollars.
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A positive net present value indicates that
the projected earnings generated by a
project or investment - in present dollars -
exceeds the anticipated costs, also in
present dollars.

Giá trị hiện tại thuần dương cho thấy thu

nhập dự kiến được tạo ra bởi một dự án hoặc
đầu tư lớn hơn chi phí dự kiến.
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Internal rate
of return
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
The internal rate of return sometime known as
yield on project is the rate at which an
investment project promises to generate a
return during its useful life.
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 The internal rate of return
is a discount rate that
Internal
makes the net present
rate of value (NPV) of all cash
return flows from a particular
project equal to zero.
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The internal rate of return is a discount
rate that makes the net present value
(NPV) of all cash flows from a particular
project equal to zero.

Tỷ lệ hoàn vốn nội bộ là tỷ lệ chiết khấu đưa

giá trị hiện tại thuần (NPV) của các dòng tiền
từ một dự án cụ thể về bằng không.
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Payback
period
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
the amount of time it takes to recover the cost
of an investment

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 Investors and managers
can use the payback
period to make quick
Payback judgments on their
period investments. Shorter
paybacks mean more
attractive investments.
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 Investors and managers can use the
payback period to make quick judgments
on their investments. Shorter paybacks
mean more attractive investments.
Các nhà đầu tư và quản lý có thể sử dụng
phương pháp đánh giá thời gian hoàn vốn để đưa
ra đánh giá nhanh về các khoản đầu tư. Thời
gian hoàn vốn càng ngắn thì khoản đầu tư càng
hấp dẫn hơn.
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Investment
appraisal
/taɪm ˈvæljuː əv ˈmʌni/
a collection of techniques used to identify the
attractiveness of an investment.

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 Investment appraisal

The purpose of investment

appraisal is to assess the
viability of project, programme
or portfolio decisions and the
value they generate
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The purpose of investment appraisal is to
assess the viability of project, programme
or portfolio decisions and the value they
generate.

Mục đích của thẩm định đầu tư là đánh giá

tính khả thi của các dự án, chương trình
hoặc danh mục đầu tư và giá trị mà chúng
tạo ra.
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ACTIVITY
Bring the new word into practice!

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 Question 1

WHICH CONCEPT IS
RELATED TO “A
DOLLAR TODAY IS
ALWAYS WORTH MORE
THAN A DOLLAR
TOMORROW”?

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 Question 2

“Payback period”

WHY IS PAYBACK PERIOD

CONSIDERED NOT TO BE
USEFUL COMPARED TO
NET PRESENT VALUE?

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 Question 3

ALEX WANTS TO BORROW

$1.000. THE LOCAL BANK
SAYS "10% INTEREST".
SO TO BORROW THE
$1.000 FOR 1 YEAR WILL
COST………..

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Question 4

WHY ARE SUNK COSTS

EXCLUDED FROM
FUTURE BUSINESS
DECISION ?

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THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
▸ edu@vietsourcing.com
▸ 09 43 42 8998

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 LESSON 20
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
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 Performance
measurement
/pəˈfɔːməns ˈmeʒəmənt/
a numeric outcome of an analysis that indicates how well an
organization is achieving its objectives

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 “
Another form of performance
measurement is the use of revenue
centers, profit centers, and cost centers
to report the results of business
segments.

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Another form of performance measurement
is the use of revenue centers, profit centers,
and cost centers to report the results of
business segments.
Một hình thức đo lường hiệu quả khác là sử dụng
số liệu của các trung tâm doanh thu, trung tâm lợi
nhuận và trung tâm chi phí để báo cáo kết quả của
các phân khúc kinh doanh.

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 Critical success
factor
/ˈkrɪtɪkl səkˈses ˈfæktə(r)/
indicators for opportunities, activities or conditions
required to achieve an objective within a project or mission

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 “
CSF have a huge impact on the degree to
which a company is successful and
effective in reaching strategic goals
within the mission, also gaining a
competitive advantage.

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CSF have a huge impact on the degree to which
a company is successful and effective in
reaching strategic goals within the mission,
also gaining a competitive advantage.

CSF có tác động rất lớn đến mức độ thành công

của doanh nghiệp và hiệu quả trong việc đạt được
các mục tiêu chiến lược cũng như giành được lợi
thế cạnh tranh trên thị trường.

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Key performance
indicator (KPI)
/kiː pəˈfɔːməns ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/
the critical (key) indicators of progress toward an intended
result

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 “
KPIs provides a focus for strategic and
operational improvement, create an
analytical basis for decision making and
help focus attention on what matters
most.

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KPIs provides a focus for strategic and
operational improvement, create an analytical
basis for decision making and help focus
attention on what matters most.

KPIs cung cấp các vấn đề trọng tâm trong việc cải
tiến chiến lược và hoạt động kinh doanh, tạo cơ sở
phân tích để ra quyết định và giúp doanh nghiệp
tập trung vào các vấn đề cần được giải quyết nhất.

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 Financial
indicator
/faɪˈnænʃl ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/
ratios that are used to assess the financial viability of a
project and alternative financial structures for its
implementation

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 “
Financial indicators are time sensitive;
they can only present a picture of the
business at the time that the underlying
figures were prepared.

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Financial indicators are time sensitive; they
can only present a picture of the business at
the time that the underlying figures were
prepared.
Các chỉ số tài chính thường có giới hạn về thời gian
do chúng chỉ có thể đưa ra được bức tranh về tình
hình doanh nghiệp tại thời điểm mà các số liệu
được lập.

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 Non-Financial
indicator
/nɒn-faɪˈnænʃl ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/
quantitative measures that cannot be expressed in
monetary units

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 “
Non-financial indicators can provide
deep insights into inner workings of your
business and serve as leading indicators
of future financial performance.

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Non-financial indicators can provide deep
insights into inner workings of your business
and serve as leading indicators of future
financial performance.
Các chỉ số phi tài chính có thể cung cấp những
hiểu biết sâu sắc về hoạt động nội bộ của doanh
nghiệp và có vai trò là nhóm chỉ số hàng đầu về
hiệu quả tài chính trong tương lai.

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 Profitability
ratio
/ˌprɒfɪtəˈbɪləti ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
a class of financial metrics that are used to assess a business's ability to
generate earnings relative to its revenue, operating costs, balance sheet assets,
and shareholders' equity over time, using data from a specific point in time.

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Liquidity ratio
/lɪˈkwɪdəti ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
an important class of financial metrics used to determine a
debtor's ability to pay off current debt obligations without
raising external capital

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Working capital
ratio
/ˌwɜːkɪŋ ˈkæpɪtl ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
Working Capital is very important for the business to
run its operations smoothly and meet their day to day
fund requirements

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Investor ratio
/ɪnˈvestə(r) ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
ratios are used to measure the ability of a business to earn
an adequate return for the owners of the business

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 Cost control
/kɒst kənˈtrəʊl/
the practice of identifying and reducing business expenses
to increase profits, and it starts with the budgeting process

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 “
Outsourcing is used frequently to control
costs because many businesses find it
cheaper to pay a third party to perform a
task than to take on the work within the
company.

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Outsourcing is used frequently to control costs
because many businesses find it cheaper to pay
a third party to perform a task than to take on
the work within the company.

Thuê ngoài được sử dụng thường xuyên để kiểm

soát chi phí vì nhiều doanh nghiệp thấy việc trả
tiền cho bên thứ ba để thực hiện một nhiệm vụ rẻ
hơn so với tự tiến hành công việc.

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 Cost
reduction
/kɒst rɪˈdʌkʃn/
the process of eliminating waste and improving processes
to reduce overhead and/or cost of goods sold

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 “
Many business managers will engage in
periodic cost reduction drives in order to
make their company's operation more
efficient and to boost profits.

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Many business managers will engage in
periodic cost reduction drives in order to make
their company's operation more efficient and
to boost profits.

Nhiều nhà quản lý doanh nghiệp sẽ tham gia vào

các chính sách cắt giảm chi phí định kỳ nhằm tăng
hiệu quả hoạt động của doanh nghiệp cũng như
tăng lợi nhuận kinh doanh.

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 Balanced
scorecard
/ˈbælənst ˈskɔːkɑːd/
a performance metric used in strategic management to
identify and improve various internal functions of a
business.

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 “
Companies can easily identify factors
hindering business performance and
outline strategic changes tracked by
future balanced scorecards.

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Companies can easily identify factors
hindering business performance and outline
strategic changes tracked by future
balanced scorecards.
Các công ty có thể dễ dàng xác định các yếu tố
cản trở hiệu quả kinh doanh và phác thảo các
thay đổi chiến lược từ bảng điểm cân bằng
tương lai.
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Benchmarking
/ˈbentʃmɑːkɪŋ/
the practice of comparing actual performance results with
a standardize performance goal or number–a benchmark

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 “
Benchmarking is used by external users
of the financial statements like investors
and creditors to see if a business’
performance meets expectations.

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Benchmarking is used by external users of
the financial statements like investors and
creditors to see if a business’ performance
meets expectations.
Mức chuẩn được sử dụng bởi người dùng bên
ngoài doanh nghiệp đối với báo cáo tài chính như
nhà đầu tư và chủ nợ để kiểm tra xem hiệu suất
kinh doanh có đang ở mức kỳ vọng hay không.

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 Competitive
advantage
/kəmˈpetətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/
conditions that allow a company or country to produce a
good or service of equal value at a lower price or in a more
desirable fashion

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 “
A firm's ability to produce a good or service
more efficiently than its competitors,
which leads to greater profit margins,
creates a comparative advantage.

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A firm's ability to produce a good or service
more efficiently than its competitors, which
leads to greater profit margins, creates a
comparative advantage.
Doanh nghiệp có khả năng sản xuất hàng hóa
hoặc dịch vụ hiệu quả hơn so với các đối thủ cạnh
tranh, dẫn đến lợi nhuận cận biên lớn hơn sẽ tạo
ra lợi thế cạnh tranh.

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 ACTIVITY
Doing the crossword below 1
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 Crosswords
◉ A regular measurement of outcomes and
results that indicates how well an
organization is achieving its objectives.
◉ _________ indicator shows how good a
company’s __________ situation or the
situation of a financial market is.
◉ CSF stands for critical _______ factors.
◉ the ratios that are used to measure the
ability of a business to earn an adequate
return for the owners of the business.

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 Crosswords
◉ A business owner compares actual results
with the budgeted expectations and if
actual costs are higher than planned,
management takes action
◉ The advantages that generate greater value
for a firm and its shareholders because of
certain strengths or conditions.
◉ ___________ ratios determine a company's
ability to cover short-term obligations and
cash flows.

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 ACTIVITY
Watch the video and answer the question 2
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 Question

What common
techniques that are
listed in the video
on aims of cutting
cost?

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THANKS!
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You can find me at
09 43 42 8998/ edu@vietsourcing.com

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