Conditionals

Type 0: Factual Conditionals

⇒ Expresses a present or past connection between 2 events

if + present tense + present tense or if + past tense + past tense

Type 1: Predictive Conditionals

⇒ Expresses a likely connection between 2 events

if + present tense+will/going to or if+happen/should happen to +present

Type 2: Hypothetical Conditionals

⇒ Expresses a connection between 2 imaginary events

if+past tense/were +would/could/might

Type 3: Counterfactual Conditionals

⇒ Expresses a connection between 2 events that never happened.

if + past perfect+ would/could/might have+past participle

Other if-clauses forms include:
- should/were/had at the start of the clause (without if)
- if …were to +infinitive
- if…was/were not for +noun phrase
- were it not for, had it been for
- but for

Mixed real conditionals

if+past tense +present tense

describe habits in the past with would (‘d)
predictive: if +past simple/present perfect + future
preference: would like to/would rather+ the base form of a verb

Mixed unreal conditionals

past tense +connect it to a possible past event with would have or present event would

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Sentence Constituents
Parts of Speech Noun (N) : table, chair, house, team, family
Verb (V): run, teach, go, be, should, may, will
Adjectives (Adj):beautiful, fast, dark
Adverbs (Adv): rapidly, easily, well, quite, still
Determiners (Det): this, these, my, his, few, many, several…
Prepositions (P): in, at, in front of, across, above, etc.
Pronouns (Pro) : I, you, mine, yours, myself, who, everyone…
Conjunctions (Conj):
Coordinating Conj: to link elements of the same nature:
for, and,nor, but,or, yet,so (FANBOYS) …
Subordinating Conj: to link DC to IC: after, because,
when, since, …

Phrases Noun Phrase (NP): group of words that function as a noun :

ex: a bird; the little boy, my lovely sister, …
Verbal Phrase (VP): he took the wrong keys
Adjective Phrase (Adj P): a phrase that's headed by an
adjective and provides context, clarity, or details that support
that adjective. Ex: John is extremely nervous.
Adverb Phrase (Adv P): a group of words that act like an
adverb. Ex: Time passes by very quickly.
Prepositional Phrase (PP): a group of words consisting of a
preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object.
Ex: The cat is on the table.

Clauses Independent Clause (IC): can be joined with Coordinating

Conjunctions.
ex: Kathy is a doctor but John is an engineer.

Dependent Clause (DC): dependent or subordinate to a

phrase or an independent clause (linked by an NP or
subordinating conjunctions).
ex: Susan must leave because she has a business lunch.

Sentence Types Simple Sentence: Independent Clause without DC.

Ex: I bought four apples at the farmers’ market.
Compound Sentence: 2 or more IC but no DC (with
coordinators; linking adverbs or semicolon)
Ex: I don’t know where he went, and no one has seen him
since this afternoon
Complex Sentence: IC + 1 or more DC (dependent adverb,
dependent adjective or dependent noun clauses)
Ex: When he saw the door open, the stranger entered the
house.
Compound-Complex: 2 or more IC + 1 or more DC
Ex: When the power line snapped, Jack was listening to the
radio, and Linda was reading in bed

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Verb Types Intransitive: does not require an object : ex: he is sleeping.

Transitive: takes an object: 3 types of transitive verbs

Mono-transitive: takes a direct object (Od) answers

the question WHAT?
Ditransitive: takes 2 objects, one is direct (Od)
answers the question WHAT, and the other is indirect
(Oi) answers the question WHO
ex: I gave my sister a pen
Complex transitive: takes object + complement (Co)
or Adverbial (Ao)

Ex: Students / should put / their calculators / on my desk.

S V Od Ao

Intensive/Linking: can have a complement or an

adverbial. The most common intensive verb is “to be”.
Other linking verbs are “become”, “seem”, “appear”,
“feel”, “grow”, “smell”, “taste”, and “sound”, among
others.

Ex: Kathy/became/John’s wife

S V Cs

The towel/isn’t/in the bathroom.

S V As

Sentence Patterns

Pattern Example Verb Type

SV (A) The sun is shining. Intransitive

The kids were laughing (loudly).

SVA My office is in the next building. Intensive/Linking (As)

Sue was in town yesterday subject-related adverbial

SVC This child is charming/a genius. Intensive/Copular (Cs)

I feel tired. subject complement
Her son is a doctor.
Mandy has become a beauty/beautiful.

SVO That lecture bored me. Monotransitive (Od)

You all know the story. direct object
Amy hurt herself

SVOO I must send my parents an anniversary card. Ditransitive (Oi - Od)

Mark told me his secret. indirect object/ direct object
His lawyer found him a new business partner.

SVOC Most students have found her reasonably Complex Transitive (Od -
helpful. Co) objet complement

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The manager considered the new project a

failure.

SVOA You can put the dish on the table. Complex Transitive (Od-
The child placed six candles on the cake. Ao) object-related
Fred pushed his glass towards his wife. adverbial

Common prefixes

un - = not (unkind; unfortunate)

in - (incomplete; inconsiderate)
ir - (irregular; irresistible)
il - (illogical; illicit)
im - (impossible; impersonal)
dis - (disagree; dislike)

mis = wrongly, badly misinterpret; misuse

e - ex- = out of emit; explode

anti = against antiseptic; antithesis

mono = one monologue; monotonous

poly = many polyglot; polygamy

sym- = sharing with, sympathy; symphony

syn- together synchronize; syndicate

tele = from a distance television; telephone

a - ab = from arise; abdicate

ad - = tp admit; adhesion

ante = before antecedent; anteroom

bene - = well benefit; benevolence

bi = two bicycle; binoculars

con- = with, together converse; connect

col- collaboration; colleague
com- combination; communicate
cor correspond; correlate

contra = against contravention; contrariness

de- = away from; departure; depopulate

opposite of

in- = within inject; install

inter = between; from a to international; intermediate

be

multi = many multitude; multi-racial

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post = after postpone; postscript

pre - = before predict; preparation

re = back; again return; repeat

sub = under; secondary submarine; substitute

trans = across; to a transparent; translate

changed state

Common suffixes
Forming Nouns

-ness indicates a quality, a state kindness; brightness

-dom indicates a state or condition freedom; wisdom

-ism a quality , an action; belief heroism; racialism

ist person having specific activity chemist; psychologist

person following system of beliefs socialist; racialist

-logy a science or subject biology; psychology

-age an action, a condition courage; damage

-ance a quality, state or action resistance; assistance

-ence occurrence; presence

-er a person or thing that does waiter; cooker

-or something doctor; sailor

-ing an action, process, result; thing meeting; wedding

-cy a state or quality supremacy; secrecy

-ess used to make the feminine lioness; hostess

-ion an action, process, or state condition; tension

-ment a state, condition, quality, result enjoyment; development

-an, -ian an expert artisan; optician

-itry a quality, state or condition individuality; flexibility

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Forming Adjectives

-en made of wooden; golden

-ful full of useful; hopeful

-ish having the qualities of childish; boyish

belonging to a country English, Swedish

-less not having useless; hopeless

-ive having a quality, tendency active; productive

-ic related to romantic; fantastic

-able able to; that may cause enjoyable; objectionable

-ible that belongs to edible; legible

-al relating to magical; central

-ate having a quality affectionate; intimate

-ant having a quality pleasant; important

-ent dependent; silent

-ary connected with monetary; temporary

-ory having a quality compulsory; contributory

-ous having a quality poisonous; frivolous

-y having a qualit dusty; busy

Forming Verbs

-ate cause to become activate; stimulate

-en cause to become weaken; sadden

ise-ize more like; act with qualities equalize; criticize

fy make or become magnify; solidify

Forming adverbs
-ly : beautifully; kindly
-ally: pathetically; critically