ç;ksx 14

mís';
'khryu oØ vkysf[kr djosQ fdlh rIr ¯iM osQ rki ,oa le; osQ chp laca/ dk vè;;u
djukA

midj.k rFkk lkexzh

U;wVu osQ 'khryu fu;e dk midj.k ftlesa ydM+h osQ <dus okyk rk¡cs dk oSQyksjhehVj
gksrk gS rFkk ftlosQ <dus esa nks fNnz&,d FkekZehVj rFkk nwljk foyksM+d&osQ fy, gksrs gSaA
;g oSQyksjhehVj ,d nksgjh nhokj okys [kqys ik=k esa j[kk gksrk gS_ nks lsfYl;l
rkiekih(izR;sd dk vYirekad 0.5°C ;k
0.1°C)_ fojke ?kM+h] cuZj] nzo (ty)] DyaSi
LVSasM] fNnz okyh jcM+ dh nks dkoZQ] etcwr lwrh
foyksM+d
/kxk rFkk chdjA
<Ddu
midj.k dk fooj.k
fp=k E 14.1, esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj 'khryu fu;e
midj.k esa nksgjh nhokjksa okyk ,d ik=k gksrk gS
ftls mQij ls jks/h <Ddu }kjk can fd;k tk
ldrk gSA nksgjh nhokjksa osQ chp ty Hkjus ls ;g
lqfuf'pr gks tkrk gS fd oSQyksjhehVj osQ pkjksa vksj
osQ ifjos'k dk rki fu;r jgrk gSA nzo rFkk
oSQyksjhehVj osQ rki Hkh dkiQh yach vof/ rd
fu;r jgrs gS ftlosQ dkj.k rki ekiu laHko gks
ikrk gSA oSQyksjhehVj esa Hkjs ty rFkk nksgjh nhokjksa
okys ik=k esa Hkjs ty osQ rkiksa dk izs{k.k nks fp=k E 14.1 U;wVu osQ 'khryu fu;e dk midj.k
FkekZehVjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

fl¼kar
fdlh rIr ¯iM }kjk m"ek [kksus dh nj ml ¯iM rFkk mlosQ izfros'k osQ rki vkf/D; osQ
vuqØekuqikrh gksrh gS vkSj ;g osQoy rIr ¯iM osQ i`"B dh izo`Qfr ,oa {ks=kiQy ij fuHkZj
 ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

djrh gSA bls U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e dgrs gSaA

nzO;eku m rFkk fof'k"V mQ"ek /kfjrk s, osQ fdlh rIr ¯iM ftldk vkjafHkd rki θ vius
dQ
izfros'k osQ rki θo, ls vf/d gS] osQ fy, mQ"ek [kksus dh nj , gksrh gS] ;gk¡ dQ y?kq
dt
le; varjky esa rIr ¯iM }kjk vius izfros'k dks [kksus okyh mQ"ek dh ek=kk gSA
U;wVu osQ 'khryu fu;e dk ikyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS &
dQ
(E 14.1) m"ek ßkl dh nj] dt
= – k (θ – θo)

dQ  dθ 
(E 14.2) lkFk gh] = ms  
dt  dt 

lehdj.kksa (E 14.1) rFkk (E 14.2), dk mi;ksx djus ij rki osQ fxjus dh nj

(E 14.3) dθ k
=– (θ – θo)
dt ms
;gk¡ k vkuqikfrdrk fLFkjkad gS rFkk k′ = k/ms ,d vU; fLFkjkad gS (ms esa ml
oSQyksjhehVj dk ty rqY;kad Hkh lfEefyr gS ftlosQ }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS)A
lehdj.kksa (E 14.2) o (E 14.3) esa ½.kkRed fpÉ ;g n'kkZrk gS fd mQ"ek osQ ßkl osQ
dkj.k rki ?kVrk gSA
lehdj.k (E 14.3) dks bl izdkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa&
dθ = - k' (θ – θo) dt

lekdfyr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS&

dθ
∫θ – θ o
= − k ' ∫ dt

;k] l n (θ – θo) = loge (θ – θo) = – k't + c

(E 14.4) ;k] l n (θ – θo) = 2.303 log10 (θ – θo) = – k't + c
;gk¡ c lekdyu fLFkjkad gSA
lehdj.k (E 14.4) n'kkZrh gS fd log10 (θ – θo) o t osQ chp xzki+Q dh vko`Qfr ljy js[kk
gksxhA

dk;Zfof/
1. FkekZehVjksa T1 rFkk T2 osQ vYirekad Kkr dhft,A chdj esa oqQN ty Hkfj, rFkk chdj
esa Hkjs ty (d{k rki θo ij) dk rki fdlh ,d (eku yks T1) FkekZehVj }kjk ekfi,A

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 iz;ksx 14

2. fojke ?kM+h dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dk ijh{k.k dhft, rFkk bldk vYirekad uksV dhft,A
3. nksgjh nhokj okys ik=k esa d{k rki ij ty Hkfj,A DySai LVSaM dh lgk;rk ls bl ik=k
esa Hkjs ty esa nwljk FkekZehVj T2 yxkb,A
4. cuZj }kjk chdj esa ty dks d{k rki θo ls 40° vf/d rki rd xje dhft,A
'khryu midj.k ls rk¡cs osQ oSQyksjhehVj dks ckgj fudkfy,A chdj esa Hkjs xje ty
ls oSQyksjhehVj dks yxHkx iwjk Hkfj,A
5. oSQyksjhehVj dks Å".k ty lfgr nksgjh nhokjksa okys crZu esa okil jf[k, rFkk bldks
nks fNnzksa okys ydM+h osQ <Ddu ls <d nhft,A FkekZehVj T1 dks fNnz okyh [kafMr
dkoZQ esa yxkb,A FkekZehVj T1 rFkk foyksMd oSQyksjhehVj osQ <Ddu osQ fNnzksa esa fp=k
E14.1 dh Hkk¡fr yxkb,A
6. FkekZehVj T2 }kjk nksgjh nhokjksa okys ik=k esa Hkjs ty dk rki vkjaHk esa ml le; uksV
dhft, tc nksuksa FkekZehVjksa T1 rFkk T2 osQ ikB~;kadksa dk varj yxHkx 30 oC gSA
FkekZehVj T1 dk vkjafHkd ikB~;kad uksV dhft,A
7. ty dks fujarj /hjs&/hjs ls foyksfM+r djrs jfg,A FkekZehVj T1 dk ikB~;kad uksV
dhft,] igys izR;sd 1@2 feuV osQ i'pkr~ rFkk fiQj ,d&,d feuV osQ i'pkr~ vkSj
var esa nks feuV osQ i'pkr~A
8. ty dks fu;r :i ls /hjs&/hjs foyksfM+r djrs gq, fojke ?kM+h ls le; rFkk
FkekZehVj T1 ls rki uksV djrs jfg, vkSj ,slk ml le; rd djrs tkb, tc rd
fd oSQyksjhehVj osQ ty dk rki ?kVdj nksgjh nhokjksa okys ty ls yxHkx 5 oC
vf/d ugha jg tkrkA nksgjh nhokjksa okys ik=k esa Hkjs ty dk rki FkekZehVj T2 }kjk
uksV dhft,A
9. izs{k.kksa dks lkj.kh osQ :i esa fyf[k,A izR;sd ikB~;kad osQ fy, rki vkf/D; (θ − θο)
rFkk yWkxsfjFeh; (y?kqx.kdh;) lkj.kh }kjk log10 (θ − θο) dk eku Hkh Kkr dhft,A
buosQ ekuksa dks Hkh lkj.kh osQ rn~uq:ih dkWyeksa esa fyf[k,A
10. le; t dks x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k rFkk log10 (θ – θo) dks y-v{k osQ vuqfn'k ysdj ,d
xzki+Q vkysf[kr djosQ bldh foospuk dhft,A

iz{s k.k
nksuksa loZle FkekZehVjksa osQ vYirekad = ... °C
fojke ?kM+h dk vYirekad = ... s
nksgjh nhokjksa okys ik=k osQ ty dk vkajfHkd rki θ1 = ... oC
nksgjh nhokjksa okys ik=k osQ ty dk vafre rki θ2 = ... oC
nksgjh nhokjksa okys ik=k osQ ty dk vkSlr rki θο = (θ1 + θ2) /2 =...oC

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 ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

lkj.kh E 14.1 le; osQ lkFk rki dh eki

Øe le; (t) xje ty dk xje ty dk rki log10 ( – 0)
la[;k (s) rki  °C vf/D; ( – 0) °C

1
2
3
.
.
.
.
.
20

xzki+Q vkysf[kr djuk

(i) le; t dks x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k rFkk (θ – θo) y-v{k osQ vuqfn'k ysdj fp=k E14.2
esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj xzki+Q vkysf[kr dhft,A ;g 'khryu oØ gSA
(ii) le; t dks x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k rFkk log10 (θ – θo) dks y-v{k osQ vuqfn'k ysdj fp=k
E14.3 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj log10 (θ – θo) o t osQ chp Hkh xzki+Q vkysf[kr dhft,A bu
v{kksa ij mfpr LosQy dk p;u dhft,A 'khryu oØ rFkk vU; xzki+Q dh vkd`fr dks
igpkfu,A

fp=k E 14.2 'khryu osQ fy, (θ – θo) o t osQ chp xzki+Q fp=k E 14.3 log10 (θ – θo) o t osQ chp xzki+Q

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 iz;ksx 14

ifj.kke
'khryu oØ ,d pj ?kkrkad {k; oØ gS (fp=k E 14.2)A ¯iM osQ 'khryu osQ le; osQ
fy, xzki+Q ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd rIr ¯iM rFkk mlosQ ifjos'k osQ rki vkf/D; dk
ykWxsfjFe le; osQ lkFk jSf[kdr% ifjofrZr gksrk gSA

lko/kfu;k¡
1. oSQyksjhehVj osQ ty dks fu;r :i ls o /hjs&/hjs foyksfM+r djuk pkfg,A
2. vkn'kZ fLFkfr esa oSQyksjhehVj rFkk mldh pkjksa vksj dh nksgjh nhokj osQ chp osQ LFkku
dks fujarj izokfgr ty ls Hkjuk pkfg, rkfd ty osQ bl vkoj.k dk rki fu;r jgsA
3. ;g lqfuf'pr dhft, fd jcj dh MkWV dk fNnz ftlesa FkekZehVj yxk;k tkrk gS]
ok;q#¼ gks] ftlls buls gksdj Å"ek ifjos'k esa u tk,A
4. oSQyksjhehVj esa Hkjs ty dk vkjafHkd rki ifjos'k osQ rki (d{k rki) ls yxHkx
30°C vf/d gksuk pkfg,A

=kqfV;ksa osQ lzkrs

1. fojke ?kM+h dks pkyw djus ,oa can djus esa laHkkfor nsjh osQ dkj.k lnSo gh O;fDrxr
=kqfV dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA
2. ifj.kke dh ifj'kq¼rk eq[; :i ls Å".k ty osQ rki ,oa mlh {k.k le; dh eki
djus (vkjaHk esa rki dk ?kVuk rhoz xfr ls gksrk gS vkSj fiQj ;g vis{kko`Qr ean gks
tkrk gS) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% ,d gh {k.k rki ,oa le; dh eki osQ ikB~;kad
ysus esa fo'ks"k lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,A
3. ;fn FkekZehVj yxk, tkus okys fNnz ok;q#¼ ugha gSa rks oqQN Å"ek&{kfr gks ldrh gSA
4. nksgjh nhokj osQ chp j[ks ty dk rki fu;r ugha gSA

ifjppkZ
izR;sd oLrq mQ"ek fofdfjr djrh gS rFkk vU; oLrqvksa }kjk fofdfjr fofdj.kksa dks
vo'kksf"kr djrh gSA rIr oLrq (;gk¡ oSQyksjhehVj)vf/d Å"ek fofdfjr djrh gS rFkk de
fofdj.kksa dks xzg.k djrh gSA i`"B }kjk lHkh rkiksa ij fofdj.k gksrk gSA rki ftruk
vf/d gksrk gS mruh gh vf/d Å"eh; fofdj.k dh nj gksrh gSA ;gk¡ nksgjh nhokjksa osQ
chp j[ks ty dk rki de gS] vr% ;g de fofdj.kksa dks fofdfjr djrk gS rFkk
oSQyksjhehVj ls vf/d fofdj.k xzg.k djrk gSA bl izdkj] vrar% bl izfØ;k esa oSQyksjhehVj
dh izeq[krk jgrh gSA

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ç;ksx'kkyk iqfLrdk

Lo&ewY;kadu
1. U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e fyf[k, rFkk bls xf.krh; :i esa O;Dr dhft,A
2. D;k U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e lHkh rkikarj ij ykxw gksrk gS\
3. U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e LVhiQu osQ mQ"eh; fofdj.k fu;e ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
4. 'khryu oØ dh vkÑfr D;k gksrh gS\
5. U;wVu osQ 'khryu midj.k ls Bksl@nzo dh fof'k"V mQ"ek /kfjrk Kkr dhft,A

lq>k, x, vfrfjDr iz;ksx@fØ;kdyki

1. vius }kjk vkysf[kr ljy js[kh; xzki+Q (fp=k E 14.2) dh izo.krk rFkk y-v{k
ij mldk var%[kaM Kkr dhft,A bl xzki+Q ls fLFkjkad k rFkk lekdyu
fLFkjkad c ds eku Kkr dhft,A
[laosQr& lehdj.k (E 14.4) ljy js[kk dh lehdj.k y = m′ x + c′ ds leku
gS ;gk¡ m′ ljy js[kk dh izo.krk rFkk c′ y- v{k ij var% [kaM gSA ;g Li"V
gS fd m′ = k′/2.303 rFkk c′ = c' × 2.303)
2. eku yhft, fd 'khryu iz;ksx dks leku oSQyksjhehVj osQ lkFk blesa Øeokj
ty rFkk rkjihu dk rsy leku vk;ru Hkjdj rFkk oSQyksjhehVj rFkk izfros'k
osQ chp leku rkikarj j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa vki mQ"ek ßkl
dh njksa esa fdl vuqikr dh vis{kk djrs gSa\

114