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Comprehension Passages Notes
Comprehension.1

Ed
The rich nations have made adjustments after the 1973 oil crisis, but the poor nations, who cannot
afford to continue using oil, have to look for in order to keep up the pace of their development The
sun , therefore, offers a free supply of thermo-dynamically high quality fuel sunshine to countries
that are located in the Earth s' solar belt. Where the sun comes out every day, keeping its radiant
energy undiminished What, however, stand in the way, series of institutional and economic
barriers which must be overcome? If solar energy is to have an impact on the energy scene. The

DF
solar energy plan requires new ways of thinking. It calls for a shift from centralized energy supply
system to on-site decentralized distribution of energy. The term On-site drives from the limited
areas within which the energy produced by a system, is consumed. It rests its emphasis on the
social benefits rather than the cost benefits of a system.

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Questions.
1. What is centralized energy?
2. What has the nation done after the oil crisis of 1973?
3. Can Pakistan take an advantage from solar energy?
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4. What is on site decentralized distribution of energy?
5. Suggest suitable title of the passage?
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6. Make a précis of the passage?

Answers:
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1. Centralized energy means central unit of power supplying to the whole areas. The power
producing unit is one that supply energy to many users.
2. The nations, after the oil crisis of 1973, started shifting to others way of producing energy like
solar energy, coal energy etc.
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3. Pakistan comes on the solar belt where Sun shines round the year. Pakistan can get a lot of
benefit from solar energy.
4. One site decentralized distribution of energy means local energy generating units and the energy
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that is consumed nearby the energy producing units.

5. The title of the passage is, "Centralized VS Decentralized Energy."
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6. Precis of the Passage
This passage is about centralized and on site decentralized energy. After the oil crisis of 1973, the
nations started thinking on other sources of producing energy. Centralized energy means central

Ed
unit of power supplying to the whole areas. The power producing unit is one that supply energy to
many users. The nations, after the oil crisis, started shifting to other ways of producing energy like
solar energy, coal energy etc. Pakistan comes on the solar belt where Sun shines round the year.
Pakistan can get a lot of benefit from solar energy. On-site decentralized distribution of energy
means local energy generating units and the energy that is consumed nearby the energy producing
units.

DF
Comprehension.2
The man who is perpetually hesitating which of the two things he will do first, will do neither. The
man who resolves but suffers his resolution to be changed by the first counter suggestions of a

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friend who fluctuates from opinion to opinion, from plan to plan and varies like a weather-cock to
every point of the compass, with every breath of caprice that blows-can never accomplish anything
great or useful. Instead of being progressive in anything, he will be at best stationary and more
probably retrograde in all. It is only the man who first consults wisely, then resolves firmly and
then executes his purpose with inflexible perseverance undismayed by those difficulties which
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daunt a weaker spirit that can advance to eminence in any time. Take your course wisely, but
firmly and having taken it, hold upon it with heroic resolution and the Alps and Pyrenees will sink
before you. Wavering and fickleness of the mind are not only signs of a weak personality but also
as
symptom of inferiority complex. Taking a decision promptly and then sticking to it firmly may be
the quality found rarely in the selected few but average human beings are quite capable of
developing the habit of thinking deeply and wisely and then executing the plans efficiently. It can
be achieved through guidance, will-power and psychological treatment
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Questions
i) What is the result of indecisiveness?
ii) Why should a man refrain from changing his plans after taking a firm decision?
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iii) What are the conditions of successful accomplishment of a task?

iv) What do repeated change in plans show about a man s' personality?
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v) Suggest a suitable title for the passage?

vi) Make a précis of the above passage?
Answers:
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1. The result of indecisiveness is that no task is going to be fulfilled by the man who has negative
trait of indecisiveness.
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2. A man should refrain from changing his decisions because it is a negative habit and a sure way
to failure.
3. For a guaranteed success, first think wisely and consult with fellows, then be determined and

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chase the goal with determination.
4. If a man changes his decision repeatedly, it is the sign of his weak personality. It also reflects
that man lacks determination.
5. The title of the passage is, "Determination is a way to Success."

DF
6. Precis:
The passage tells us the importance determination in the life. The result of indecisiveness is that
no task is going to be fulfilled by the man who has negative trait of indecisiveness. A man should
refrain from changing his decisions because it is a negative habit and a sure way to failure. For a
guaranteed success, first think wisely and consult with fellows, then be determined and chase the

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goal with determination. If a man changes his decision repeatedly, it is the sign of his weak
personality. It also reflects that man lacks determination.
Comprehension.3
Teaching is not confined to parents and professional teachers. Whenever there are beginners and
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experts, old and young, there is some kind of learning going on, and some sort of teaching. In
every business and industry there are learners and teachers. Indeed, we are pupils and are teachers.
Some of it is amusement; the rest is made up of learning and of teaching. Whether you are a doctor,
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enlarging your knowledge of certain types of illness or a house wife planning her work more
effectively, whether you are a trade union official learning about economics or a typist learning
about life on minim
um wages, whether you are a young audience, a bus driver covering a new
route or an author writing a new book, you are learning for yourself and teaching others. Most
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people do not realize how much even of their private life is taken up with amateurish teaching and
haphazard learning, and not many understand that most of us, as public being, either learn or teach
incessantly.
QUESTIONS
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i) What is the writers' ideas of teaching?

ii) How does an individual live his life?
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iii) Examples of what persons have been given by the writer?

iv) What do most of the people not realize?
v) Suggest a suitable title of the passage?
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vi) Make précis of the above passage?

Answers:
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1. The writer of this passage presents a broader idea of teaching and learning. Teaching and
learning does not limited to class rooms only.
2. An individual lives his life at two level, he is learning from others as well as teaching others. In

Ed
short he is a teacher as well as a
3. In this passage the writer has given the examples of house wife, clerk, doctor, bus driver and a
trade union official.
4. Most of the people are ignorant of the fact that they are learning and teaching constantly.

DF
5. The title of the passage is, "Limitations of Teaching and Learning."
6. Precis:
This passage is about macro level teaching and learning. The writer of this passage presents a
broader idea of teaching and learning. Teaching and learning does not limited to class rooms only.

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An individual lives his life at two level, he is learning from others as well as teaching others. In
short he is a teacher as well as a student. In this passage the writer has given the examples of house
wife, clerk, doctor, bus driver and a trade union official. Most of the people are ignorant of the fact
that they are learning and teaching constantly.
Comprehension.4
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The life of the man is a long march through the night surrounded by invisible foes tortured by
weariness and pain towards a goal that few can hope to reach and where none may stay long. One
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by one, as they march our comrades vanish from our sight, seized by the silent orders of omnipotent
Death. Very brief is the time in which we can help them, in which there happiness and misery is
decided. But it is our duty to shed sunshine on their path, to lighten their sorrows by the palm of
sympathy, to give them the pure joy of never tiring affection to strengthen failing courage, to instill
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faith in hours of despair. Let us remember that they are fellow sufferer in the same darkness, actors
in the same tragedy with ourselves.
Questions
i) How does the writer define the life of a man?
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ii) What happens to our comrades during their long march of life?
iii) How can we help our fellow beings?
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iv) Should we judge our fellow sufferers n a grading scale?

v) Suggest a suitable title for the passage?
vi) Make a précis of the above passage?
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Answers:
1. The life of a man is a long journey towards a destination. The way to this destination is full of
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problems and difficulties.

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2. The people who have weaker spirit, they soon get tired and sit down. It becomes very difficult
for them to reach the destination.
3. We should help them and encourage them. We should shed light of hope on their path.

Ed
4. It is a bad habit. We should never judge our fellow beings in a grading scale.
5. The tile of the passage is, "Help Others."
6. Precis:
The life of a man is a long journey towards a destination. The way to this destination is full of

DF
problems and difficulties. The people who have weaker spirit, they soon get tired and sit down. It
becomes very difficult for them to reach the destination. We should help them and encourage them.
We should shed light of hope on their path. It is a bad habit. We should never judge our fellow
beings in a grading scale.

rP
Comprehension.5
Space travel is far the most expensive type of exploration ever under taken by the man. The vast
expenditure of money and human efforts now being devoted to projects for putting man into space
might well be applied to end poverty, more practically useful and more conducive to human
happiness. It is a strange world in which tens of millions of pounds are spent to give a man a ride
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round the earth at thousands of miles an hour, while beneath him in his orbit, live millions for
whom life is a daily struggle to win a few coins to buy their daily life necessities.
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The money and efforts that are poured onto the development and construction of a single type of
space rocket would more than suffice to rid several countries of such scourges as malaria or typhoid
fever, to name only two of diseases that medical science has conquered but which still persist in
the world simply because not enough money and effort are devoted to the eradication. Why should
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the richer countries of the world be pouring their recourses into space when poverty and disease
on the earth are crying out of relief? One could be a cynical answer to this question that assert that
man s' expensive adventures into space are merely the byproducts of the struggle between great
powers for prestige and for possible military advantage.
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Questions
i) Why is it a strange world?
ii) Why do malaria and typhoid still exist in the world?
ed

iii) Why is man pouring his recourses into space?

iv) Suggest a suitable title for the passage?
v) Make a précis of the above passage?
at

Answers:
1. It is a strange world in a sense that there are many problems on this earth while the developed
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countries are pouring their resources in space.
2. Malaria and typhoid still exist in the world because no proper funding is being provided for the
eradication of these diseases.

Ed
3. The nations are trying to conquer the space because want to get prestige and some military
advantage.
4. The title of the passage is, "Space Travel VS World problems."
5. Precis:

DF
The developed nations are trying to conquer space. They are lavishing money into the space. It is
a strange world in a sense that there are many problems on this Earth while the developed countries
are pouring their resources in space. Malaria and typhoid still exist in the world because no proper
funding is being provided for the eradication of these diseases. The nations are trying to conquer

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the space because want to get prestige and some military advantage.
Comprehension 6.
Our first human ancestors were a rare specie. They lived under precarious conditions, exposes to
rigorous of the weather, to the hostility of the wild beasts, and to the dangers of famine that could
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be caused by the drought. They possessed no weapon, they probably had not mastered the use of
fire and if they had language of any sort, it must have consisted of no more than a few cries. Their
one weapon in the struggle for existence was intelligence and intelligence at first was very far from
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being so powerful a weapon as it has become. The biological usefulness of intelligence consists
largely in the possibility of transmitting experience. An animal may learn from another animal
what it actually sees done, but it cannot learn through narrative, a man, when he has acquired
language, can do so and therefore the intelligence of each individual can become the property of
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the whole tribe and each generation can hand onto the next a multitude of skills which would be
beyond the power of any animal species to transmit.
Questions:
1. Under what conditions did our ancestors live?
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2. How would they possibly have expressed themselves?

3. What weapon did they use in their struggle for existence?
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4. How can experience be transmitted without speech?

5. Suggest the suitable title of the passage?
6. Make a précis of the above passage?
at

Answers:
1. Our forefathers lived in dangerous condition. They had to face the harshness of weather,
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had no weapons to save themselves from the attack of wild animals.
2. They had no proper language to express their joys and sorrows. At that time their language of
expression only consisted of some cries and shouts.

Ed
3. They had one weapon of survival and that was intelligence i,e the common sense. They used
this weapon and survived.
4. Through biological use of intelligence, the experience can be transmitted without speech.
5. The title of the passage is, "The Biological Usefulness of Intelligence."

DF
6. Precis:
7. This passage is about the ways of transmitting experiences to next generations for the survival
of human race. Our forefathers lived in dangerous condition. They had to face the harshness of
weather, had no weapons to save themselves from the attack of wild animals. They had no proper

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language to express their joys and sorrows. At that time their language of expression only consisted
of some cries and shouts. They had one weapon of survival and that was intelligence i,e the
common sense. They used this weapon and survived. Through biological use of intelligence, the
experience can be transmitted without speech.
Comprehension.7
te
Honesty is the surest way to success. The day at last comes when the dishonest man repents in
sorrow and suffering. But no man ever needs to repent of having been honest. Even when the
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honest man fails through lacking other qualities such as energy, economy, or system, his failure is
not the grievous thing as it is to the dishonest man. He can always rejoice in the fact that he has
never defrauded a fellow being. Even in his darkest hour, he finds response in a clear conscience.
Ignorant men imagine that dishonesty is short-cut to prosperity. This is why they practice it. The
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dishonest man is morally short-sighted. He is like the drunkard who sees the immediate pleasure
of his habit, but not the ultimate degradation. He sees the immediate effect of a dishonest act - a
large profit - but not its ultimate outcome.
Questions:
in

i. Why do honest men even fail sometimes?

ii. Why is the dishonest man morally shortsighted?
iii. Why do some people practice dishonesty in their dealings?
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iv. Is dishonesty a shortcut to prosperity?

v. Suggest a suitable title of the passage.
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vi. Make a précis of the above passage and suggest a suitable title for it.
Answers:
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1. The honest men fail sometimes as they do not play any trump card or any short cut to get success
overnight.
2. A dishonest man is morally corrupt and short sighted. He crushes others rights to get success.

Ed
He is unable to see the ultimate failure beyond his temporary success.
3. They use dishonesty in their dealings as they think that others are fool and they can cheat them
very easily while they are ignorant of the fact that they are cheating themselves.
4. No, not at all, dishonesty is never a short cut to prosperity. It is a short cut to disrespect and

DF
degradation.
5. The title of the passage is "Honesty: A Final Way to Success."
6. Precis:

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The passage is about honesty and dishonesty. The honest men fail sometimes as they do not play
any trump card or any short cut to get success overnight. A dishonest man is morally corrupt and
short sighted. He crushes others rights to get success. He is unable to see the ultimate failure
beyond his temporary success. They use dishonesty in their dealings as they think that others are
fool and they can cheat them very easily while they are ignorant of the fact that they are cheating
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themselves. No, not at all, dishonesty is never a short cut to prosperity. It is a short cut to disrespect
and degradation.
Comprehension.8
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If you ask any man in America, or any man of business in England, what it is that most interferes
with his enjoyment of existence, he will say 'The struggle for life.' He will say this in all sincerity;
he will believe it. In a certain sense it is true; yet in another, and that a very important sense, it is
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profoundly false. The struggle for life is a thing which does, of course, occur. It may occur to any
of us if we are unfortunate. It occurred, for example to Conrad's hero Falk, who found himself on
a derelict ship, one of the two men among the crew who were possessed of fire-arms, with nothing
to eat but the other men, when the two men had finished the meals upon which they could agree,
a true struggle for life began. Falk won, but was ever after a vegetarian. Now that is not what the
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businessman means when he speaks of the 'struggle for life'. It is an inaccurate phrase which he
has picked up in order to give, dignity to something essentially trivial. Ask him how many men he
have known in his class of life who have died of hunger. Ask him what happened to his friends
after they had been ruined. Everybody knows that a businessman who has been ruined is better off
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so far as material comforts are concerned than a man who has never been rich enough to have the
chance of being ruined. What people mean, therefore, by the struggle for life is really the struggle
for success. What people fear when they engage in the struggle is not that they outshine their
neighbours. will fail to get their breakfast next morning, but that they will fail to outshine their
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neighbours.
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Questions:

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1. Why do American businessmen presumably feel unhappy?
2. How do they misinterpret struggle for life?
3. What does the struggle for life actually mean in the paragraph?

Ed
4. What is the difference between struggled life and struggle for success?
5. Who was Falk?
6. Make a précis of the passage.

DF
Answers:
1. The American businessmen presumably feel unhappy because they mix up struggle for success
with struggle for life.
2. They think that they are doing struggle for life but struggle for life has other meanings. Actually

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they are doing struggle for success.
3. In this paragraph struggle for life means struggle for survival and existence.
4. If anyone has nothing to eat and trying his best to live as long as he can, he is doing struggle for
life. If anyone is trying to outshine others, he is doing the struggle for success.
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5. Falk was a Conards' hero who found himself on a derelict ship and had nothing to eat except
other man on the same ship.
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6. Precis:
The passage is about the difference between struggle for life and struggle for success. The
American businessmen presumably feel unhappy because they mix up struggle for success with
struggle for life. They think that they are doing struggle for life but struggle for life has other
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meanings. Actually they are doing struggle for success. In this paragraph struggle for life means
struggle for survival and existence. If anyone has nothing to eat and trying his best to live as long
as he can, he is doing struggle for life. If anyone is trying to outshine others, he is doing the struggle
for success. Falk was a Conard s' hero who found himself on a derelict ship and had nothing to eat
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except other man on the same ship.

Comprehension.9
Very few students have really any clear idea of what science means. The teaching of science in
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school tends to obscure the meaning of science when pupils at school work for a pass in science
subject they regard it their main business to learn a large number of facts and a smaller number of
principles and theories. Now all this is good in its way. A scientist must have a certain number of
facts, principles and theories at his fingertips. But science would cease to be science if scientist
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merely works from fixed sets of facts and theories. The essence of science is the gathering of new
facts and the establishment of new theories. Science has advanced rapidly in recent history because
scientists have been greedy for new knowledge, and because they have been so ready to disbelieve,
in text books of their youth. It is; therefore, most important to give our young students of science
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an awareness of skepticism and open- mindedness that is part of the very soul of science. Let them
not think that any branch of science is a subject that one can sit down and learn. Let them realize
that science is essentially a creative activity.

Ed
Questions:
1. Suggest a suitable title for the passage.
Ans: The suitable title of the passage is, "Science is a field of Creativity."
2. What is the essence of science?

DF
Ans: To be never satisfied with theories and facts but to be skeptics is the essence of science.
3. When does science cease to be science?
Ans: When a scientist works on fixed sets of facts and theories, science ceases to be science.

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4. What are the two causes of the advancement of science?
Ans: The two causes of advancement of science are skepticism and open mindedness.
5. What should we teach to our students of science?
Ans: We should teach our students that they should be open minded and skeptics about science.
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6. Make a précis of the passage.
Precis:
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The passage tells that science is a field of creativity. To be never satisfied with theories and facts
but to be skeptics is the essence of science. When a scientist works on fixed sets of facts and
theories, science ceases to be science. The two causes of advancement of science are skepticism
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and open mindedness. We should teach our students that they should be open minded and skeptics
about science.
Comprehension.10
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In Pakistan, media is working freely and independently. In case of electronic media, there are a
number of channels are working including news, sports and entertainment channels. It is the
responsibility of media to highlight those issues which are good for the public and discourage
unethical factors of the society. Sometimes media besides spreading the root causes of any issue,
contributes to multiply wordings over some issue and crises. Media should be very sensitive while
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presenting its country towards the world. Our media tells the world what exactly we are, what are
our norms, values and culture. Being an Islamic country, our media should represent us in a good
way towards the world. Media enhance the knowledge of public and communicates all the
happenings to the public. Media industry of Pakistan is growing fast with much potential and
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seemingly bright future ahead. Media should not use negative tools to increase their viewership.
Question:
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1. What is the place of media in Pakistan?
2. How does media present our country to the world?
3. What should be role of media?

Ed
4. What does freedom of expression means?
5. Suggest a suitable title to the passage?
6. Write a precis of the passage?

DF
Answers:
1. In Pakistan media is playing a free role. Media is working freely and independently in Pakistan.
2. Media should represent the positive face of the country, it should never show anything which is
against good will of a country.

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3. Media should be neutral in a country. It should not criticize for criticism, media s' criticism
should be constructive.
4. Freedom of expression means open criticism but follow the journalistic code of conduct.
5. The title of the passage is, The Role of Media in a Country."
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6. Precis:
7. This passage is about the role of media in a country. In Pakistan media is playing a free role.
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Media is working freely and independently in Pakistan. Media should represent the positive face
of the country, it should never show anything which is against good will of a country. Media should
be neutral in a country. It should not criticize for criticism, media s' criticism should be
constructive. Freedom of expression means open criticism but follow the journalistic code of
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conduct.
Comprehension No.11
The use of atomic energy has promised vast possibilities for the mankind. In the beginning of this
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century, Einstein advanced the theory that matter is energy and energy is matter and each may be
converted into other. He said that the atom contained vast stores of energy that may be used in a
thousand ways. The problem was how to tame the atom and obtain and use its energy. In 1938,
Hann and Strassman succeeded in splitting the nuclear of an atom of uranium. Later, it was founded
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that the process of splitting the atom released enormous amount of energy. Then on 2nd December
1942, scientists succeeded in obtaining first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Today s'
reactors which obtain energy from the atom are not very efficient machines. They harness only
one percent of the total energy available in the atom. Even this energy which is actually obtained
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from the atom is enormous. It is estimated that energy in one pound of uranium is equivalent to
that of three million pounds of coal. The research in the mysteries of atom is going on in many
countries of the world. It is hoped that before long better and more efficient reactors will be built.
These will be able to obtain atomic energy at an economical cost. Atoms provide compact form of
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fuel which provides a vast amount of energy and it also last longer. Atomic energy can be used in
many ways and for many purposes. It can be used to bring peace and prosperity to the whole of
this earth. It can also be used to destroy this world and its inhabitants. It can do anything. It can
perform miracles if we have the power and wisdom to use it only for peaceful purposes. If we do

Ed
not possess that much wisdom, man has not many years to live on this earth.
Questions:
1. Give a suitable title of the passage.
2. What theory did Einstein present?

DF
3. What are the uses of atomic energy?
4. What is meant by the last sentence?
5. Give other words for "economical" and "prosperity"

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6. Make a precis of the above passage.
Answers:
1. The suitable title of the passage is, "The Use of Atomic Energy."
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2. Einstein gave the theory that matter is energy and energy is matter and each may be converted
to other.
3. Atomic energy can be used for the peace and prosperity to the whole of this world.
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4. Last sentence says that man should be very careful in the use of atom. Man should never use
atom for destructive purposes.
5. The other word for economical is cheap and other word for prosperity is well-being.
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6. Precis:
7. This passage is about the use of atomic energy. Einstein gave the theory that matter is energy
and energy is matter and each may be converted to other. Hann and Strassman succeeded in
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splitting the nuclear of an atom of uranium. Later, it was founded that the process of splitting the
atom released enormous amount of energy. Atomic energy can be used for the peace and prosperity
to the whole of this world. Through atom we can produce cheaper energy and this can be used for
the prosperity and well-being of the world. Last sentence says that man should be very careful in
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the use of atom. Man should never use atom for destructive purposes.

Passages for Practice

Comprehension.12
at

Moral self-control and external prohibition of harmful acts are not adequate methods of dealing
with our anarchic instincts. The reasons they are inadequate is that these are capable of many
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disguises as the devil in the medieval legend and some of these disguises deceive even the elect.

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The only adequate method is to discover what the needs of our instinctive nature are and when to
search for the least harmful way of satisfying them. Since spontaneity is what most thwarted
machine is, the only thing that can be provided is opportunity, the use made of opportunity must
be left to the initiative of the individual. No doubt considerate expense would be involved but it

Ed
would not be comparable to the expenses of war. Understanding of human nature must be the basis
of any real improvement in human life. Science has done wonder in mastering the laws of the
physical world but our own nature is much less understood, as yet, than the nature of stars and
elections. When science learns to understand human nature, it will be able to bring happiness into
our lives which machines and physical science have failed to create.

DF
Questions:
1. Why are moral self-control and external prohibition inadequate to deal with our anarchic
instincts?
2. What is the adequate method of dealing with our anarchic instincts?

rP
3. What should be the basis of any real improvement in human life?
4. How can science help humanity to achieve happiness?
5. Suggest the title of the passage?
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6. Make a précis of the above passage?
Comprehension.13
as
Marriage is a vital part of life and like any other partnership of business, it has its periods of
depression and periods of elation. The same principles used in business can profitably be employed
in marriage; patience, willingness to sacrifice and tolerance help to avoid friction. Why the
monotony of household duties weighs us, when we never get to remember as in other aggravations.
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"This too shall be away". The household disorder caused by children is only for a short period in
life. All too quickly it ceases. The aggravations and inconveniences of constant illness also pass
away and are a part of life and not of marriage. The sleepless nights pass all too soon, we have
more time than we desire for sleep. The poor men and women have no monopoly on the cares and
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worries in life. Rich and poor share alike in all experiences.

Questions:
1. How is married life a sort of business?
ed

2. How can we overcome the hardships of married life?

3. What part do the moral qualities play in making a marriage successful?
4. Make a precis of the above passage and suggest a suitable title.
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Comprehension.14
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BA BSc ADP English Notes 03060424026 WhatsApp Notes

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Tracts of land from which coal is obtained are called coal-fields. These so-called fields are not on
the surface of earth, like fields of rice and wheat, but at some depth below it. They consist of layers
of beds which run under the grounds. When a layer of this kind has been opened, the opening is
called a mine and hence coal is classed as mineral. India possesses many coal-fields but much

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fewer and smaller than those of England in proportion to the size of the country. The coal too is of
inferior quality. It is without gas and it leaves much larger amount of ash when it is burnt.
Questions:
1. What is a mine and why is coal termed as a mineral?

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2. How are the coal-fields in India compared with those in England?
3. How are the coal mines opened?
4. Make a precis of the above passage and suggest a suitable title.

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BA BSc ADP English Notes 03060424026 WhatsApp Notes