EXPERIMENT 00

FEEDBACK AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS
READING
ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY:
VISITACION, HANNAH MAE A.
2030-2040
OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims: Familiarize with Feedback and
Control Systems devices and measuring
instruments used in experiments.

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
Not applicable
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Control systems are integral part of
modern society. Numerous applications are all
around: The rockets fire, and the space shuttle lifts
off to earth’s orbit; in splashing cooling water, a
metallic part is automatically machined; a self-
guided vehicle delivering material to workstations
in an aerospace assembly plant glides along the
floor seeking its destination.
 ACTIVITY
1. Basic Concepts. Draw and explain
generic configurations of open- and
closed-loop systems and discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of
using each configuration.

a. Open Loop System

A Control System which doesn’t
have any feedback connected to it. These
types of systems don’t depend upon their
output i.e., in open loop systems, the output
is not used as a control variable for the
system, and it has no effect on the input.
Open loop systems are one-way signal-flow
systems. As these systems don’t contain
any feedback i.e., the output is not fed back
to the input, these are also known as Non-
Feedback Systems.
 ACTIVITY
An open-loop control system is
simply a condition on a functioning machine
whereby the system has two basic states:
“On” or “Off.” The machine will stay On/Off
for as long as the operator leaves it in that
mode. The term “open-loop” (or essentially
“no loop”) refers to the lack of sensor
feedback to control the operation of the
machine. An example of an open-loop
feedback would be a simple light switch
that, upon activation, remains in the “On” or
“Off” condition until manually changed.

simple generic configuration of an Open

Loop System
 ACTIVITY
Also, as an open-loop system does not
use feedback to determine if its required output
was achieved, it “assumes” that the desired goal
of the input was successful because it cannot
correct any errors it could make, and so cannot
compensate for any external disturbances to the
system.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

Open Loop Control Systems are very The bandwidth of open loop control
simple and easy to design. system is less.

These are considerably cheaper than The non-feedback system doesn’t

other types of control systems. facilitate the process of automation.

Maintenance of an open loop control Open loop systems are inaccurate in

system is very simple. nature and also unreliable.

Open loop system are poorly equipped to

Generally, open loop systems are handle disturbances or changes in the
stable up to some extent. conditions which may reduce its ability to
complete the desired task.

Also, an open-loop system has no

knowledge of the output condition so
These types of systems are easy to cannot self-correct any errors it could
construct and are convenient to use. make when the preset value drifts, even if
this results in large deviations from the
preset value.
 b. Closed Loop System.
A control system with a feedback loop is
called a “closed-loop control system”. In other
words, the control system which uses its feedback
signal to generate output is called a “closed loop
control system”. In these control systems, the input
is controlled by the feedback signal from the input
so that it can correct the errors that occurred.
Closed loop control systems are two-way signal-
flow systems.
Feedback means some part of the output
is taken and connected it to the input of the
system to maintain the stability of the control
system. By providing a feedback loop, we can
convert any open-loop control system into a
closed-loop system. The feedback loop provides
the automatic correction of the input signal based
on the output requirement.
By comparing the generated output with
the actual condition, the closed-loop system
maintains and achieves the desired output. If the
produced output is deviated from the decided
(actual) output, the closed-loop control system
generates an error signal and the error signal is fed
to the input of the signal.
 So by adding the error signal
to the input, the generated output
of the next loop will be corrected.
So these are also called automatic
control systems. Closed loop
systems are less prone to external
disturbances. By giving feedback to
the input signal, we can accurately
control the output of a control
system. A closed-loop control
system can have more than one
feedback loop.

The basic generic configuration of the

closed loop system
 ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

As the closed loop

control systems have They are very complex
feedback signal to and complicated to
control the output, these design.
are very accurate and
less error prone.

They can automatically

correct the errors by Economically they are
means of the feedback very costlier.
signal.

Closed loop systems are High maintenance is

very accurate. required.

Sometimes the feedback

Band width of open loop
signal causes the system
system is very large than
to oscillate, which will
closed loop system.
give oscillatory response.

More time and efforts

They can support are needed to design a
automation. stable closed-loop
system.

As they have very high

noise margin, they are
less affected by noise.
2. Basic components of a feedback and
control system.
a. Identify the five basic components of a
feedback and control system.
1. Input
2. Sensor (Detector)
3. Output
4. Controller and actuating devices
5. Feedback
b. For each component define the main
function
Input
This is the part of the system where data or
signals are received from the environment, or
the process being controlled. It serves as the
initial information that the system operates
on.
Sensor (Detector)
Sensors or detectors are responsible for
converting the input into a usable form for
the system. They measure the actual output
or the current state of the system and send
this information to the controller
Output
The output is the result of the control action
determined by the controller. It is the signal
or action sent to the system to bring it back
to the desired state.
Controller
The controller is the decision-making
component of the system. It compares the
actual output received from the sensor with
the desired output (setpoint) and determines
the appropriate action needed to bring the
system back to the desired state. This could
involve adjusting various parameters or
activating/deactivating components.

Feedback
Feedback is the mechanism by which the
output of the system is fed back to the input
in order to regulate the system. It provides
information to the controller about the
effectiveness of its actions and enables
adjustments to be made if necessary.
 3. Device familiarization. For each of the devices
listed below: describe, and identify the
use/function/application and provide sample
pictures or illustrations.
a. Switches (different types of switches)
A switch is a device which is used to make
or break an electric circuit automatically or
manually. In other words, an electrical switch is a
controlling device, which interrupts the flow of
electric current or changes the direction of current
in a circuit. Almost all the electrical and electronic
systems use at least one switch to control the ON
and OFF operations of the device.
 Uses:
Switch is used to control the circuit
operation by activating or deactivating the
whole or certain parts or processes of a
connected circuit.
Functions:
The primary function of a switch is to
control the flow of electric current in an electrical
circuit by either allowing or interrupting the
current flow. Depending on its design and
configuration, a switch can perform several
functions:
a. On/Off Control: The most basic
function of a switch is to turn a circuit
on or off. When the switch is in the
"on" position, it allows current to flow
through the circuit, completing the
electrical path. When switched "off,"
it interrupts the flow of current,
breaking the circuit and preventing
current from passing through.
b. Circuit Protection: Switches can serve as a
means of circuit protection by providing a
convenient way to disconnect power from a circuit
when necessary. This helps prevent overloads,
short circuits, and other electrical hazards.

c. Selective Control: Switches can be used to

selectively control specific components or devices
within a larger electrical system. By turning
individual switches on or off, users can activate or
deactivate specific functions as needed.
d. Signal Routing: In more complex systems,
switches can be used to route signals or current
flow to different paths within the circuit. This
allows for flexibility in system configuration and
operation.
e. Safety and Security: Switches are often
employed in safety and security systems to
control access, activate alarms, or trigger
emergency shutdowns. They provide a simple
and reliable means of initiating important
actions in response to specific events or
conditions.
 f. User Interface: Switches are frequently used as
user interface elements in various devices and
systems. They provide tactile feedback and
intuitive operation for users to interact with and
control electronic devices, appliances, machinery,
and equipment.
Application:
Switches are versatile electrical components
widely used across industries and everyday
settings. They control the flow of electric current,
allowing for on/off control, circuit protection, and
selective activation of devices. Common
applications include lighting and appliance control,
electrical power distribution, industrial automation,
HVAC systems, automotive functions, security
systems, electronic devices, telecommunications,
and emergency stop systems. With their ability to
provide reliable control and user interface
functionality, switches play a crucial role in diverse
electrical and electronic systems, ensuring safety,
convenience, and efficiency.
 b. Relays

A Relay is a simple electromechanical

switch. While we use normal switches to close or
open a circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch
that connects or disconnects two circuits. But
instead of a manual operation, a relay uses an
electrical signal to control an electromagnet, which
in turn connects or disconnects another circuit.
Relays can be of different types
like electromechanical, solid state.
Electromechanical relays are frequently
used.
 Uses:
Relays are used to protect the electrical
system and to minimize the damage to the
equipment connected to the system due to over
currents/voltages. The relay is used for the
purpose of protecting the equipment connected
with it. These are used to control the high
voltage circuit with low voltage signal in
applications audio amplifiers and some types of
modems. These are used to control a high
current circuit by a low current signal in
applications like starter solenoids in
automobiles.
Functions:
The primary function of a relay is to control
the flow of electric current in a circuit using a
smaller electrical signal. Relays consist of an
electromagnet that, when energized,
mechanically operates a switch to
either open or close electrical contacts.
 This allows relays to serve as electrically
operated switches, enabling them to control
high-voltage circuits with low-voltage signals.

Relays are commonly used to:

Isolate Circuits: Relays provide electrical

isolation between the control circuit (the input
side) and the controlled circuit (the output
side). This isolation helps protect control
devices and circuits from high-voltage or
high-current conditions in the controlled
circuit.
Amplify Signals: Relays allow a small
electrical signal from a control device, such
as a sensor or a microcontroller, to control a
larger load or device, such as a motor or a
heater. This amplification of signals enables
the control of high-power or high-voltage
equipment using low-power control circuits.
Switch High-Current Loads: Relays are capable
of switching high-current loads, such as motors,
lights, heaters, and solenoids, by using the
electromechanical switching mechanism. This
makes them suitable for applications where
direct control by low-power electronic devices is
not feasible or safe.
Remote Control: Relays can be used to enable
remote control of electrical devices or systems.
By using relays in conjunction with control
signals transmitted over long distances,
operators can remotely activate or deactivate
equipment without the need for direct physical
access.
Safety Interlocks: Relays are often employed in
safety interlock systems to ensure that certain
conditions are met before allowing the
operation of machinery or equipment. For
example, a relay may be used to prevent a
motor from starting unless certain safety
switches are activated.
Application:

Typical application areas of the relays

include

• Lighting control systems

• Telecommunication
• Industrial process controllers
• Traffic control
• Motor drives control
• Protection systems of electrical power
system
• Computer interfaces
• Automotive
• Home appliances
 c. Timers
A timer switch is also sometimes
called a time switch. Some people also call it
a timer. Going by its name, the device should
time events, that’s, switch power at a
predetermined time or schedule; it does that,
usually mechanically or digitally, depending
on the type of timer used.
The timer switch can also be a device
that you plug into your wall outlet, or a
gadget that you install in/on a wall. It can
also be an indoor or outdoor timer switch for
street lights, security lights, or even a
sprinkler system.
 Uses:
Timer switches have a wide range of
applications across residential, commercial, and
industrial settings, offering convenience, energy
efficiency, and control over various systems. In
homes, they can regulate lighting to enhance
security or save energy. Timer switches for water
pumps in pools and spas help conserve energy.
Timer switches for air conditioners optimize
HVAC system operation, maintaining
comfortable indoor temperatures efficiently. In
both residential and commercial spaces, timer
switches for fans control airflow and prevent
moisture buildup. Additionally, timer switches for
heaters, whether for water, room, or space
heating, manage heating system usage to save
energy and ensure comfort. Overall, timer
switches play a crucial role in automating
processes and enhancing efficiency in diverse
environments.
 Functions:
The main timer switch function is to
eliminate the need for leaving electrical circuits or
equipment running, thereby conserving energy and
saving money. This ranges from having a device
turn on at specific times to automatic shutoff.
Timer switches also provide added security
when you are away from home, as you can
program it to turn on/off for a certain period of time,
simulating someone is in your home.
Application:
Timer switches are versatile devices used
for automated control of electrical systems based
on programmed schedules. They find applications in
various settings, including lighting control, HVAC
systems, appliance control, security lighting,
aquariums, holiday lighting, watering systems, and
outdoor signage. By enabling users to schedule the
activation and deactivation of electrical devices and
systems, timer switches contribute to energy
efficiency, convenience, and enhanced functionality
in residential, commercial, and industrial
environments.
 d. Sensors (types of sensors)
A sensor is a device that detects and responds
to some type of input from the physical environment.
The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture,
pressure or any number of other environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is
converted to a human-readable display at the sensor
location or transmitted electronically over a network
for reading or further processing.

They make it possible to create an

ecosystem for collecting and processing data
about a specific environment so it can be
monitored, managed and controlled more
easily and efficiently.
 Uses:
Sensors detect changes in physical or environmental
conditions and convert them into electrical signals.
Function:
Sensors function by converting physical
phenomena into electrical signals that can be processed
and interpreted by electronic systems. The basic function
involves:
Sensing: The sensor detects changes in the
environment or physical parameters through various
mechanisms such as changes in resistance,
capacitance, voltage, or optical properties.
Transduction: The sensed changes are converted into
electrical signals using transduction principles. This
may involve converting physical parameters into
changes in voltage, current, frequency, or digital
signals.
Signal Conditioning: The raw electrical signals from
the sensor are often conditioned to remove noise,
amplify weak signals, and standardize output signals
for compatibility with downstream electronics.
Output: The processed electrical signals are then
outputted to electronic systems for further
processing, analysis, and action.
 Application:
Sensors are essential components utilized
across industries and applications to detect and
measure various physical parameters or
environmental conditions. They play a crucial role
in enabling automation, enhancing efficiency,
improving safety, and enriching our lives in
numerous ways. Common applications include
industrial automation, environmental monitoring,
automotive systems, healthcare devices,
consumer electronics, agriculture technology,
security and surveillance, navigation and robotics,
and energy management. Sensors function by
detecting changes in the environment, transducing
them into electrical signals, conditioning the
signals for processing, and outputting them to
electronic systems for further analysis and action.
Overall, sensors are indispensable tools that
contribute to advancements in technology,
industry, healthcare, and daily life.
 e. Actuators (types of sensors)

An actuator is a part of a device or machine

that helps it to achieve physical movements by
converting energy, often electrical, air, or hydraulic,
into mechanical force. Simply put, it is the
component in any machine that enables
movement.
 Use:
Actuators are essential components used across industries
and applications to control movement, regulate processes, and
enhance functionality. Here's a summary of their uses:

Industrial Automation: Actuators control valves, dampers, and

gates in manufacturing plants, enhancing production efficiency.
Robotics: Actuators enable robots to perform tasks such as
assembly, welding, and material handling with precision.
Aerospace and Defense: Actuators control flight surfaces,
landing gear, and weapon systems in aircraft and spacecraft.
·Automotive Industry: Actuators regulate engine valves, fuel
injection systems, and braking systems in vehicles.
HVAC Systems: Actuators maintain indoor comfort and air
quality by controlling dampers and fan speed in heating and
cooling systems.
Medical Devices: Actuators enable precise movement and
manipulation of medical instruments in diagnostic imaging and
surgical robotics.
Consumer Electronics: Actuators enhance user experience in
devices such as smartphones and cameras by enabling
autofocus and image stabilization.
Energy Sector: Actuators regulate valves, turbines, and
generators in power plants, ensuring efficient energy production
and distribution.
Marine and Offshore Applications: Actuators control ship
propulsion systems and deck machinery, facilitating safe
operation in marine environments.
Construction and Civil Engineering: Actuators power
construction equipment for earthmoving and material handling
tasks in construction projects.
 Function:
The primary function of actuators is to convert input
energy, such as electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic power, into
mechanical motion or force. This mechanical motion or force
is used to control the movement or position of various
components in machines, systems, and processes.

Key functions of actuators include:

Movement Control: Actuators enable precise control over
the movement of mechanical components, allowing them
to be positioned, adjusted, or actuated as needed.
Force Generation: Actuators can generate mechanical
force or torque to move or manipulate loads, exerting the
required amount of force to perform tasks such as lifting,
pushing, pulling, or rotating objects.
Positioning: Actuators are used to accurately position
components or mechanisms in specific locations or
orientations, ensuring precise alignment and coordination
in machinery and systems.
Automation: Actuators play a vital role in automation by
providing the mechanical means to control and operate
various devices, machines, and processes without direct
human intervention.
Energy Conversion: Actuators convert one form of energy
into mechanical energy, enabling the transfer and
transformation of energy within mechanical systems.
 Application:

Actuators are crucial components in

machines, automobiles, and automation
systems, facilitating precise control and
movement in various applications. Common
uses include automated fluid flow control,
valve adjustment, excavation,
manufacturing processes, machine tool
powering, and positioning in automated
production. Actuators come in different
types such as linear and rotary, and they can
be hydraulic, electric, or mechanical. From
regulating fuel flow in engines to controlling
turbine speed in power plants, actuators
play a vital role in modern industries and
mechanical systems.
 f. Input devices

Input devices are hardware

components or peripherals that allow
users to provide data, commands, or
signals to a computer or electronic system.
They serve as interfaces between users
and machines, enabling communication
and interaction with electronic devices.
 Use:
The primary purpose of input devices is to facilitate user
input into electronic systems. They allow users to enter data,
control functions, and interact with software applications. Input
devices are essential for enabling user interaction with computers,
smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices.

Function:
Input devices function by detecting and capturing various types of
input from users and converting them into digital data or
commands that can be processed by the system. Different input
devices use different mechanisms to capture user input. For
example:

Keyboards capture keystrokes when users press keys,

allowing them to input text and commands.
Mice and touchpads track movements of the user's hand or
fingers, enabling cursor movement and selection on a screen.
Touchscreens detect touch gestures directly on the display
surface, allowing users to interact with graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) through tapping, swiping, and pinching
motions.
Microphones capture audio signals, enabling voice input and
voice commands.
Cameras and scanners capture visual information, such as
images and barcodes, allowing users to input visual data into
electronic systems.
 Application:
Input devices are used in a wide range of devices and
systems across various industries and domains. Some common
applications include:

Personal Computers: Keyboards, mice, and touchpads are

used to input commands and data into desktop and laptop
computers.
Mobile Devices: Touchscreens, virtual keyboards, and voice
input are used in smartphones and tablets to interact with
apps and input text and commands.
Gaming Consoles: Game controllers, joysticks, and motion-
sensing devices are used to control gameplay and interact
with virtual environments in gaming consoles.
Industrial Control Panels: Keyboards, touchscreens, and
specialized input devices are used in industrial control panels
to monitor and control machinery and equipment in
manufacturing and industrial automation systems.
Kiosks and Self-Service Terminals: Touchscreens, keyboards,
and card readers are used in kiosks and self-service terminals
to allow users to input information and perform transactions,
such as ticket purchases and check-ins.
Automotive Infotainment Systems: Touchscreens, voice
recognition systems, and physical controls are used in
automotive infotainment systems to input navigation
destinations, control multimedia playback, and adjust vehicle
settings.
 g. Output devices

Output devices are hardware

components or peripherals that present
information or data processed by a
computer or electronic system in a form that
is understandable or usable by users. They
convert digital data or signals into human-
readable or machine-readable output.
 Use:
The primary purpose of output
devices is to convey information, results, or
feedback from electronic systems to users or
other systems. They provide visual, auditory,
tactile, or other forms of output based on the
processed data or commands received from
the system.
Function:
Output devices function by receiving
digital data or signals from the computer or
electronic system and converting them into a
format that can be perceived or interpreted
by users or other systems. Different output
devices use different mechanisms to present
output. For example:
 Application:
Output devices are used in various devices and
systems across industries and domains to present output or
feedback to users or other systems. Some common applications
include:

• Personal Computers: Monitors, printers, and speakers are used

to present visual, hardcopy, and auditory output from desktop
and laptop computers.
• Mobile Devices: Displays, speakers, and vibration motors are
used to present visual, auditory, and tactile output from
smartphones and tablets.
• Entertainment Systems: Televisions, projectors, and audio
systems are used to present visual and auditory output from
home entertainment systems, including movies, music, and
games.
• Industrial Control Panels: Displays, indicators, and actuators
are used to present visual output and control machinery and
equipment in manufacturing and industrial automation systems.
• Public Displays: Digital signage, electronic billboards, and
public address systems are used to present visual and auditory
output in public spaces, such as airports, train stations, and
shopping malls.
• Automotive Dashboards: Instrument clusters, infotainment
displays, and audio systems are used to present visual, auditory,
and tactile output in automotive dashboards, including vehicle
status, navigation information, and entertainment content.
 4. FBC systems. For each of the systems
listed below: describe, identify
use/function/application and provide sample
application. Provide pictures or illustration

a. Electronic
Electronic feedback and control systems
are integral components used in a wide array of
industries and applications. They employ
electronic components such as sensors,
microcontrollers, and actuators to monitor and
regulate processes or devices. These systems rely
on electrical signals for sensing, processing, and
actuation, enabling precise control and
automation.
Use:
Electronic FBC systems are utilized in
industries and applications where accuracy,
speed, and reliability are paramount. They are
essential for ensuring optimal performance,
safety, and efficiency in various processes and
operations.
These systems are particularly favored in
environments where analog signals need to be
converted into digital data for processing,
analysis, and control.
 Function:
The primary function of electronic FBC systems
is to accurately measure, analyze, and adjust
parameters such as temperature, pressure,
speed, and position.
They utilize sensors to detect changes in
environmental conditions or process variables,
convert these signals into electrical impulses,
and process them using microcontrollers or
programmable logic controllers (PLCs).
Based on the processed data, electronic FBC
systems activate actuators to make real-time
adjustments or corrections to maintain desired
setpoints or achieve specific objectives.
Application:
A prime example of an electronic FBC
system is the electronic thermostat used in
HVAC systems. These thermostats incorporate
temperature sensors to monitor room
temperature and electronic controls to adjust
the heating or cooling system accordingly. By
maintaining a comfortable indoor environment,
they enhance energy efficiency and occupant
comfort.
 In industrial settings, electronic FBC
systems are employed in various applications
such as process control, machinery automation,
and quality assurance. For instance, in
manufacturing plants, these systems regulate
parameters like pressure and flow rates to
ensure consistent product quality and production
efficiency.
Electronic FBC systems find widespread
applications across industries such as:
Automotive: Engine management systems,
ABS (Anti-lock Braking Systems), traction
control systems.
Consumer Electronics: Smart thermostats,
home automation systems, electronic
appliances.
Medical Devices: Patient monitoring systems,
infusion pumps, diagnostic equipment.
Manufacturing: Process control systems, CNC
(Computer Numerical Control) machines,
robotic systems.
 b. Pneumatic
Pneumatic feedback and control (FBC)
systems are vital components used in a wide
range of industries and applications. These
systems utilize compressed air or gases as the
medium for power transmission and actuation.
They rely on pneumatic components such as
valves, cylinders, and actuators to convert air
pressure into mechanical motion, enabling precise
control over position, speed, and force.

Use: Pneumatic FBC systems are widely

employed in industries where reliability,
durability, and simplicity are paramount. They are
particularly favored in environments where
electrical components may pose safety hazards,
such as in potentially explosive atmospheres or
areas with high humidity or dust levels.
 These systems are extensively used in
applications requiring rapid response times, high
force or torque outputs, and intrinsic safety,
making them ideal for various industrial
automation tasks.
Function:
The fundamental function of pneumatic
FBC systems is to regulate and control processes
or devices using compressed air or gases. These
systems use pneumatic actuators to perform
tasks such as positioning, clamping, lifting, and
pushing/pulling.
Pneumatic sensors and controllers are
integrated into these systems to monitor process
variables, analyze data, and make real-time
adjustments or corrections to maintain desired
setpoints or achieve specific objectives.
Pneumatic valves play a crucial role in
regulating the flow of compressed air or gases to
pneumatic actuators, enabling precise control
over movement and force.
Application:

Pneumatic FBC systems find diverse

applications across industries such as
manufacturing, automotive, aerospace,
construction, and more. In manufacturing and
assembly lines, pneumatic actuators are used
for tasks such as part positioning, material
handling, and robotic manipulation.
Material handling systems in factories and
warehouses often utilize pneumatic conveyor
systems for the efficient transport of bulk
materials. These systems use compressed air
to propel materials through pipelines or tubes,
facilitating smooth and reliable material flow.
Pneumatic tools are widely used in
construction and maintenance tasks due to
their portability, high power-to-weight ratio,
and reliability. Examples include pneumatic
drills, impact wrenches, nail guns, and
jackhammers
 c. Electropneumatic

Electropneumatic feedback and control

(FBC) systems combine electronic and pneumatic
components to achieve precise control over
pneumatic actuators and processes. These
systems integrate electronic sensors, controllers,
and actuators with pneumatic components for
sensing, processing, and actuation.
Use:
Electropneumatic FBC systems are utilized in
applications requiring the flexibility and
precision of electronic control combined with
the power and reliability of pneumatic
actuators.
They are particularly favored in industries
where fast and accurate control over
pneumatic devices is essential, such as
robotics, automated assembly, material
handling systems, and industrial automation.
 Function:
The primary function of electropneumatic
FBC systems is to regulate and control
pneumatic actuators and processes using
electronic signals.
These systems employ electronic sensors to
detect changes in environmental conditions
or process variables, convert these signals
into electrical impulses, and process them
using microcontrollers or programmable logic
controllers (PLCs).
Based on the processed data,
electropneumatic FBC systems activate
pneumatic actuators to make real-time
adjustments or corrections, maintaining
desired setpoints or achieving specific
objectives.
Application:
A common application of electro-pneumatic
FBC systems is in robotics and automated
assembly lines, where precise control over
pneumatic actuators is critical for tasks such
as part positioning, gripping, and
manipulation.
 Material handling systems in manufacturing
facilities often utilize electropneumatic conveyor
systems for the efficient transport of components
and products. These systems use electronic controls
to regulate the flow of compressed air to pneumatic
actuators, enabling smooth and reliable material
flow.
Electropneumatic grippers are frequently used in
automated manufacturing processes to grip, move,
and place objects with precision and efficiency.
These grippers integrate electronic sensors and
controls with pneumatic actuators to achieve
accurate and reliable operation.

Electropneumatic FBC systems find applications across

various industries, including:

• Automotive: Robotic assembly lines, pneumatic

clamping systems, material handling systems.
• Manufacturing: Automated machining centers, pick-
and-place machines, packaging lines.
• Aerospace: Automated manufacturing cells,
pneumatic flight control systems, material handling in
aircraft assembly.
• Logistics and Warehousing: Automated sorting
systems, conveyor-based material handling, robotic
palletizing.
 d. Programmable Logic Control
PLC systems are specialized industrial
computers designed to automate processes and
control machinery and equipment in industrial
settings. They consist of a central processing unit
(CPU), input and output modules (I/O), memory,
communication interfaces, and programming
software. PLCs are ruggedized to withstand harsh
industrial environments and are often mounted in
control cabinets or panels.
Use:
PLC systems are extensively used in
manufacturing, production, and process control
applications where sequential or logic-based
control is required.
They are preferred for their flexibility, reliability,
and scalability, making them suitable for a
wide range of industrial automation tasks.
PLCs are employed in industries such as
automotive, manufacturing, energy, utilities,
transportation, and building automation.
 Function:
PLCs perform three primary functions:
sensing, processing, and actuation. They
monitor input signals from sensors, switches,
and other devices, process this data using
programmed logic, and generate output
signals to control actuators, motors, valves,
and other devices.
PLCs execute user-defined control algorithms
or logic programs written in programming
languages such as ladder logic, function
block diagrams (FBD), or structured text (ST).
These programs define the behavior of the
system based on input conditions and control
requirements.
PLCs can handle various types of input and
output signals, including digital (on/off)
signals, analog (continuous) signals, and
high-speed signals, allowing them to control
a wide range of industrial processes and
equipment.
 Application:

PLC systems find applications across various industries

and processes:
In manufacturing, PLCs control machinery and
equipment in automated assembly lines, CNC
machines, packaging systems, and material handling
systems. They coordinate the sequencing of
operations, monitor production parameters, and
ensure efficient production processes.
In process control applications, such as chemical
manufacturing, water treatment, and food
processing, PLCs regulate parameters such as
temperature, pressure, flow, and level to maintain
process stability and product quality.
In energy and utilities, PLCs are used in power plant
control systems, renewable energy systems (e.g.,
solar and wind farms), distribution networks, water
and wastewater treatment plants, pumping stations,
and distribution systems.
In transportation, PLCs control traffic signals, railway
signaling systems, automated guided vehicles
(AGVs), and conveyor systems in airports and
logistics centers.
• In building automation, PLCs manage HVAC
(heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems,
lighting control, access control systems, and fire
alarm systems in commercial buildings and industrial
facilities.