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AI Systems Article

The document discusses the five components of information systems - hardware, software, data, people, and processes. It describes the role of each component and how they interact to generate information for users in an organization. It also explains key terms like application software and gives examples of information systems.

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49 views3 pages

AI Systems Article

The document discusses the five components of information systems - hardware, software, data, people, and processes. It describes the role of each component and how they interact to generate information for users in an organization. It also explains key terms like application software and gives examples of information systems.

Uploaded by

clothdivaoffice
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© © All Rights Reserved
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20 April 2024

Information systems are made up of five components that interact to generate information needed by the users
in an organization: hardware, software, data, people, and process.
The first three components of information systems — hardware, software, and data —all fall under the category
of technology which can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
From the invention of the wheel to the harnessing of electricity for artificial lighting, technology is a part of our lives
in so many ways that we tend to take it for granted.
Hardware
Information systems hardware is the part of an information system you can touch — the physical components
of the technology. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives are all examples of information
systems hardware.
Software
Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. Software is not tangible — it cannot be
touched. When programmers create software programs, what they are really doing is simply typing out lists of
instructions that tell the hardware what to do. There are several categories of software, with the two main
categories being operating-system software, which makes the hardware usable, and application software, which
does something useful. Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows on a personal computer and
Google's Android on a mobile phone. Examples of application software are Microsoft Excel and Angry Birds.
Data
The third component is data. You can think of data as a collection of facts. For example, your street address, the
city you live in, and your phone number are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also intangible. By themselves,
pieces of data are not really very useful. But aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a database, data
can become a powerful tool for businesses. Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to make decisions.
These decisions can then be analyzed as to their effectiveness and the organization can be improved.
Besides the components of hardware, software, and data, which have long been considered the core technology of
information systems, it has been suggested that one other component should be added: communication. An
information system can exist without the ability to communicate — the first personal computers were stand-alone
machines that did not access the Internet. However, in today's hyper-connected world, it is an extremely rare
computer that does not connect to another device or to a network. Technically, the networking communication
component is made up of hardware and software, but it is such a core feature of today's information systems
that it has become its own category.
People
When thinking about information systems, it is easy to get focused on the technology components and forget
that we must look beyond these tools to fully understand how they integrate into an organization. A focus on
the people involved in information systems is the next step. From the front-line help-desk workers, to systems
analysts, to programmers, all the way up to the chief information officer (CIO), the people involved with
information systems are an essential element that must not be overlooked.
Process
The last component of information systems is process. A process is a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired
outcome or goal. Information systems are becoming more and more integrated with organizational processes,
bringing more productivity and better control to those processes. But simply automating activities using technology
is not enough — businesses looking to effectively utilize information systems do more. Using technology to
manage and improve processes, both within a company and externally with suppliers and customers, is the
ultimate goal. Technology buzzwords such as "business process reengineering," "business process management,"
and "enterprise resource planning" all have to do with the continued improvement of these business procedures
and the integration of technology with them. Businesses hoping to gain an advantage over their competitors are
highly focused on this component of information systems.

Answer the following questions.


1.What is the role of each component in an organization?
2.What does the effectiveness of IS depend on?
3.What is application software?
4.What spheres of life can systems exist in?
5.Could you give examples of IS?

SPEAKING
1.What are new ways people can use technology to change the world?
2.Do digital tools make us more or less productive at work?
3.Many everyday objects (such as amusement park rides, cars, elevators, and ovens) that you might not
normally associate with a computer or information system, in fact, are today. There are obvious benefits, but
are there risks as well?
4.Would you feel more or less comfortable riding on a roller coaster that was computer controlled?
5.Do the benefits of computerizing an increasing number of everyday objects outweigh the potential risks? Why
or why not?
6.Research the theme "Benefits of using Al systems".

Answers:

1. Role of Each Component in an Organization:


o Hardware: Represents the physical components of the technology, such as computers,
keyboards, and disk drives, that enable the functionality of information systems.
o Software: Software includes the instructions that tell the hardware what to do. It consists of
operating system software and application software, enabling specific tasks and functions.
o Data: Data is a collection of facts and information that, when organized, can provide insights
for decision-making and strategic planning.
o People: The people involved in information systems range from front-line help-desk workers
to systems analysts and programmers, all the way up to the CIO. They are essential for the
operation, management, and integration of information systems within an organization.
o Process: Processes involve a series of steps to achieve specific goals. Information systems
integrate with organizational processes to increase productivity and improve control and
efficiency.
2. Effectiveness of IS:
o The effectiveness of information systems (IS) depends on how well the different components
(hardware, software, data, people, process) are integrated and used to support the
organization’s objectives and goals.
3. Application Software:
o Application software is software that performs specific tasks for the user, such as word
processing, spreadsheets, or games. Examples include Microsoft Excel and Angry Birds.
4. Spheres of Life Where Systems Can Exist:
o Information systems can exist in various spheres of life including businesses, education,
healthcare, government, entertainment, and many other areas of daily life.
5. Examples of IS:
o Examples of information systems include customer relationship management (CRM) systems,
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and inventory management systems.
6. New Ways People Can Use Technology to Change the World:
o People can use technology to change the world in various ways, such as developing
innovative solutions for environmental sustainability, improving healthcare through
telemedicine and personalized medicine, enhancing education with e-learning platforms, and
creating new economic opportunities through digital platforms.
7. Digital Tools Productivity at Work:
o Digital tools can make us more productive at work by streamlining processes, automating
repetitive tasks, facilitating communication, and providing access to real-time information for
better decision-making.
8. Risks Associated with Computer-Controlled Objects:
o Risks include potential system failures, security vulnerabilities (such as hacking), and loss of
human control. This can lead to potential safety hazards and privacy concerns.
9. Comfort Riding a Computer-Controlled Roller Coaster:
o Whether one would feel more or less comfortable riding a computer-controlled roller coaster
depends on personal preferences and trust in technology. Generally, well-designed computer-
controlled systems can enhance safety and reliability, but there could still be concerns about
potential malfunctions.
10. Benefits of Computerizing Everyday Objects Outweighing Potential Risks:
o The benefits of computerizing everyday objects often outweigh the risks when proper safety
measures, security protocols, and testing are in place. These benefits include increased
efficiency, convenience, and improved safety and performance.
11. Research on "Benefits of using AI systems":
o AI systems can provide a wide range of benefits, such as improving productivity and
efficiency in various industries, enhancing decision-making processes through data analysis,
and providing personalized experiences for consumers. AI can also contribute to
advancements in healthcare, finance, and other fields, leading to improved outcomes and
innovations. However, ethical considerations and potential biases should be carefully
managed to maximize the benefits and minimize risks.

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