VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

AICTE ACTIVITY REPORT

Submitted to partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering
Under the Guidance of

Dr. SUHAEL AHMED

Professor

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. PRAVEEN KUMAR B.S RANGANATHA K R
Head of the Department 4GK20ME415
Mechanical engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

K R PET KRISHNA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
K R PET-571426, Mandya District
2022-23
 Government of Karnataka

Department of Technical Education

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

K R PETE KRISHNA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

K.R.PET-571426

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the “AICTE ACTIVITIES POINT PROGRAMME” carried out by
RANGANATHA K R USN: 4GK20ME415 Bonafede student of K R Pet Krishna
Government Engineering College K R Pet as a partial fulfilment requirement for the award
of Degree Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2022-2023. It is certified that all the
corrections/suggestions indicating for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report.
The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of AICTE
activities prescribed for Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering.

Signature of the HOD Signature of the Guide

Dr. Praveen Kumar B S Dr. Suhael Ahmed

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us pleasure to present our reports on “AICTE ACTIVITIES POINT PROGRAMME”.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our Guide Dr. SUHAEL AHMED Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K R Pet Krishna Government engineering college K R
pet, for his concern guidance and encouragement given us to complete the AICTE ACTIVITY
successfully.

We take immense pleasure thanking our Head of the department Dr. PRAVEEN KUMAR B S
for his encouragement and innumerable suggestions throughout our degree.

Excellent facilities and ample amenities along with an academic ambience to go a long way in
shaping and moulding young professionals of exceptional calibre, in this respect we thank our
Honourable principal Dr. K.R. DINESH

We finally thank all those who have helped directly and indirectly for successful completion of
our AICTE ACTIVITY.

RANGANATHA K R
4GK20ME415
 DECLARATION

I am RANGANATHA K R USN:4GK20ME415 student of 8th Semester Bachelor of

Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, K R Pete Krishna Government engineering
college - K R Pet hereby declare that the presented report of AICTE ACTVITY entitled is
uniquely prepared by me after the completion of work of “AICTE ACTIVITIES” an industry
of repute, and submitted in fulfilment for the requirement to award, Bachelor of Engineering
Degree in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
during the year of 2022-23.

I also declare that; this report is prepared for my academic requirements not for other purpose.
 REFERENCE

Every student of bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering has essential requirements

to do AICTE ACTIVITY in any of the reputed schools and villages. The purpose of this
program is to acquaint the students to increase knowledge, skills, to be successful professionals
in the respective field of Engineering.

Really, it was a nice opportunity to have an excellent soft skill, leadership qualities and team
spirit. This may depict deficiencies on my part but still it is an output of a student’s efforts.

The output of my analysis is summarized in a shape of AICTE activity the contents of the report
show the detail of sequence of these.
 CONTENTS

Chapter no. Topics

1. Reduction in Energy Consumption

2. Helping of local schools enhance their enrolment in higher/

technical/ vocational education

3. Contribution to National Level Initiative of Govt. Of India

Swachh Bharath Internship

4. Tourism Promotion Innovative Approaches

5 Conclusion
REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION
AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

INTRODUCTION

Energy consumption in the residential sector represents an important part of total electricity
demand. Most consumers are not alert about how to use energy efficiently in their daily lives.
In other words, consumers use electric energy inefficiently because they use in efficient
electrical appliances. Saving electricity requires either conserving or improving efficiency.
Conserving means performing fewer activities that use electricity. Improving energy
efficiency (EE) is about choosing the right appliances which use less energy for the same tasks.
From the questionnaire, it can be seen that consumers did not understand the high power
consumption that occurs via their electrical appliances.

As of 2017, 73 percent of electricity generation in India was based on coal (Central Electricity
Authority, 2017). The electricity sector (grid and captive generation) consumes over 80
percent of the domestic coal off-take in India (Ministry of Coal, 2017). Due to its capital
intensive and public good nature, electricity supply in India is highly regulated, where policies
and plans are focused around creating adequate supply capacity and reserves, to generate, sell
and purchase power. Coal demand for electricity depends on the overall level of electricity
demand, its nature (who is demanding, at what location and what time in the day) and the
availability and preference ordering of other sources of supply. Aside from the more
immediate issues of supply planning, electricity demand modeling directly feeds into concerns
around access, energy security and environmental sustainability. Electricity demand, as is
elaborated later, depends on a number of variables, some with deep uncertainty into the future.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

For example, India’s GDP growth projections till 2030 vary from around 7-8 percent projected
by governmental sources and IMF, to 5.5-6.5 percent as projected by certain banks,
development organizations, and research institutions These have profoundly different
implications in terms of levels and composition of economic activity and associated energy
intensities. It then becomes necessary to understand plausible and marginal yet possible
scenarios of electricity demand to plan for the future electricity grid accordingly.

The electricity has been generated in different forms and it has been transfers to the main
electricity board through a help of transformers.

The different forms of electricity generation plants are as follow:

• Hydroelectricity power generating plant.

• Wind electricity power generating plant.
• Solar power plant.
• Nuclear power plant.

The generated electricity has been transferred to a KPTCL power house and it can be stored
and transfer to the required purpose.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

❖ Aim of the activity

The main aim of the activity was how the electricity was generated using non-renewable
energy resources like solar, wind, water, and biogas.

And to is to create awareness about the energy consumption and usage of energy at
villages. spread the knowledge about management and beneficial offers to the people.

❖ Learning objectives

• We can learn different form energy sources.

• We can learn how to use the different form of energy according to their needs.
• We know different types of technical courses and non –technical content of the power
plant.
• From this activity we also different type of contracts given by the state and central
government.
• We can learn the how consume the energy in different ways.
• We can learn how to transmit the energy from one station to another station.
• We know the history and evolution of company.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

HEMAGIRI MINI HYDEL PROJECT KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Hemagiri Mini Hydel Project activity has been contemplated as run-off the river
scheme by Trishul Power Private Limited (TPPL) at
Hemagiri plant across Hemavathi River. The project activity would utilize the discharge
available in the Hemavathi River at the site to generate power with an installed capacity of
4MW. The Project activity would produce net energy of 10.3543 GWh per annum.

The generated energy would be sold to state owned public entity Karnataka

Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) under a Power Purchase Agreement

(PPA). The source of water for Hemagiri Mini-Hydel scheme is the river Hemavathi which is
one of the major tribute Aries so Cauvery River and it originates in Western Ghats.

Hemagiri Plant is located about 50 Km downstream of Gour dam across Hemavathi river.
The project activity is proposed to be located on the left bank of Hemavathi River at
Hemagirianicut.

The purpose of the proposed project activity utilization of renewable resource (water) in
order to partially meet the local power demand from clean sources in a

system already dominated by thermal power production plants utilizing fossil fuels. The
project activity utilizes potential energy available in flowing water for power generation.

The process involved is converting the potential energy available in the water flow into
mechanical energy using hydro turbines and then to electrical energy using alternators.
Therefore, no fossil fuels are used for power

We generation. The project operation will contribute to sustainable development by

substituting fossil fuel generated power there by reducing GHG emissions.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

2.2 Location of the small-scale project activity:

• Country: India

• Region/ State / Province: Karnataka

• District: Mandya

• Taluk: Krishnarajapet (KR pet)

• Village: Bandihole

2.2.1 Details of physical location, including information allowing the

unique identification of this small-scale project activity:

The project is located at a distance of 8Km from, Krishnarajapet (KR pet) near Bandihole
village in Mandya District in Karnataka.

The nearest rail head is Krishnarajapet. The project is located between

Latitude 12o39’26” N and Longitude 76o24’43” Physical location of the project is marked in
the maps below.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

Map 1: Physical location of Karnataka state in India and Mandya district in

Karnataka

Map 2: Physical location of Project site in Mandya district of Karnataka State

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

2.3 Type and category (ies) and technology/measure of the small scale
project activity:

According to the Appendix B to the simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale
project activities the proposed project activity falls under the following type and category.

• Project Type: I– Renewable Energy Projects

• Category I.D: Grid connected renewable electricity generation

• Reference: AMS.I.D. , version 15, EB50

The project activity would utilize renewable hydro potential for power generation and export
the generated power to the regional grid system. Accordingly, the applicable methodology for
the project activity shall be AMSI.D. This includes hydro for electricity generation for a grid
system.

2.3.1 Application of environmentally sound and safe technology:

The technology of power generation process involves converting the potential energy available
in the water flow in to mechanical energy using hydro turbines and then to electrical energy
using alternators. The generated power will be transformed to match the voltage of nearest
grid sub-station for proper inter connection and smooth evacuation of power. In this process
there are no greenhouse gas emissions or burning of any fossil fuels.
Thus electricity is generated through sustainable means without causing any negative effect
on the environment. Therefore the technology is environmentally safe and sound.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

2.4 Technical details of the project activity:

The Hemagiri Mini Hydel Project would utilize discharge of Hemavathi

River through Hemagirianicut under renovation on Hemavathi River. Hemagirianicut is more
than a century old and was built in 1880 for irrigating 992 ha of land. Ahead regulate or in the
anicut regulates the flow in the irrigation canal on the left bank of river.

There are three gates for controlling the flow in the left bank canal. The flow in the canal is
about 7cumecs.

The existing head regulator will be modified to enable drawl of about 76 cumecs for power
generation and 7cumecs required by the irrigation canal. An approach channel will be provided
in the pond behind the anicut to enable drawl of water for power generation. The power canal
is designed for 83 cumecs. Ahead regulator will be installed at the bifurcation near the power
house to regulate flows into the Hemagiri irrigation canal.

The essential components of this power project area Power House with an installed capacity
of 4MW near Bandihole village, an Approach Channel, Intake structure, Intake pool with gates
and trash rack, a By-Pass weir (Hemagirianicut), Tail Race Pool and Tail Channel.

The water from the power house will be released back to the Hemavathi
River through a tail channel of about 900 m length. The project activity is a 4MW,
hydroelectric power project. The project activity is eligible to use the methodology indicated
above since project activity generates and exports the renewable electricity to a grid system.

The capacity of the project activity is well below the qualifying limit for project activities
under the small scale methodology AMS.I.D i.e.15MW.Hence AMS.I.D Grid connected
renewable electricity generation is applied for the proposed small scale project activity.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

2.5 TECHNICAL DETAILS:

Parameter Specifications

Hydrology
Design Flow 38 cumecs (per machine)

Gross Head 7m

Design Head 6.6 m

Turbine

Type of hydro turbine Vertical full Kaplan

Turbine
No.of generating units 2

Capacity of each generating unit 2.0 MW

Rated speed 170 RPM

Generator

Type Synchronous

Generator voltage 6.6 KV

Power factor 0.8 (lag)

Frequency 50 Hz

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

2.6 Description of project boundary

The project boundary is therefore the physical boundary around the division structure, Intake
channel, Intake structure, power house, tail race, Tailrace channel and the transmission system
till the evacuation point.

The power generated from the project would be metered and accurately quantified. The
electricity would be exported to Karnataka power transmission limited (KPTCL) grid station.

Fig: Project Boundary

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

2.7 Stake Holder Involvement:

• KREDL
The Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd has issued
Technical clearance letter No.KRED/06/Hemagiri/20001/130 Dated.10th April 2005.

• Karnataka transmission corporation limited (KPTCL)

The project proponent has signed a power purchase agreement with the KPTCL Dated .5th
November 2004.

• Local Village Panchayat

The project has got the approval from local village panchayat vide letter No: 1/2004-05 dated
31-01-2005.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

Plant photos :

Fig 2.0: Power transformer (TPPL)

Fig 2.1: Top view of the turbines

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

Fig 2.2: Control unit of plant

Fig 2.3: Tail race

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

WIND POWER STATION IN KARNATAKA (Wind Mill)

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by
the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns
are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow,
or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
The terms wind energy, or wind power, describe the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator
can convert this mechanical power into electricity. So how do wind turbines make electricity?
Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make
wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which
spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.

Fig 3.1: power transmission

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

3.1 Types of Wind Turbines:

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the horizontal-axis variety the vertical-axis
design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Horizontal-
axis wind turbines typically either have two or three blades. These three-bladed wind turbines
are operated "upwind," with the blades facing into the wind.

3.2 Sizes of Wind Turbines:

Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Larger
turbines are grouped together into wind farms, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid.
The average size wind turbine being installed at wind farms currently is approximately 1.5
MW. Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications
dishes, or water pumping. Small turbines are sometimes used in connection with diesel
generators, batteries, and photovoltaic systems.

These systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid
locations, where a connection to the utility grid is not available.

3.3 parts of a wind turbine:

Inside a Wind Turbine Below is a diagram of the inside of a wind turbine, along with
descriptions of each part.

Fig 3.2: wind mill

• Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
•
Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes
the blades to "lift" and rotate.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

• Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to

stop the rotor in emergencies.
• Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per
hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind
speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged by the high winds.
• Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the
rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800
rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box
is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive"
generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.
• Generator: Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60cycle AC
electricity. High-speed shaft: Drives the generator. Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the
low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute. Nacelle: The nacelle sits atop the
tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and
brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land on.
• Pitch: Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep
the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
• Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor. Tower: Towers are made from
tubular steel (shown here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed increases with
height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity.
• Wind direction: This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it operates facing into the
wind. Other turbines are designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind.
• Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly with respect to the wind.
• Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor
facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a
yaw drive; the wind blows the rotor downwind.
• Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

3.4 The power extracted from the wind can be calculated by the given
formula:

W=0.5ρπR3 Vw3 CP (λ, β)

Pw = extracted power from the wind, ρ= air density, (approximately 1.2

kg/m3 at 20¤ C at sea level)

R = blade radius (in m), (it varies between 40-60 m)

Vw = wind velocity (m/s) (velocity can be controlled between 3 to 30 m/s) (ix)

Cp = the power coefficient which is a function of both tip speed ratio
(λ), and blade pitch angle, (β) (deg.)

Power coefficient (Cp) is defined as the ratio of the output power produced to the power
available in the wind.

3.5 The project details:

The projects are to install two 0.8 MW wind turbine in Karnataka, India. These will generate
renewable electricity, to displace fossil fuel powered electricity from the grid. Each turbine
will generate enough electricity each year to power the equivalent of 550 homes in the UK –
saving 1,500 tons of CO2 each per year.

Wind-turbine capacity has increased over time. In 1985, typical turbines had a rated capacity
of 0.05 megawatts (MW) and a rotor diameter of 15 meters.
Today’s new wind power projects have turbine capacities of about 2 MW onshore and 3–5
MW offshore.

Commercially available wind turbines have reached 8 MW capacities, with rotor diameters of
up to 164 meters. The average capacity of wind turbines increased from 1.6 MW in 2009 to 2
MW in 2014.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

3.6 Some Wind farms in Karnataka:

1. Tuppadahalli Wind Farm, Chitradurga District by Acciona

2. Bannur Wind farm, Bijapur District by Acciona

3. Shah Gajendragarh Wind Farm at Gadag by MMTCL

4. Jogmatti BSES Wind farm, Chitradurga District by BSES Limited

5. Bijapur Wind farm by Gamesa Renewable Energy Pvt Ltd...

6. Naragund Wind farm, Gadag

7. Gadag Wind farm, Gadag

8. EnergonMangoli Wind Farm, Hegadihal, Karnataka

9. Chitradurga Wind Project by the Carbon Neutral Company

10. Tata Power Wind Project at Gadag

11. CLP Wind Farm at Saundatti, Dist.- Belgaum, Karnataka.

12. Vyshali Energy Private Limited, Karnataka

13. VSL Mining Company, Bellary

14. Vivek Agro Foods, Karnataka 1

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

SOLAR POWER PLANT KARNATAKA (Adani solar plant)

4.1 INTRODUCTION

India is the world’s third largest energy consumer after USA and China. Growing
industrialization and personal consumption in India have raised global concerns on the
country’s widening carbon footprint. India recognizes the need to moderate coal consumption,
which accounts for 65% of the country’s electrical power generation.

The Indian government’s promised to de-couple its economic growth and coal appetite has
been showcased in its pledge to increase the share of power generation capacity that does not
consume fossil fuels to 40% by 2030 and reduce carbon emissions by 33 to 35% (from the
2005 level) by 2030 as a part of the Paris Agreement between nations. The seriousness of the
Indian government is reflected in the fact that power generation capacity from renewable,
hydroelectric and nuclear sources has already reached 38%; India appears likely to reduce
emissions by 45% by 2030, far surpassing its Paris Agreement promise. Besides, India plans
to build 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW of renewable energy
capacity by 2030 to address urban pollution, climate change and energy imports.

The government responded with flexibility to introduce amendments in its customs tariff with
the objective to grow the renewable energy sector and strengthen the renewable energy
hardware sector, making it possible for much of the country’s long-term growth to be serviced
(for cells, panels and modules) from within.

At Adani Green Energy, we believe that the vastness of the opportunity is among the
largest in the world; we are servicing the growing needs of a nation where the per capita
electricity consumption is a fraction of the corresponding consumption in developed
economies, representing decades of prospective growth.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

4.2 Solar Energy and Capacity Value:

Solar Energy Can Provide Valuable Capacity to Utilities and Power System Operators Solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems and concentrating solar power (CSP) systems without integrated
thermal energy storage (TES) are variable, renewable energy resources with output that
depends on the time of day, season, and weather patterns. These resources are unlike traditional
dispatch able generators that can be controlled to respond to variations in demand. An
important benefit of all generators is capacity value their ability to reliably meet demand.
Generator outages caused by mechanical failures, planned maintenance, or lack of real-time
generating resources (especially for renewables) may leave a power system with insufficient
capacity to meet load. Because variable energy sources are not as controllable as conventional
power plants, analysis is needed to evaluate their capacity-related benefits, which are not
always readily apparent.

Fig 4.1: project boundary

4.3 Calculating Capacity Value:

The capacity value of a renewable generator is calculated by one of several methods. Detailed
reliability-based metrics are widely accepted by utilities and system planners. These methods
use statistical approaches to determine the ability of a generation resource to maintain a reliable
system and meet demand. An alternative approach is to use approximation techniques, such as
examining the output of a renewable generator during periods of highest risk of not meeting
load. These are typically hours of high demand— often late afternoons in summer, when the
demand for air-conditioning places utility systems under greatest stress. Examining solar
output during these periods can provide insight into the potential of different solar generators
to add reliable capacity.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

4.4 Coincidence of Solar Energy with Electricity Demand Patterns:

Although detailed analysis is needed to quantify solar capacity value, examining patterns of
electricity demand and solar generation can provide some indication of the ability of solar
energy to contribute to meeting peak demand. Figure 1 shows the demand for electricity on a
hot summer day in Colorado in 2006. It also shows simulated solar output for a scenario in
which solar satisfies 1% of total demand and the corresponding solar generation during that
time. In this figure, net load is the normal load minus the contribution from wind and solar, or
the load that needs to be met with conventional generators. Both PV systems (and CSP systems
without storage) provide significant generation during the hours of peak demand (typically 4
to 6 p.m.) and provide capacity value to the system. In the western United States, the capacity
value of PV plants can be in the range of 50% to 80% of their alternating current (AC) rating,
with the higher values representing systems that use active tracking to orient the PV modules
toward the sun. The capacity value of CSP plants without storage can be similar to that of PV
plants. This means that a 100-MW (AC rated) solar plant can potentially provide the same
level of reliability as a 50-MW to 80-MW conventional plant, depending on type and location.

Fig 4.2: solar cell

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

CHAPTER - 05

CONCLUSION
Energy efficiency is the wave of the future. The world is quickly moving towards
energy sustainability. At the same time, the mankind is trying to reestablish the
connection it once had with nature. An energy efficient home is a personal step
toward the direction of renewable energy, environmental protection, and
sustainable living. Having such a home helps homeowners reduce their bills and
provides an excellent investment. Furthermore, energy efficiency means
healthier and more comfortable living that is in line with nature.

Building or upgrading to an energy efficient home requires an initial investment

that is higher than the cost of a traditionally constructed home. However, there
are government grants and incentives that can help to get you started and offset
some of the cost. After you live in your energy efficient house for a few years,
your upfront investment will pay for itself.

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AICTE -Activity: REDUCTION IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2022-23

REFERENCESS

1. Adani solar power plant report.

2. National renewable energy resource report.
3. www.powerline.net.in
4. www.glassdoor.ca
5. www.kannada.asia.news.com
6. www.kptcl.kar.nic.com
7. Project design document form (cdm-ssc-pdd).
8. www.schools360.com
9. www.cea.nic.in
10. www.zenithenergy.com
11. www.siamindia.com
12. Energy consumption analysis based on the energy efficiency.
13. www.slideshare.in

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AICTE Activity Report on HELPING
OF LOCAL SCHOOLS ENHANCE
THEIR ENROLMENT IN
HIGHER/TECHNICAL/VOCATIONA
L EDUCATION
AICTE -Activity: School visit 2022-23

HELPING OF LOCAL SCHOOLS ENHANCE THEIR ENROLMENT IN

HIGHER /TECHNICAL/ VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

➢ INTRODUCTION

“SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITY”

Now days choosing of good Education enrolment become a major problems in student
because they do not known about knowledge of taking a right course, and due to the improper
guidelines and suggestion. So that a major reason we want get a proper job or unlike
education.

The main aim of our AICTE Activity is to provide some knowledge about the higher
education and the opportunity of a student.

In this activity we have to provide a information about the what are course are available in
education and some technical and non-technical vocation course information for the 10thand
12th passed out student.

• In every student life there is lot confusion about the selection course after completing their
SSLC and PUC.

• It means that selection of proper course become a most confusion and problem to the
student.

• The main objective of this activity is providing full information about the course which is
suitable for the student for their situation, passion and goals. And the what are the job
opportunities are available for different course and minimum qualification about the
cracking of government exams and jobs.

After finishing of high school level the student will enter to the secondary school level.
That is SSLC, after completing of this course the big question is arise.

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'What next after SSLC'?

So you need not worry about after completing SSLC there is a lot of technical course and
non-technical and some certificate, course are available.

They are,

1. ITI
2. PUC
3. DIPLOMA
4. PARA MADICAL
5. SKILL INDIA DEVELOPMENT COURSE.

1.1 ITI –Industrial training Institutes

ITI also called ITC (Industrial training center) are post-secondary schools in India constituted
under directorate general of training (DGT), ministry of skill development and
enterpreneurship, union government to provide training in various trades.

* Established in 1950

* ITI or training centers that provides course to students seeking easy employment just after
completing school.

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ITI Eligibility Criteria

Candidates seeking admission in the ITI course must cheek the eligibility criteria to avoid
rejections. The eligibility requirement includes age limit, educational.

Qualification And Minimum Score:

Name Industrial Training Institute

Fee From 1600 - 71000 (depends on course)

Age limit Under 14 – 40 age group

Educational qualification Class 8th or 10th,12th pass

(Depends on course)
Duration Course type One year to 2 years Certificate course

Some different branches in ITI depends on course

8th 9th 10th
Cutting and Bleaching Travel and tour
sewing assistant

Needle worker Commercial art Surveyor

Pattern maker Diesel mechanic Stenography

Tractor Draughts man (civil Radiology technician

mechanic & mech)
Plumber Dress making Plastic processing
engineering

Wire man Electrician Agricultural machine

mechanic

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JOBS AFTER ITI

• NTC (National Trade certificate) denotes successful completion of ITI training for a
same students have to appear for the All-India Trade test (ALTT) that considered the
NCVT (National council of vocational training) conducts.

• Opportunities in the public sector (PS)

➢ Telecom and railway industry

• Opportunities in private sector

• In mechanical and manufacturing company for specific trade

• Entrepreneurship
• Many individuals who have setup their business after completion of ITI course.

• Opportunities in overseas market in oil overseas and shipyards, gas factory.

2.DIPLOMA COURSE

The abbreviation and meaning of the DIPLOMA stand for [Development improvement
preparation for leadership organizational management achievement]

A diploma course is a short-term course (usually 2 to 3) years in duration that focusing on

training a person in a particular field.

➢ Types of DIPLOMA course

a. Honor’s Diploma
b. Certificate of attendance
c. General diploma
d. Occupational diploma
e. Graduate equivalency degree

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The following are the key points to join a diploma courses.

Name Diploma /Polytechnique Course

Course level 12th or 10th pass

Eligibility 10th from recognized board, min.35% in 10th

Age Minimum 14year

Admission process Direct in most of private colleges, for government

colleges entrance exam
Fees 5 thousand to 50 thousand per year

Average salary 1.5 lakhs to 3 lakhs per year

Job profile JE, teacher etc…

Different branches in diploma course:

1. Diploma in mechanical engineering

2. Diploma in civil engineering

3. Diploma in computer science engineering

4.Diploma in Aeronautical engineering

5. Diploma in metallurgical engineering

6. Diploma in Electrical engineering

7. Diploma in electronics and communication engineering

8. Diploma in Information technology

9. Diploma in electronics instrumentation and control engineering

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➢ Career options or Jobs after Diploma

After completing diploma course, you can have two choices either do a job or go for higher
education.

➢ Jobs in government company / Job key role:

JOBS Key role

Railway Junior engineer

IOCL Manger
BPCL Machine operator
HPCL Trainee
Defence Officer etc.

3.PARA MEDICAL

In contact to the typical MBBS degree, paramedical course are profession – orientated
medical training courses that enable students to develop a career in the medical industry in
short amount of time and at a low cost.

• Candidates can enter the medical industry through paramedical courses in areas such as
medical emergency, aid, and diagnostics.

• Paramedical courses are career – focused medical education students who are completed
10th or 12th there is available of numerous certificate and diploma degrees in paramedical
stream.

Eligibility

• There is an increasing demand for paramedical professional in India and also in other
countries.

• Paramedical offers numerous courses for students after class 10th and 12th.

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Types of Paramedical Course or Duration

1.Bachelor’s degree course (1 to 4year)

2. Diploma course (1 to 3year)

3. Certificate course (6 month to 2year)

4. Post graduate course

Different Branches for different course

Bachelor’s degree in Diploma course Certificate paramedical
course
paramedical
course
BSC Nursing GNM Certificate in x- ray
technician
Bachelor of Certificate in ECG and CT
occupational therapy ANM scan technician

BSC in dialysis Diploma in x- ray Certificate in technician or lab

therapy technology assistant

BSC in optometry Diploma in physio- Certificate home based

BSC in x- ray therapy Diploma in health care
technology BSC in dialysis Technology
medical
Record technology Diploma in OT Certificate in rural health care
technician

Jobs Roles in this career / Average salary offered

Advanced life support paramedic Rs 1,76,000 to Rs
3,62,000

Medical assistant Rs 2,98,000 per annum

Critical care paramedic Rs 3,35,000 per annum

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4. SKILL INDIA DEVLOPMENT COURSE

Skill India or national skills development mission of India is campaign launched by

Prime Minister “Narendra Modi”.

• If managed by the national skills development corporation of India.

• Skill India is an initiative launched by the government in 2015 over 40 crore Indians
in different industry related jobs. The vision is to create an empowered work force by
2022 with the help of various schemes and training course.
• Skill development course are normally offered in various forms of programs like
certification diploma and diploma, UG bachelor’s, PG or masters levels, PHD
doctorate level.

➢ Mission of Skill India Programme

• Create opportunities and scope for talent development for the India youth by offering
them specific skill India course.

• Boosting the sectors that are already part of the skill development module based on the
earlier skill development scheme.

• Schemes and initiatives of skill India

The skill India mission has launched. Some

1. SANKALP
2. UDAAN
3. STAR
4. Polytechnic schemes
5. National policy for skill development and Entrepreneurship
6. Skill development for minorities
7. Pradhan Mantri kaushal vikas yojana
8. Pradhan Mantri kaushal kendra
9. National apprenticeship Promotion scheme
10. Apprenticeship training (south central railway)

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Skill India Course list

1. Entrepreneurship development programs

2. Entrepreneurships cum skill development programs (ESDPS) Training of trainers
programmes including bakery products, AC, Refrigerator, water cooler, repair,
CAD/CAM, Catering, computer accounting with tally.
3. Other skill India, course like financial and management of CFCS, Orientation programme
for officials and commerce department.

Training Centres of Skill India programme

The program as an exhaustive training partner (TP) Network. Comprising over 450
affiliates 38 industry-led sector skill councils (SSLC) and a range of enabling system and
initiatives.

4. PUC (Pre-University Course)

The Pre university course or pre degree course (PUC or PDC) is an intermediate course
(which is known as 10+2) of two years duration refers to class 11th and 12th and is called
as 1st PUC and 2nd PUC respectively in the PUC colleges or junior colleges and are
conducted by state education institution or boards in India.

• A person during admission to an Indian university must pass this course. which can be
considering as a degree bridge course to prepare students for university education.

• Admission to this course is based on marks obtained for the secondary school leaving
certificate awarded after successfully completion of five years of secondary school.

• Colleges offering a pre university course are known as PU or junior colleges in India.
➢ Course Combination in PUC

They are basically three combination courses in PUC

1. Science
2. Commerce
3. Arts

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1.Science – In the science there are some combination

1. PCMB
2. PCMCS
3. PCME

2.Commerce – In the commerce there is also a combination

1. HEBA
2. GEBA
3. PEBA

3.Arts - In this course we have to study the all theoretical and historical, literature
subjects.

❖ Course after PUC

Students who have completed the PUC in the science stream can enrols in course such

as
1. Mathematics
2. Natural science
3. Nursing
4. Pharmacy
5. Agriculture
6. Engineering
7. Medicine

Student who succeeds in the commerce stream may enrols in a

graduate,

1. Bachelor of business management

2. Bachelor of commerce

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Those who have passed the arts – stream PUC can study for a

1. Bachelor of arts (BA)

2. Diploma in education (DED)
3. Bachelor of social work
4. Fashion design
5. National institute of fashion design (NIFT)

Careers after 12th or PUC

1. Karnataka state police

2. Rail wheel factory
3. Taluk panchayath
4. Environment management
5. Policy research institute
6. Photography
7. Cosmetology
8. SS Commission
9. Indian army
10. PSU private unions

5.1 Competitive Exams after Passing PUC

There are so many government exams are conducted by state and central government and
public sector companies. They are
1. SDA (second division assistant)
2. NDA/NA (National defence academy/ Naval academy)
3. Police CPC
4. KPSC EXAMS
5. PDO Exams

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ACTIVITY PHOTOS:

Image 1: Activity Team

Image 2: Teaching about our topic

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Image 3: Team with school Head master

Learning objectives

• We can learn different form of education.

• We can learn how select the different course after PUC and SSLC according to their needs.
• We know different types of technical courses and non –technical courses in diploma and
degree course.
• From this activity we also different form of training given by the state and central
government.

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6. Conclusion

We can conclude that while making this activity, the cooperation is found to be very well
organized by school and my team members. Every work of this activity gives more
knowledge about the taking of good combination of course for future. Also we can share
our knowledge with village schools for helping of their higher education.

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SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN
AICT- Activity: - Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan 2022-23

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

“There are few things certain in life – one is death, second is change and the other is
waste.” No one can stop these things to take place in our lives. But with better
management we can prepare ourselves. Here we will talk about waste and waste
management. Each of us has a right to clean air, water and food. This right can be fulfilled
by maintaining a clear and healthy environment. Now for the first question, what is waste?
Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor is waste. Generally,
waste is defined as at the end of the product life cycle and is disposed of in landfills. Most
businesses define waste as “anything that does not create value”. In a common man’s eye
anything that is unwanted or not useful is garbage or waste. However scientifically
speaking there is no waste as such in the world. Almost all the components of solid waste
have some potential if it is converted or treated in a scientific manner.

Waste management (waste disposal) includes the processes and actions required
to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection,
transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the
waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, economic mechanisms.

Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from germs, dirt, trash, or
waste, and the habit of achieving and maintaining that state. Cleanliness is often achieved
through cleaning. Culturally, cleanliness is usually a good quality, as indicated by
the aphorism: "Cleanliness is next to Godliness", and may be regarded as contributing to
other ideals such as health and beauty.

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What is a Waste Management System?

A waste management system is the strategy an organization uses to dispose, reduce, reuse,
and prevent waste. Possible waste disposal methods are recycling, composting,
incineration, landfills, bioremediation, waste to energy, and waste minimization.

Figure 1.1: Waste Management System

Waste Disposal Methods

There are multiple waste management strategies and methods available. These strategies
can be combined or rearranged to form a waste management system that fits an
organization. Modern waste management strategies are geared towards sustainability.
Other alternatives for waste management is to reduce, reuse and recycle waste.

Also known as physical reprocessing, recycling is ideal for the disposal of inorganic waste
such as plastic, glass, and metals. Though organic waste such as paper and food can also
be recycled, composting would be a better waste disposal method as it converts organic
waste into nutrient-rich fertilizer.

Waste to energy on the other hand, is the conversion of non-recyclable waste into heat,
electricity, or fuel using renewable energy sources such as anaerobic digestion and plasma
gasification.

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Approaches and Best Practices

A waste audit is an assessment of an organization’s waste management system. It analyses

the movement of waste from generation to disposal. Common approaches for conducting
waste audits are records examination, facility walk-through, and waste sort.

First approach – involves looking at waste hauling and disposal records as well as
contracts with recycling facilities.
Second approach – requires a team of internal auditors to identify waste-generating
activities through observation and interviews with employees.
Third approach – is the physical collection, sorting, and weighing of a sample of the
organization’s waste. This sample can be a day’s worth of waste or a collection of waste
from each department.
Organization of the activity report.

Report is organized as follows:

Chapter 1: Highlight’s the introduction to developing and managing efficient garbage

disposable system.

Chapter 2: Describe the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

Chapter 3: Provides information about the swachh bharat abhiyan action plan.

Chapter 4: Describes about Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Objectives in detail.

Chapter 5: Provides information about issues come up during the discussion with
villagers.
Chapter 6: information about swachh Bharath Abhiyan survey.

Chapter 7: Pictures that shows involvement in the cleanliness of the college during
activity

Chapter 8: Summary of the activity report i.e. conclusion and finally the references.

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CHAPTER 2
SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN

Figure 2.1: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is one of the most popular and significant missions in the History
of India. This campaign was introduced by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, and was
launched on 2nd October 2014 to honour Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of a clean country.
Slogan
“One step towards cleanliness”.
Note: Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi received the award of “Global Goalkeeper
“from the Gates Foundation for the initiative of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on September -
25 -2019, in
New York .Initially , this Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign was run on a national level
in all the towns , rural and urban areas .

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Background of swatch Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh that is cleanliness is the abstract state of being clean and the habit of achievingand
maintaining that state. Cleanliness may imply a moral quality, as indicated by the
aphorism "cleanliness is next to godliness", and may be regarded as contributing to other
ideals such as health and beauty on a practical level cleanliness is related to hygiene and
diseases prevention. When we talk about hygiene and diseases then it is necessary to add
drinking water and sanitation with it. Without proper sanitation we can’t keep our
surroundings clean and prevent ourselves from diseases. Around 1989, David Strachan
put forth the "hygiene hypothesis" in the British Medical Journal that environmental
microbes play a useful role in developing the Immune system.

• The fewer gems’ people are exposed to in early childhood, the more likely they are to
experience health problems in childhood and as adults. The valuation of cleanliness,
therefore, has a social and cultural dimension beyond the requirements of hygiene for
practical purposes.

• Sanitation and drinking water in India have always been the central issue. However, it
continues to be inadequate despite of the longstanding efforts by the various levels of the
government and communities to improve the coverage. The rural sanitation programme
in India was introduced in 1954 as a part of First Five Year Plan of Government of India.
The 1981 census revealed that rural sanitation coverage was only 1%. The government
has begun giving emphasis on rural sanitation after declaration of International Decade
for Drinking water and Sanitation during 1981-90. In 2015, 40% population has access to
improved sanitation, 63% in urban and 29% in rural area. In 2008, 88% of population in
India had access to an improved water source but only 31% had access to improved
sanitation. In rural areas where 72% of India’s population lives, the respective share is
84% for water and 21% of sanitation. In the light of the above, on 2nd October, 2014,
Prime Minister of India launched a nationwide cleanliness campaign called Swachh
Bharat Mission.

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CHAPTER 3

SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN ACTION PLAN

The action plan for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is laid by the Ministry of Drinking
Water and Sanitation. The vision is to triple the facility of sanitation by 2019. The major
change to be implemented is in the Making of an Open Defecation Free (ODF) India.

Action Plan Highlights:

1. Improve the growth percentage of toilets from 3% to 10% by 2019

2. Increase in the construction of toilets from 14000 to 48000 daily

3. Launch of a National Level/State Level Media campaign through audio-visual,

mobile telephony, and local programmers to communicate the message of
awareness.
4. Involvement of school children in the activities for spreading awareness on Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 1.0

1. Coming to Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), it is under the Ministry of Urban

Development and is commissioned to give sanitation and household toilet
facilities in all 4041 statutory towns with a combined population of 377 million.
2. The estimated cost is Rs 62,009 crore over five years with the center’s share of
assistance being Rs 14,623 crore.
3. The Mission hopes to cover 1.04 crore households, give 2.5 lakh community toilet
seats,
4. 2.6 lakh public toilet seats.
5. It also proposes to establish solid waste management facilities in every town.

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Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0

The government in the Union Budget 2021 allocated Rs 1, 41,678 crores for the Swachh
Bharat Mission (U) 2.0. The components of SBM-Urban 2.0 are:

• Information, Education and Communication.

• New component – Wastewater treatment, including faucal sludge management in all
with less than 1 lakh population. Sustainable sanitation (construction of toilets)ULBs
Solid Waste Management.
• Capacity building

The Finance Ministry announced in February 2021 that Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)

2.0 will be launched under the “Health and Wellbeing” vertical. The SBM-U phase-II
will have a new component of wastewater treatment, including faucal sludge
management in all Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) with less than 1 lakh population

Achievements expected out of SBM Urban 2.0:

➢ ODF+ certification to all statutory towns.

➢ ODF++ certification to all statutory towns with less than 1 lakh population.

➢ Water+ certification to half of all the statutory towns with less than 1 lakh population.
➢ Rating of at least 3-star Garbage Free to all statutory towns as per Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs (MoHUA’s) Star Rating Protocol for Garbage Free cities.
➢ Bio-remediation of all legacy dumpsites.

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CHAPTER 4
SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN OBJECTIVE

The major objective of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to spread the awareness of
cleanliness and the importance of it .The concept of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to provide
basic needs like ,toilets solid and liquid waste disposal systems , village cleanliness, and
safe adequate drinking water supply to every person.

At the core of this mission lie six components:

1. Individual household toilets;

2. Community toilets;

3. Public toilets;

4. Municipal Solid Waste Management;

5. Information and Education Communication (IEC) and Public Awareness;

6. Capacity Building

7. The Urban Clean India mission seeks to eradicate open defecation; convert insanitary
toilets to flush toilets; eradicate manual scavenging, and facilitate solid waste
management.
8. The mission emphasizes on ushering in a behavioural change among people, for
healthy sanitation practices, by educating them about the damaging effects of open
defecation, the environmental dangers spreading from strewn garbage, and so on.
9. To achieve these objectives, urban local bodies are being brought in and fortified to
design, implement and operate systems to promote a facilitating environment.

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Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural)

The Rural mission, known Removing obstacles and addressing critical issues that affect
results is the new thrust of this rural sanitation mission, which aims to provide all rural
households with individual latrines; and build cluster and community toilets on public
private partnership mode.

➢ Considering the filth and unhygienic conditions in village schools, this

programmed lays special emphasis on toilets in schools with basic sanitation amenities.

➢ Construction of Anganwadi toilets and management of solid and liquid waste

in all Village Panchayats is the object of the Clean India mission.

Ranking of Cities

Every year, cities and towns across India are awarded the title of ‘Swachh Cities’ basedon
their cleanliness and sanitation drive as a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan that was
launched in 2014.
Highlights as Swachh Bharat Garmin, aims to make Village Panchayats open defecation
free by October 2, 2019.

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Highlights

➢ Indore in Madhya Pradesh is India’s cleanest city and Gonda in Uttar Pradesh the
filthiest
➢ Out of 10 cleanest cities, 2 are from Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh
each while Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Maharashtra each have one
➢ Out of 10 dirtiest cities, Uttar Pradesh has 5 cities, 2 each from Bihar and Punjab
and one of Maharashtra
➢ 118 out of 500 cities were found to be Open Defecation Free (ODF)
➢ 297 cities have 100% door to door collection of garbage.
➢ 37 lakh citizens showed interest in Swachh Surveksan.
➢ There are 404 cities where 75% of residential areas were found substantially clean
➢ Gujarat has a maximum of 12 cities among the top 50 cleanest, followed by

Madhya Pradesh with 11 and Andhra Pradesh with eight.

According to the survey among top 50 clean cities:

➢ Gujarat has a maximum of 12 cities followed by Madhya Pradesh with 11 and 8 in

➢ Andhra Pradesh
➢ Telangana and Tamil Nadu account for 4 cities each followed by Maharashtra with
3 cities

➢ Note: The 2021 ranks are yet to be out. It will be released post the complete of
Swachh Survekshan 2021 (1st February – 15th February 2021.)

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CHAPTER 5

ISSUES COME UP DURING THE DISCUSSION WITH

VILLAGERS

Disposal of Waste Water:

It was informed by the participants that most of household use to drain the wastewater
in the open or adjacent to the house called Bari. Even, nobody cares the place around
the hand pump or well which was the source of drinking water. It resulted made the
village full of dirt and in the rainy season it becomes pool of mud which also resulted
rise in number of mosquito and housefly. Due to this, possibility of Malaria and
dysentery became increased. Some time it becomes a reason for criminal breach of
peace. During last one-year numbers of soak pits, individual as well as community
level, have been contracted. to drain the waste water.

Comments on the effect of Soak pit:

• No water accumulation on road and around the water source.

• Number of mosquitoes and housefly reduced.

• Prevention of discuses resulted increase in saving.

• Mutual relation among the villagers secured.

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Construction and Use of Toilet

It was come up in the discussion that those who have constructed toilet with their own
resources are using toilet however, not all are using those who constructed toilet
obtained government subsidy. However, participant was found of the view that they
constructed toilet because government has made this mandatory. It was revealed by
many that they do not need toilet because defecation in the open became habit. Non-

availability of water or insufficient water was found another reason why some people
do not use toilet. Moreover, water sources are located away from the household. Some
of the participants said that cleaning the tank is very difficult because few people are
available who do this work.

Following are the remarks related to toilet:

▪ Dignity of women has been built up.

▪ Prevention from diseases like dysentery and malaria.

▪ Increase in saving due to less expenditure on treatment of diseases.

▪ Got freedom from fear of wild animals.

▪ Overall, cleanliness in the village.

Disposal of Solid Waste / Garbage

It was informed by the participants that almost all household have got own garbage pit
and the same has used to throw garbage. Villagers use to burn the garbage time to time
and the ash used as compost. This resulted less use of fertilizer and also saving of
money.

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Drinking Water

Well, hand pump and pond are the major source of water in the village. In recent times,
awareness level on drinking water has been increased. Purification of water is believed
to be a preventive measure which decreases the possibility of water borne diseases.
Some comments are:
▪ Boiling the water before consume is the most effective purification method used
by most of villagers.

Filter the water by using cotton cloths.

It was observed that the abovementioned methods have helped in reducing the diseases
like – Diarrheal, Typhoid and other water borne diseases.

Health

In the past, villagers use to visit to the quacks for treatment of diseases. However,
awareness on health has been increased considerably. Now, most of the villagers got
the PHC or private doctors.

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CHAPTER 6
SWACHH BHARATH ABHIYAN SURVEY

Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey:

Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Ministry of Urban Development and carried out
by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitation survey across several hundred cities
to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of
competition among the cities. The performance of each city is evaluated on six
parameters:

▪ Municipal solid waste, sweeping, collection and transportation

▪ Municipal solid waste, processing, and disposal of solid waste

▪ Open defecation free and toilets

▪ Capacity building and e-Learning

▪ Provision of public toilets and community toilets

▪ Information, education and communication, and behaviour change

Survey results:
Even though elimination of open defecation was the core objective of the mission, it was
never monitored by either of the Ministries. They both kept a track of toilets constructed
and funds spent therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys was very different
from that reported by Government sponsored surveys. Researchers found divergence
between findings of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and National Annual
Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS); both conducted by the Government only a few months
apart.

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CHAPTER 7

PICTURES DURING ACTIVITY

Students of Government Engineering College, KR Pet are taking part in AICTE Activity-
3 at Surroundings of Government engineering college, KR Pet

Below we will see how things are done by order of days:

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SWACHHATA PLEDGE

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CONCLUSION

We chose the topic “Developing and managing efficient garbage disposal system” as the
third activity, under this we took up the cleanliness of the college, we did this activity for
five days as two hours a day, we picked some places and took their cleaning,

Disposal of waste, plastic, tear down unwanted weeds in the ground so that our college
campus looks beautiful compared to before, this has resulted in good places to sit on the
college campus, all teachers have encouraged us to complete this activity, I would like to
thank them all.

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REFERENCE

a. European Scientific Journal June 2015 /SPECIAL/ edition ISSN: 1857 – 7881
(Print)

b. Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) (2010). “The New Frontier in

Sustainability”, The Business Opportunity in Tackling Sustainable
Consumption.
c. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management

d. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanliness

e. https://safetyculture.com/topics/waste-management-system/

f. Central Pollution Control Board of India (CPCB) (1998), “Status of solid waste
management in metro cities”, CPCB.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction
Rayasamudra is a small Village/hamlet in Krishnarajpet Taluk in Mandya District of
Karnataka State, India. It comes under Rayasamudra Panchayath. It belongs to Mysore
Division. It is located 46 KM towards west from District headquarters Mandya. 12 KM from
Krishnarajpet.

Rayasamudra Pin code is 571426 and postal head office is Krishnarajapete.

Sarangi(7KM), Agraharabachahalli (10KM), Ranganathapura Cross (10KM), Melukote
(10KM), Krishnarajpet (12KM) are the nearby Villages to Rayasamudra. Rayasamudra is
surroundedby Pandavapura Taluk towards South, Nagamangala Taluk towards North,
Krishnarajanagara Taluk towards west, Channarayapatna Taluk towards North.
Shrirangapattana, Mandya, Mysore, Maddur are the nearby Cities to Rayasamudra. On a hot
summer morning, we set our journey towards "Sindaghatta", located near K.R. Pete Taluk of
Mandya District. The place originally known as Siddhaghatta underwent modification sand
came to be known as Sindhughatta which later became Sindaghatta as it is called now. The
place derived its name as Siddhaghatta from the Siddhas who meditated here and resided in
the nearby caves. With acouple of inquires, we reached this place comfortably. On further
inquiring about the caves, we realized that we had to travel a little more to reach the hillock
near Rayasamudra village. The final stretch on road towards the hillock from Rayasamudra is
difficult.

The Fort has been built on one side to prevent an attack from the enemies while the
other is steep, acting as a natural mode of defense. It is a seven-tiered fort, with every fort
wall having an entrance each. All of them are equally artistic though only their ruins remain.

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1.2. RayaSamudra Pin Code, Mandya (Karnataka).

Rayasamudra Pin Code is 571426. Rayasamudra is located in Mandya in

Karnataka, India. The Pin Code of Rayasamudra is 571426. Get more details along with the
Pin Code of Rayasamudra. Rayasamudra is located in Mandya district in Karnataka 571426 is
the pin code (Postal code) of RayaSamudra. Narayana Durga is situated in the village of
Rayasamudra, K R Pete Taluk, Mandya district, 135kilometers from Bengaluru.

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CHAPTER2

HISTORY

Figure 2.1 Narayana Durga Fort

After an hour and half of walking, we reached the hill top. It was a beautiful sight,
and we could see them any variations of green.

On a cold July evening when my friends and I sat on the terrace, planning to spend
therest of our semester holidays away from all the chaos of the city, one of us came up with
this amazing idea of trekking to Narayana Durga! We knew that it would give a good start to
our further get away sand wasted no time in packing our bags.

2.1. How did we go?

About 20 of us left for Narayana Durga, our trek destination. We had booked twomini
buses and left the city at 5 am. We took the Bangalore-Mysore highway. Narayana Durga is
situated in the village of Rayasamudra, K R Pete Taluk, Mandya district, 135kilometers from
Bengaluru. We made sure we reached our destination early in the morning to avoid trekking
in the sun, which would drain our energy. We reached there at 7.30 am and had our breakfast
in a local hotel.

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2.2. What did we do?

It was necessary to get in touch with a locality who could guide us; after all we didn’t
want to be lost in an unknown place. Having listened to our guide us; after all we didn’t want
to be lost in an unknown place. Having listened to our guides ‘instructions and rules, we
moved forward.

Narayana Durga is a rocky hill which was once a fort. The Kannada word ‘Durga’
translates to fort in English. The seven stone doorways that we saw on our way to the top
were evidence that we were heading in the right direction. The trek could be tricky for a first-
timer but with the help of localite sand enough rest, it is certainly achievable.

These breaks are when you get to enjoy the scenic beauty, the time when you areaway
from the noise of vehicular traffic, when you get to seize the moment of silence and peace in
your senses, carrying it in your memory to have a look back later on.

After an hour and half of walking, we reached the hill top. It was a beautiful sight,
and we could see them any variations of green.

Here we took a long break; some of us clicked pictures, faking candid images which
would get hundreds of likes on social media the following day, while others tried to explore
the place. The place has some link to the epic ‘Mahabharata’; we found a small temple of
Shiva. When we had all seen enough of that place and breathed in pure air, we decided to
leave. To climb down was harder than to climb up, the rocks were slippery and we had to
take proper care while stepping down.

Since our trek tour was completed by two in the afternoon, we decided to visit an
ancient temple at Hosaholalu on our way back. Hosaholalu, a temple built-in thirteenth
century, is very rich in architecture and is a place which must be visited and appreciated. We
left after having spent some quality time there. Our trip to explore the unknown ended here,
leaving us with a deep impression of how rich our culture is and how important it is to
maintain these heritage sites.

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CHAPTER-3

HISTORICAL NARAYANA DURGA

FORT
On a hot summer morning, we set our journey towards "Sindaghatta”, located near
K R Pete Taluk of Mandya District. The place originally known as Siddhaghatta underwent
modifications and came to be known as Sindhughatta which later became Sindaghatta as it is
called now. The place derived its name as Siddhaghatta from the Siddhas who meditated here
and resided in the nearby caves. With a couple of in quires, we reached this place
comfortably. On further inquiring about the caves, we realised that we had to travel a little
more to reach the hillock near Rayasamudra village. The final stretch on road towards the
hillock from Rayasamudra is difficult.

Figure 3.1: Narayanadurga

3.1Narayana Durga Fort, RayaSamudra

The Hillock is named Narayana durga, but commonly known as Kailaseshwara durga.
We inquired about the caves but the locals denied of any existence of the same though the
legends mention about it. On the top of the hill is a temple dedicated to Lord Kailaseshwara
and remains of an old fort built by a local Chieftain. There are many legends associated with

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This place suggesting links with the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. This was a major
reason our guides made sure we climbed the rocky hill bare footed.

Figure3.2: FirstTier

Figure 3.3: The Climb

The Fort has been built on one side to prevent an attack from the enemies while the other is
steep, acting as a natural mode of Defense. It is a seven-tiered fort, with every fort wall
having an entrance each. All of them are equally artistic though only their ruins remain. The
fort walls followa zigzag pattern and one can get easily lost if venturing alone.

Figure3.4: Gateway

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Figure 3.5: Skilful Brick Masonry

Figure3.6: Ruined Gateway

Figure3.7: Stairway to Heaven

There is a beautiful temple on the hill top originally dedicated to Lord Narayana (Vishnu).
His idol was stolen and the later king worshiped Lord Kailaeshwara's (shiva) in Lord
Vishnu's place. The temple currently houses a Shiva Linga and Nandi, but the most
interesting feature was a pair of life sized Dwarapalakas which very few temples carry.

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There is a ruined man tap by the side of the temple and a few natural water ponds which are
believed to have been originated from Bhima's toe, thumb, knee and mace and are named
accordingly. We had heard the same story about this place from another priest (MtKarinja).

Figure3.8: Fort Entrance to the Temple

Fig3.9: Temple Complex

Fig3.10: life Sized Dwarapalakas

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CHAPTER-4

CONCLUSION
The hillock is named Narayanadurga, but commonly known as Kaileshwaradurga, on the top of

the hill is a temple dedicated to lord kailaseshvara. There are many legends associated with this

place suggesting links from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. There is a beautiful temple on the

hill top originally dedicated to lord Narayana. The temple currently houses a Shivalinga and

nandi, but the most interesting feature was a pair of life sized Dwarapalakas which very few

temples carry. There is a ruined mantapa by the side of the temple and a few natural water

ponds which are believed to have been originated from Bhima stone, thumb, knee accordingly.

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CHAPTER-5

PHOTOGRAPHY

TEAM MEMBERS

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REFERENCES
[1]. http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Mandya/Krishnarajpet/a

[2]. https://censusindia.gov.in/

[3] http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6317/1/44652_200N.

[4]. https://www.deccanherald.com/content/628372/head-hills.html

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