Study of functions and their characteristics:

FUNCTION DATES

Introduction
During this course we have paid special attention to the study of functions. We
have calculated its domain, range, intercepts, etc. You have also learnt the concept
of the limit of a function and its graphic meaning.

At the end of the 5th MYP course, you should carry out a more in-depth study of
the types of functions that can be found.

The STEPS involved in the Project will be:

· ELEMENTAL FUNCTIONS I

· ELEMENTAL FUNCTIONS II

The duration of the project is 10 class sessions in total.

The project will have a group and an individual part, and the following criteria will
be assessed:

· Criteria C: Communication

· Criteria D: Mathematical applications to real life.

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 SESSION 1

ASSIGNED FUNCTION STUDENT NAME

Rational MEMBER 1 MEMBER 2 MEMBER 3

Marta Juares Mar Belenguer Carmela Escuin

Review of the theory with the help of the ONMAT STEPS theoretical resource.

SESSION 2

Creation and distribution of functions per member. You will have to invent
several functions of your type: a more typical one, one changing only the
numbers, another changing the degree, etc
Individual analysis of the function created. Points to study:
● Domain
● Intercepts with the axes
● Monotony(growth and decline) - only graphically
● Relative extremes - only graphically
● Asymptote

Task to complete:

Attach a photograph of the function and its respective analysis by each participant:

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MEMBER 1

DOMAIN: Following the process of a rational equation in order to solve the function,
I have calculated only the denominator of the fraction, including its exponent and
set it equal to 0. Then, I have solved this second degree equation with the
discriminant formula and the solution is -1 (double), but here it doesn’t matter the
“double”. So the result would be D f(x) = x e ℝ - {-1} .

INTERCEPTS WITH AXES: As for the intercept with axes x and y, there is only an
intercept with y, as the function never crosses the x-axis, but with y-axis it does
specifically in the value 1, so it has intercept of (0,1). Regarding the range, which is
related to the intercepts with the axes, we would calculate it by doing the inverse
function of the original, so the numerator and the denominator swap and then, we
would do the domain of that function. The domain of the function would be all the
real numbers greater than 0, so the range would be Im f(x) = [y > 0] .

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MONOTONY: The monotony of the function is f(x) increases e ]-∞, -1[ and f(x)
decreases e ]-1, +∞[ .

RELATIVE EXTREMES: In my function there are no relative nor absolute extremes.

We don’t have relative extremes in this function because functions that are not
differentiable or have points where the derivative is zero but not isolated don’t have
relative extreme points. Also, it doesn't have absolute extremes due to the fact that
functions that are not continuous or are defined on an open interval, like +∞ and -
∞ in this case, don’t have absolute extreme points.

ASYMPTOTES: In this function we can find two asymptotes, one horizontal and
another vertical. We can find an horizontal asymptote when y equals 0 due to the
fact that I have to calculate the function substituting the x for +∞ and then
substitute again the x for -∞, which gives in both cases a result of 0, as any number
with a denominator of +/-∞ is 0. Moreover, I have found the vertical asymptote by
equating the denominator to 0, it gives you a polynomial equating with the degree
of 2, which you solve with the discriminant formula and the result is -1 (double).
Then, you just do the left side and the right side of the -1, substituting the x of the
function for that value and we obtain +∞ in both results, left and right side,
therefore there exists a vertical asymptote when x equals -1 (double). However,
there aren’t any oblique asymptotes for the simple fact that when the function has
a horizontal asymptote, it can’t have an oblique asymptote. So the final equations
will be:

● Ǝ Ha e y = 0
● Ǝ Va e x = -1 (double)

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MEMBER 2

DOMAIN: The domain of a function is the complete set of possible values of the
independent variable. So, as it is a rational equation, we need to follow the required
formula. Meaning that, the domain of this function has to be all the real numbers
except the number in the denominator that equals 0. In this case, we have to solve
x2 -1 =0 to give as result the square root of 1, which gives the result as Dom f(x) : =
x e ℝ - { -1 , 1 }

INTERCEPTS WITH AXES: On one hand, the intercepts with “X” refer to the points
where a line crosses the x-axis. Specifically, this function has an intercept in (-2,0)
where we can see how the function crosses the value -2 in the x-axis . On the other
hand, the intercepts with “Y” refers to the points where a line crosses the y-axis.
Here, we can find an intercept in (0, -8), as before, the function crosses point -8 in
the y-axis .

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CLOSE REPRESENTATION

MONOTONY: A monotonic function is a function which is either entirely

nonincreasing or nondecreasing. In this case, we can observe how it increases from
- ∞ to -1, then it decreases from -1 to 0, it increases from 0 to 1, it increases from 1 to
4 and also from 1 to + ∞. Therefore, we obtain the following equation

M f(x): ] -∞ , -1 [ U ] 1 , 0 [ U ] 1 , 4 [ U ] 1 +∞ [

RELATIVE EXTREMES: They mean the bumps and dips on a function's graph. These
are located by tracking where the function changes from increasing to decreasing
(relative maximum) or decreasing to increasing (relative minimum). In my
function, we can see how there aren’t any relative extremes except for a Minimum
extreme in (2.9 , 4.3) and a Maximum extreme in (0 , -8) .

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ASYMPTOTES: The asymptotes are a line or curve that acts as the limit of another
line or curve. Here, we can observe an oblique asymptote since it presents a
straight line with an oblique form from plus infinity to minus infinity. Especifically,
the result of the Oblique asymptote is E Oa e y= x, which I obtained as the result
from the division of P(x) and Q(x). Moreover, we observe 2 vertical asymptotes that
you can obtain by using the formula “limit tends to x → a f(x) = +- ∞”. This way, we
obtain that E Va e x= -1 and +1. Curiously, we can also obtain this result by the
resolution of the equation in the denominator of my function. Meaning that if we
solve x2 -1 =0 we obtain the square root which is -1 and 1, the result of both vertical
asymptotes.

MEMBER 3

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DOMAIN: The domain of a function is the set of values that we are allowed to plug
into our function. So, as it is a rational equation we need to follow the required
function. Since the domain of this function needs to be all the real numbers except
the number in the denominator that = 0. In order to solve this equation, we need
to solve 5x2 + 25 -30 = 0, which gives two results ; x = 1 and x = 6. So the result is:
Dom f(x)= x e ℝ - {-6, 1} .

INTERCEPTS WITH AXES: Nextly, the intercepts with “X” refers to the point that
crosses the x-axis. This function has an x intercept in (0,0) where the function
crosses the value O in the x-axis. Moreover, the intercept with “Y” refers to the
points where the line crosses the y-axis. Here we can find an intercept in (0,0), as
the function crosses the point = in the y-axis.

MONOTONY: Occurs when a function is either entirely nonincreasing or

nondecreasing. In this case the function is always decreasing, therefore the result
is: f(x)= e ] -∞ , -1 [U] -1 , 1 [ U ] 1 , ∞ ]

RELATIVE EXTREMES: A relative extremum is either a relative minimum or a

relative maximum. In my function there aren’t any relative extremes.

ASYMPTOTES: Is a straight line that continually approaches a given curve but does
not meet it at any finite distance.

- Vertical asymptote: In my function is x= -6 and x=1

- Horizontal asymptote: In my function is y=0

- Oblique asymptote: There is no oblique asymptote since when there is an

horizontal asymptote an oblique one can’t exist

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 SESSION 3 y 4

Put all the individual analyses together and create a table with the
similarities and differences between them for each of the points studied.
Analyse with Geogebra different examples of functions of the same type:
What would happen if I change this parameter? What if I increase the
degree of the function? How can I move it in each direction? Etc.

Task to complete:

SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

1. Function 1 and 2 have a domain in x e 1. Function 2 includes a function that is

ℝ - {-1}. Function 2 and 3 have a vertical to an asymptote and a parable.
domain in x e ℝ - {1}.

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 2. NO SIMILARITIES IN INTERCEPTS However, function 1 and 3 are simple
WITH THE AXES
functions without complex parameters

3. The three functions have a vertical 2. The domains in all the functions are
asymptote different between them
3. In function 1 there is only an intercept
4. The horizontal asymptote of
function 1 and 3 is the same, Ǝ Ha e with the y-axis, whilst in function 2 and
y=0
3 there are both intercepts in the two

5. Functions 1 and 3 don’t have any axis

relative extremes. 4. Function 1 and 3 don’t have any relative
extremes since they both tend to +∞
and - ∞. However, as Function 2
include a parable and an
asymptote it has relative extremes
in Minimum (2.9 , 4.3) and
Maximum (0 , -8)
5. There is no oblique asymptote in
function 1 and 3, while there is one
in function 2
6. In function 3 the monotony is
always decreasing, while in
functions 1 and 2 the monotony
increases and decreases.
7. In function 1 the monotony
distance is shorter than in
functions 2 and 3 that the distance
is greater

Attach the images of the functions analysed in Geogebra for the development of
the previous task:

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Function 1:

Function 2:

Function 3:

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Explain the conclusions you draw about your type of function by looking at the
Geogebra examples: What would happen if I change this parameter? What if I
increase the degree of the function? How can I move it in each direction? Etc.

EXTRA MATERIAL

Member 1:

1. When the exponent of the fraction is even, this is the main function, both
functions increase in y-axis to +∞ and they go each one to different senses
in x-axis, one tends to +∞ and another one to -∞ :

2. However when the exponent of the fraction is odd, we obtain a different

graphical representation of the function, it happens the same in the x-axis,
but in y-axis one tends to +∞ and another one to -∞, but they leave the exact
same distance between each other. They are opposite but aren’t even
symmetry because they are not opposite regarding the origin of the graph
(0, 0) :

3. If we multiply the denominator by its own again and take out the exponent
of the function, we obtain a similar representation as with the even
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 exponent, that both functions increase in y-axis to +∞ and in x-axis, one
tends to +∞ and another one to -∞ :

4. Now, if we multiply the denominator by its opposite, the same numbers but
different sign in between, we obtain the same as before, but with a wider
space in between the two functions and it appears a parable between the
two but in the y-axis, with a maximum relative extreme in point (0, -1).

5. When we change the sign of denominator without multiplying it to

anything, the result will be the same as with the initial function, in which
both functions increase in y-axis to +∞ and in x-axis, one tends to +∞ and
another one to -∞, but also now both functions are in the right side of the x-
axis, instead of in the y-axis. They will have the same distance between them
and every aspect talked before would be the same except for the domain
and the vertical asymptote, which would be in both cases 1 instead of -1 :

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6. Now, if we do the same thing, we change the sign of the denominator to -
and we raise the function to an odd exponent, it occurs the same as in case
2, when the main function is raised to an odd exponent, but instead of the
left it occurs on the right of the x-axis. They are opposite but aren’t even
symmetry because they are not opposite regarding the origin of the axes (0,
0) :

7. If we add an x to the numerator of the function, having an even exponent,

the result would be a strange representation. One function decreases to the
origin of the axes (0, 0) and then increases over the y-axis, while the other
function does a parable at the right side of the x-axis :

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MEMBER 2:

1. When the degree of the denominator is lower than the exponent of the
upper polynomial, the result is a straight line (we use dominant terms):

2. When the degree of the denominator is higher than the exponent of the
upper polynomial, we obtain two functions:

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3. When you subtract a number to the denominator polynomial you obtain a
function parallel to a parable
4. However, when you add a number to the upper polynomial you obtain a
function parallel to an asymptote.

5. When you multiply a number times the upper polynomial, the function
leans more to the left. So, the bigger the number you multiply the more
you lean to the left.

6. When you multiply a number times the denominator polynomial, the

function leans more to the rights. So, the bigger the number you multiply
the more you lean to the right.

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MEMBER 3:

1. When the bottom number is greater than the top number, one line tends to
+∞ and the other to -∞.

2. When you add an x to the numerator, it causes a third line to pass through
the point of origin.

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3. When you subtract a real number from the x in the numerator, a quadratic
function which tends from 0 to +∞ is formed. Moreover the other two lines
tend to -∞ and +∞

4. When x is raised to the power of 2, a quadratic function which goes from 0

to -∞ is formed. Furthermore the other two lines tend each one to -∞ and to
+∞

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5. When the x in the numerator is divided by a decimal number, a single
straight line is formed passing through the point of origin diagonally.

6. When the x in the numerator is divided by a whole number, a single line is

formed, passing through the point of origin and through the x-axis
horizontally.

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GENERAL FORMULA

𝑚
𝑛1⬚
𝑥⬚ + 𝑎1
( ⬚
)
𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑛2 ⬚ + 𝑎2

VARIABLES

1. Degree numerator (𝑛1) > denominator (𝑛2 ) = oblique straight line

2. Degree numerator (𝑛1) < denominator (𝑛2 ) = parable
3. Degree numerator (𝑛1) = denominator (𝑛2 ) = straight line
𝑛⬚
4. When 𝑥⬚1 + 𝑎1 = parable with maximum point in 6 in y-axis that goes
straight to +∞ and -∞
𝑛⬚
5. When 𝑥⬚1 − 𝑎1 = parable with slumps in x-axis

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 SESSION 5 y 6

Find and indicate an example of application of the function in real life that
will have to be named in the profile that will be created in the next session
(it would be like the hobby of your function).

Create a profile for the group function. This profile should include:
● A series of photos that define the role ("This is me on a standard day",
"this is me when I'm happy", "this is me at my most elegant", etc.).
● A description of the function to get to know your personality through
a series of catch phrases.

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Task to complete:

The profile of the function in accordance with all the above-mentioned indications:

PHOTO:

1. When I meet a person with a higher competitiveness than me I start at a

really low point, but with time, he hypes me to become a better self and
grow.
2. When I meet a person that is smaller/younger than me, I think he is
immature and consequently we repel each other (I prefer old and rich man)
3. When I meet a person that is the same age as me, we compliment each
other well, however, our life is very monotonous and constant.
4. Normally, I’m a really stable person, but when I add too many people to my
life, I get angry more easily.
5. When I add a positive person to my life he helps to recover from my sadness
and boost my confidence to continue stable

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6. When someone important disappears in my life, I have a glow up that makes
me tend to infinite
7. When I include someone negative to my life, little by little I keep everything
that negative energy inside me, until I explode.
8. My first hobby is skiing (oblique straight line)
9. My second hobby is basket (parable)
10. My third hobby is football (straight line)

SESSION 7, 8 y 9 (Dates)
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 SESSION 10

Link to the video of each one with the best moments of the dates:

Participating Links
functions

Rational LINK VIDEO PAIR 1 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zAzisE

Trigonometric h672jin8es1XCjjxPIOX28o0NF/view?usp
=sharing

LINK VIDEO PAIR 2

LINK VIDEO PAIR 3

Task to complete:

Edit the best moments of the 3 appointments into a final video:

- points in common
- child
- range
- domain
- asymptotes
- periodicity
- form
- both start sad

Regarding the domain of the natural functions of the rational and the
trigonometry, both are Dom f(x) = ]-∞,+∞[. In both cases, their aspirations are
endless, they want to cover a lot of goals. Thus, both are quite ambitious, so they
can understand each other’s point of view.

Another point worth noting is their range, concretely, it is also the same one Im f(x)
= ]-∞,+∞[. As a consequence, both functions have a lot of dreams they want to
achieve. Therefore, they can support each other in order to encourage them to fulfil
their dreams.

Looking at the points in common. The rational natural state (x/2) has a point
intersect in the origin(0,0). Also, in the trigonometric natural state (tang (x)) hasn’t
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a point intersect in y, whilst in x (πn, 0). Therefore, they find themselves in the origin
(0,0). This means that when they meet at first they find many interests in common
but that little by little as the relationship develops they lose these interests going
each of them by their own path.

As for the asymptotes, the trigonometric function has vertical asymptotes, which
appear periodically, while the rational function has an oblique asymptote.
Therefore, the trigonometric function has a lot of barriers before meeting its date,
while the rational has only one barrier, so it is less hard for it to include someone in
its life. In relation to their relationship after their date, the rational function will help
the trigonometric to evolve day by day, due to all the barriers it has when making
contact with someone. However, the trigonometric helps the other one to be
better in general, making a big change in the rational function.

With regards to the path both functions pass through, they both go from -∞,+∞.
The rational function consists in a slope which goes straight to +∞. Moreover, the
trigonometric function has the same path, however, its path it’s not a slope, it goes
in a vertical direction with a curve in the X-axis. This is the reason why they always
try their best and do as much as possible. However their difference is that the
rational goes straight to it, thinking all the things, and the trigonometric just she
just lets things flow.

In relation to their periodicity, the tangent repeats the same pattern every time
whereas the rational function does not follow any pattern. That is why their
coexistence could be complicated, because the trigonometric function loves the
routine and follows a very detailed time table, whilst the rational function is not
that organised.

Regarding its form, the rational function is completely straight, due to the fact that
it is very constant and it only wants to meet people who are as stable as it.
Nonetheless, the trigonometric function repeats its form all the time, because it
likes its daily routine, so this will also be a problem for it, as he doesn’t like to step
out of its comfort zone and try new things. We both have a monotonous life, with
few challenges they have to face in their life.

Another point to highlight is that they both share hobbies such as skiing.
Concretely, the natural form of the rational function is like the slope of a mountain,
then she loves to practise this activity. Similarly, the tangent function in winter
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prefers to practise this sport because the temperature is negative, then it is related
with the weather.

SCRIPT:

- Carlos: Hello everyone! Welcome to a new episode of first dates, today we

are introducing two new people that are searching for love. Will they find it?
Will they be compatible? The only way to find out is starting this date. Hi
Tania! You are early!
- Tania: Hi Carlos!
- Carlos: And Tania, what are you searching for? What's your type?
- Tania: I’m looking for a stable relationship, not just a fling. I would like to be
with a person that respects my love for routine, but I’m also open to a touch
of craziness in my life.
- Matias: Would you like to have a drink, darling?
- Tania: No thanks, tomorrow I have to wake up earlier for my cycling practice.
- Matias: As I always say, God ayudashion those who madrugueishon
- Tania: Hahahaha, you are so funny. Well I think I'll get some tea if possible.
- Carlos: Why have you decided to come in search of love?
- Tania: Well, I once had a really negative boyfriend. We had a very traumatic
relationship. I hope i never experience something as traumatic again
- Tania: My date is arriving late!
- Carlos: Be patient Tania, your date has just arrived
- Ramona: (enters) Hi! I was so excited to meet you! I think I arrive a little bit
late, but the good things make you wait
- Carlos: I love your humor, let’s if your date thinks the same. Your date is
already here. What do you expect?
- Ramona: Honestly, I don’t really know… Hopefully someone that looks for a
long-term relationship and is able to keep up with my intense lifestyle.
- Carlos: What’s your occupation, Ramona?
- Ramona: Actually, I’m a high school Spanish teacher. I consider myself a
literature lover, if i could marry someone, it would be Becquer!
- Carlos: And, how would you define yourself?

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 - :
Ramona I would say I’m a perfectionist. I love keeping things organized. I

am also quite competitive, so I’m hoping to find someone somewhat similar

to me in that aspect, who is able to motivate me to become a better self and
grow.
- Carlos: Perfect, so the time has arrived Ramona, here is Tania. I hope both of
you feel the love.
- Ramona: Thank you.
- Tania: Hello nice to meet you!
- Ramona: Hi sweetie! How are you?
- Tania: I have to admit I’m a bit nervous.
- Ramona: Why? Chill, we are vibing.
- Tania: Okay (uncomfortable)
- Ramona: Hey… Where are you from? You have a really nice and exotic look,
honey.
- Tania: My mother is from Tanzania and my father from the UK.
- Ramona: Oh! How nice, I love the mix of cultures, I feel a really intense vibe
coming from you.
- Tania: Yes I also think you are quite intense.
- Ramona: For sure, it is my most characteristic trait.

BACKSTAGE: people get tired of me, and I’m quite lonely

- Tania: And where are you from? You look rustic.

- Ramona: Yes, actually I’m from Albacete, the most beautiful town in Spain
- Tania: I’m sure it’s a very chanting place, should we get dinner?
- Ramona: Of course!
- gemelas^2: Hi girls! What a beautiful couple, follow me to the table
- Tania: Perfect.
- gemelas^2: Do you want something more to drink?
- Ramona: No, we are okay.
- Tania: so, do you practice any sport?
- Ramona: In fact, I love sports. My favorite sport is cycling, but not to many
people share this opinion
- Tania: I can't believe it, I also love it. Is it popular in your city?
- Ramona: Oh yes. In Albacete it is really common, some people say we are
the second Netherlands.
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- Tania: I love cycling so much, I think i was born to pass through the tangent
- Ramona: Of course I think that fits you perfectly
- Tania: What sport are you interested in?
- Ramona: Well I love to do skiing in the Pyrenees
- gemelas^2: I see you have a lot of chemistry
- Tania: hahahaha
- gemelas^2: well, have you decided what are you going to eat?
- Tania: Yes, can I have a taco?
- gemelas^2: For sure
- Ramona: I will have ramen
- gemelas^2 : Great!
- Ramona: So, how old are you?
- Tania: I’m 33 years old, and you?
- Ramona: 26 years old, that’s really good since I normally prefer an older
person. Since they normally have a higher competitiveness than me I start
at a really low point, but with time, it hypes me to become a better self and
grow.
- Tania: I'm sure we can help each other to grow. I would like to know if you
are normally a stable person or if you have ups and downs, because for me
it’s really important to follow a routine and monotony.
- Ramona: Normally, I’m a really stable person, but when I add too many
people to my life, I get angry more easily. I believe I don’t need a lot of people
in my life to be happy, I prefer quality over quantity.
- Tania: That’s true I would rather have real and good people by my side, even
if they are less, rather than have many fake friends. Connected to this are
you a positive or negative person? I’ve had some bad experiences in the
past….
- Ramona: I am really a very influenceable person, and usually my mood
depends on the person who is by my side. For example, When I add a
positive person to my life he helps to recover from my sadness and boost my
confidence to continue stable. But, when I include someone negative to my
life, little by little I keep that negative energy inside me, until I explode.
- Tania: That makes sense, I like to think that I’m a really positive person,
especially since my last relationship…. I guess we make a good match then.
- Ramona: And can you tell me more about the history of your parents, if it is
not very intrusive.
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 - Tania: As I told you before, they are divorced and, although they are both
fantastic persons individually, I cannot face them together because they
have a very bad relation ¡ship. However, when I’m with them alone they help
to be my best version, I love them so much.
- Ramona: Wow! What an interesting story!
- Tania: What I think is very interesting is Albacete, right?
- Ramona: Of course, it is a fantastic place, beautiful landscapes, people, and
the most important, gastronomy. It is also the cradle of literature, so I am
completely in love with that palace.
- Tania: I would like to ask you something, how do you think our relationship
would be if we were together?
- Ramona: I must confess to you that once I get to know someone a lot, I build
confidence very fast and very intensely. Therefore, if that someone
afterwards disappears from my life, I am actually sad during a few days and
then I have a glow up. This means, I psych up and start changing my
attitude, I do not allow myself to spend more than enough time to worry and
cry over a girl.
- Tania: That's a great reflection, we shouldn’t waste time crying over people.
I really think you are a positive person, who always tries to get better and I
appreciate that. This is why i believe we would be great as a couple, i enjoy
having positive people around me because they help me to be better
- Ramona: So i think that we are compatible, we like doing the same sport
and i really think we can get along because of our personalities
- Tania: I would have never believed that I would continue knowing someone
that is from Albacete, but I'm saying it now. I hope you are willing to
accompany me in my routine, and we help each other to always look on the
positive side.
-

- PONER EL FINAL DONDE SOMOS COMPATIBLES Y NOS VAMOS JUNTAS

NO HACERLO MUCHO MÁS LARGO PORQUE NO DA TIEMPO

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