What is real time system.

A real-time system is a computer system or software that processes data and

responds to events immediately, or within a guaranteed time frame. In simpler
terms, it's a system that reacts to inputs and produces outputs within a specified
time limit. These systems are often used in critical applications where timing is
essential, such as controlling machinery, monitoring processes, or managing
communications.

What is hard real time system and soft real time system.

1. Hard Real-Time Systems:

 In hard real-time systems, meeting deadlines is critical and absolute.
 These systems must complete tasks within a specified time frame;
missing a deadline is considered a catastrophic failure.
 Failure to meet deadlines in hard real-time systems can result in severe
consequences, such as system malfunction or even endangerment of
human lives.
 Examples of hard real-time systems include aircraft control systems,
medical life-support systems, and automotive airbag deployment
systems.
2. Soft Real-Time Systems:
 In soft real-time systems, meeting deadlines is important but not critical.
 These systems prioritize completing tasks within a specified time frame,
but missing a deadline does not lead to catastrophic failure.
 Failure to meet deadlines in soft real-time systems may lead to degraded
performance or reduced quality of service, but it doesn't pose immediate
threats.
 Examples of soft real-time systems include multimedia streaming
applications, online gaming, and some industrial automation systems.

What is the difference between hard real time system and soft real time system

Hard real time Soft real time

Hard real-time systems have a strict time In a soft real time system there is no
limit, or we can say deadlines. It is important mandatory requirement of completing the
deadline for every task. However process
 to meet those deadlines, otherwise, the gets processed according to the given timing
system is considered a system failure. requirement, otherwise, the operation
might get degraded.
Here the size of a data file is medium or The size is large in the soft real-time system.
small.
it has better utility. it has less utility.
The response time is in milliseconds. The response time is higher.
It includes short databases. It includes large databases.
In this system, safety is essential. In this system, safety is not essential.

Application of Real-Time System:

Digital Control:

Digital control is a critical application of real-time systems, where computers are used
to oversee and manage physical processes such as industrial machinery, power grids,
and traffic systems. Here are some key examples:

1. Industrial Control Systems:

 Industrial control systems utilize real-time data to monitor and regulate
manufacturing processes, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate,
ensuring efficient and safe operation of machinery.
2. Power Systems:
Real-time systems are employed to monitor and control power grids, guaranteeing
reliable and efficient delivery of electricity to homes and businesses.
3. Traffic Control Systems:
 Real-time systems are utilized to monitor traffic flow and adjust traffic
signals, optimizing traffic flow and minimizing congestion on roads.
4. Robotics:
 Real-time systems control the movements of robots, enabling precise
tasks to be performed in manufacturing and other industries.
5. Building Automation:
 Real-time systems are used to monitor and control heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning systems in buildings, ensuring a comfortable and
safe environment for occupants.

High Level Control:

In high-level control applications, real-time systems are instrumental due to their

ability to provide timely and accurate responses to critical events. Let's elaborate on
some examples:
 1. Power Grid Control:
 Real-time systems play a crucial role in power grid control by
continuously monitoring and regulating the flow of electricity. They
ensure that the demand for electricity is met efficiently and that there
are no disruptions in the power supply. By analyzing real-time data, these
systems make adjustments to maintain stability and reliability in the grid.
2. Traffic Management:
 Real-time systems are utilized in traffic management to monitor traffic
flow, analyze congestion patterns, and optimize traffic signal timings
accordingly. By providing real-time updates and adjustments, these
systems help alleviate traffic congestion, improve traffic flow, and
enhance overall road safety.
3. Building Automation:
 In building automation, real-time systems are employed to monitor and
control various building systems such as heating, ventilation, air
conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and security. These systems continuously
collect data from sensors and adjust building parameters in real-time to
optimize energy efficiency, maintain occupant comfort, and ensure
security.

In summary, high-level control applications leverage real-time systems to monitor,

analyze, and respond to critical events promptly and accurately. Whether it's managing
power grids, optimizing traffic flow, or automating building systems, real-time systems
play a pivotal role in enhancing efficiency, reliability, and safety across various domains.

Signal process control:

In signal processing and control applications, real-time systems are extensively utilized
for processing and controlling signals or data with minimal delay. Here are some
examples of typical real-time applications in signal processing and control:

1. Digital Signal Processing (DSP):

 Real-time systems are employed in DSP applications for various tasks
such as audio and video processing, image and speech recognition, and
data compression. These systems process signals in real-time or near-
real-time to extract meaningful information and perform desired
operations.
2. Robotics and Automation:
 Real-time systems play a vital role in robotics and automation by
controlling and coordinating multiple sensors and actuators to execute
specific tasks. These systems ensure precise and timely responses to
 changing environmental conditions, enabling robots to navigate,
manipulate objects, and interact with their surroundings effectively.
3. Power Systems:
 In power systems, real-time systems are utilized for monitoring and
controlling various components such as power grids, generators, and
transformers. They analyze real-time data to maintain stability, manage
load distribution, and prevent power outages, ensuring reliable and
efficient operation of the electrical infrastructure.
4. Control Systems:
 Real-time systems are integral to control systems for implementing
feedback control strategies in industrial processes, motion control, and
temperature regulation. By continuously monitoring system variables
and adjusting control parameters in real-time, these systems maintain
desired performance and stability.
5. Instrumentation:
 Real-time systems are essential in instrumentation for real-time data
acquisition and analysis. They are used in medical devices, scientific
research equipment, and testing and measurement devices to capture
and process data instantaneously, enabling timely decision-making and
accurate analysis.

These examples highlight the diverse range of applications where real-time systems
are utilized for processing and controlling signals or data in real-time or near-real-
time, enabling efficient and reliable operation across various domains.

What is Release Time.

Release time in a real-time system refers to the specific moment when a task or event
is scheduled or required to begin or become available for execution. It is a critical
parameter that ensures tasks are initiated within their specified timing constraints.

What is deadline.

7. Deadlines:
 Deadlines are time limits for tasks in real-time systems. They mark when
tasks must be completed for the system to function properly.
8. Hard Deadlines:
 Hard deadlines are strict time limits that must be met. Missing them can
cause serious problems or even disasters.
 9. Soft Deadlines:
 Soft deadlines are more flexible time limits. Missing them might not
cause major issues, but it's still important to meet them whenever
possible.

Reference Models:
Reference models for real-time systems are important to provide a framework for designing,
analyzing, and implementing real-time systems.

1. Processor Model:
 The processor model describes the main features of the processor used
in the real-time system, like its speed, memory, and how it processes
instructions. It's crucial because it determines how fast the system can
work and if it can meet its real-time goals.
2. Resource Model:
 The resource model outlines the different resources the real-time system
uses, such as memory, devices, and network connections. It's important
because it decides how well the system can handle data and if it can
meet its real-time needs.
3. Task Model:
 The task model specifies the various tasks the real-time system has to
do, like gathering data, processing it, and communicating with other
systems. It's essential because it shows how much work the system has
and if it can meet its real-time requirements efficiently.
4. Communication Model:

 The communication model defines the methods and protocols employed by

the real-time system for communication, including message passing, shared
memory, and sockets.
 This model is crucial as it influences the system's capacity to manage and
exchange data efficiently, directly impacting its ability to fulfill real-time
requirements.

Temporal Parameters of real time workload.

These parameters include the following.

 Deadline: A deadline is the specified time by which a task or operation must

be finished in a real-time system.
  Meeting the deadline is of utmost importance in real-time systems, as failing to
do so can lead to severe and often catastrophic consequences, such as system
failure or compromised safety.

Response Time:

 Response time refers to the duration between the moment a task is received by
the system and the completion of that task.
 In real-time systems, it is imperative that the response time remains sufficiently
short to adhere to the system's real-time requirements.
Period:

 The period represents the duration between the initiation of two successive
occurrences of a periodic task within a real-time system.
 This interval is crucial as it defines the workload of the system and establishes
the timing for executing tasks.

Execution Time:

 Execution time refers to the duration required to complete the execution of a

task within a real-time system.
 It is essential for the execution time to be sufficiently short to satisfy the
system's real-time demands and guarantee that the task concludes before its
deadline.
Jitter:

 Jitter refers to the inconsistency or variation observed in the response time or

execution time of a task within a real-time system.
 This variation can occur due to several factors, including scheduling policies,
fluctuations in processor speed, and congestion in the network.

Periodic Task Model:

● The periodic task model is a common task model used in real-time systems.

● It is used to model tasks that repeat at regular intervals or periods.

● The periodic task model specifies the following parameters.

Period:

The period is the time interval between the start of two consecutive instances of a
periodic task.
Deadline:

The deadline is the time by which a periodic task must be completed.

Worst-case execution time (WCET): The WCET is the maximum time it takes to
execute a periodic task.

Average-case execution time (ACET): The ACET is the average time it takes to
execute a periodic task.

Priority: The priority specifies the relative importance of a periodic task compared to
other tasks in the system.

Release time: The release time is the time when a periodic task is first available for
execution.

Precedence Constraints:

 Precedence constraints in a real-time system dictate the sequential order in

which tasks must be executed to fulfill the system's timing criteria.
 These constraints are often depicted as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), where
tasks are represented by nodes, and edges signify the required order of task
execution.
 Precedence constraints are categorized into hard and soft constraints:
 Hard Constraints: Hard precedence constraints are indispensable
conditions that must be satisfied for the proper functioning of the
system. For instance, if task A generates data essential for task B, then
task A must be completed before task B can commence.
 Soft Constraints: Soft precedence constraints are conditions that can be
relaxed if necessary. While desirable, failing to meet soft constraints may
not lead to critical system failures.

Data Dependency:
● Data dependency refers to the relationship between different tasks or processes in a real-
time system that depends on the availability of data.
● In a real-time system, data dependency is critical because the availability of data affects the
timing and completion of tasks

1. Data dependency can be classified into two types:

2. Control Dependency:
 Control dependency describes how tasks or processes influence each
other's execution.
 Sequential control dependency means one task must finish before
another starts, while concurrent control dependency indicates tasks must
execute simultaneously.
3. Data Dependency:
 Data dependency outlines how tasks or processes rely on each other's
data.
 Read-only data dependency signifies one task's output is only read by
another and doesn't affect its input.
 Read-write data dependency indicates one task's output is written to
memory and used as input for another.