F.

G GIRLS INTER COLLEGE KARACHI CANTT

LECTURE PLAN

Subject: Physics Date: 31, jan2024

Class: XI Federal Board Lesson No: 04
Chapter: 10, Thermodynamics Topic: First Law of Thermodynamics

Instructor Name: Mrs Qamar Atia Rehman

Objective / Goal / SLO’s:

At the end of a 45min class, students will be able to explain the term thermodynamics, student will
be able to define first law of thermodynamics, and corelate the phenomenon of law of conservation
of energy and first law of thermodynamics.
Instructor Aids, Tools or Material needed / Resources

Xi fb text book (KPK), soft board, white board, marker

• Lesson Outline: Prior knowledge quest
• What do you understand by word “Thermo”?
• What is system?
• What is cyclic process?
• What is reversible process?
• Differentiate between reversible and irreversible process.
• Thermodynamics: -
It is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and other forms
of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy).
Q.What is thermodynamic process?
A process which deals with conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy.
Practical example, petrol engine, heat engine, diesel engine
First law of thermodynamics.
When heat energy (∆Q) is added to a system, this energy appears as an increase in the internal
energy (∆U) stored in the system plus the work done (∆W) by the system on its surroundings.
∆Q= ∆U + ∆W

 This law is based on law of conservation of energy. i.e petrol engine, refrigerator etc
Q.What is law of conservation of energy ? (As u learned in ch # 4)
 The sum of all energies of a system is called Internal energy
 ∆Q, +ve when added to the system, -ve when taken out of the system
 ∆U, +ve when increases, -ve when decreases
 ∆W, +ve work is done by the system, -ve when work is done on the system
 Internal energy is a state Variable, ΔU = UB – UA
 This energy absorbed by the system changes all types of energies ΔU = ΔQ - ΔW
Q. What is internal energy?
Q. Repeat sign conventions with me.
Detailed description of key points.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of energy

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and its transformations. It encompasses principles and laws that govern the
behaviour of matter and energy in various physical systems, ranging from
microscopic particles to large-scale processes in the universe. The word
"thermodynamics" is derived from the Greek words "therme," meaning heat, and
"dynamis," meaning power.

At its core, thermodynamics seeks to understand and describe how energy moves
and changes forms within a system. It provides a framework for analysing and
predicting the behaviour of physical systems, particularly those involving heat and
work interactions.i.e heat engine, refrigerator,working of thermos flask etc

The topic we are going to study today is First Law of Thermodynamics.

Who invented first law of thermodynamics?
The formulation and development of the First Law of Thermodynamics involved
contributions from multiple scientists, and it evolved over time. The law itself wasn't
attributed to a single individual in the same way that some laws or principles are. Instead, it
emerged as a result of the collective work of several scientists in the 19th century.
key contributors to the development of thermodynamics were Rudolf Clausius and William
Thomson.
Thermodynamic process.
A thermodynamic process is a series of changes in the state of a thermodynamic system. In
thermodynamics, a system is a specific portion of the universe under consideration, and the
surroundings include everything outside the system. A process involves the system
undergoing a transition from one state to another, often involving changes in temperature,
pressure, volume, or other thermodynamic properties.
Practical example. heat engine,petrol engine,refrigerators etc
Law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics is based on the idea that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed in any thermodynamics system. So, it is a particular form of the law of conservation of
energy, which deals only with the heat energy.
Practical example. I,n atomic bomb mass has been converted into energy,similarly in fusion
process some mass is lost during fusion in the form of energy.Total energy is always conserved.
Mathematical form of first law of thermodynamics.The First Law of
Thermodynamics, often referred to as the Law of Energy Conservation, states that energy
cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. Instead, the total energy of a system
and its surroundings remains constant. The First Law can be expressed mathematically as:
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW

ΔQ is the heat added to the system

ΔU is the change in internal energy of the system
ΔW is the work done by the system
Practical example. Human metabolism(heat given by food changes the internal
energy plus work done by the system)
Sign conventions.
+ΔQ when heat is added to the system.
-ΔQ when heat is lost from the system.
+ΔW when work is done by the system.

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 -ΔW when work is done on the system.
+ΔU when internal energy increases
-ΔU when internal energy decreases

Three related ideas.

The first law expresses three related ideas in a single mathematical formulation:
The existence of an internal energy U as a state variable.
The principle of conservation of energy.
The definition of heat as energy in transit.
Q.So, students tell me the sign conventions which you have learnt now ?
Q.What is the mathematical expression which we hve learnt today in class ?
Alternate form of equation.
According to the first law of thermodynamics previously discussed equation can also be
written as
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW--------------------- (I)
ΔU = ΔQ - ΔW---------------------- (II)
This energy absorbed by the system changes the translational, vibrational and rotational
kinetic energy of the molecules. It also changes the potential energy of the molecules due to
intermolecular forces
Practical example. Compression of a gas enclosed in a cylinder
Explanation of alternate equation.
The change in the internal energy of a system ( ΔU) is a key concept in
thermodynamics and is often expressed in terms of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
The First Law states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the
heat added to the system ( Q) minus the work done on the system ( W).
Mathematically, this can be written as:

ΔU=Q−W

Here's a brief explanation of the terms:

 ΔU: Change in internal energy of the system.

 Q: Heat added to the system.
 W: Work done on the system.

Significance of the equation. This equation signifies that the change in internal
energy is the result of the heat added to the system and the work done on the
system. If heat is added to the system or work is done on the system, the internal
energy typically increases, leading to a positive ΔU. Conversely, if heat is removed
from the system or work is done by the system, the internal energy usually decreases,
resulting in a negative ΔU.

Internal energy as a state function.

It's important to note that internal energy is a state function, meaning it depends
only on the initial and final states of the system and not on the specific path taken

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between those states. The First Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental principle
that governs the conservation of energy in thermodynamic processes and provides a
foundation for understanding and analyzing various physical systems.

Practical example.consider a cylinder containing gas starts at point ‘a’ and after
a series of expamsions and contraction again reaches at point ‘a’
Means a cyclic process returns back to the original state where the process had started.There all the
four state variables become same, i.e P,V,T and U.

Q. What is a state variable? Name some state variables ?

A cyclic process. (revision of concept)
A cyclic process in thermodynamics is a series of thermodynamic processes that
returns a system to its initial state, ultimately forming a closed loop. In other words,
the system undergoes a sequence of changes, and at the end of the process, it
returns to its original state. During a cyclic process, the internal energy of the system
does not experience a net change.

The key characteristic of a cyclic process is that both the initial and final states of the
system are identical, which means the system has undergone a complete cycle.

UB = UA
ΔU = ΔQ – ΔW
0 = ΔQ – ΔW
ΔQ = ΔW
Applications of first law of thermodynamics.
The First Law of Thermodynamics, which states that energy is conserved in a closed system,
has numerous practical applications across various fields involving different processes. Here
are some key processes
1. Isochoric process
2. Adiabatic process
3. Isothermal process
4. Isobsric process
These processes are used in different fields i.e.Practical examples,
Heat Engines, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Chemical Reactions,
Thermal Power Plants, Heat Exchangers, Energy Conservation,
Thermodynamic Cycles,human metabolism, Biological Systems,
Environmental Engineering and Materials Processing

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Q . What are the applications of first law of thermodynamics ?
1. Isochoric process
An isochoric process, also known as an isovolumetric or constant volume process, is a
thermodynamic process in which the volume of the system remains constant ( ΔV=0). In
other words, the system undergoes changes in pressure and temperature without any
change in volume. ∆Q = ∆U , ∆W = 0
Practical example. Heating water in a sealed flask, operation of a pressure cooker
Q.What is isochoric process?
Q.What is it’s eqution?
2. Adiabatic process
An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there is no transfer of heat to or
from the system. In other words, during an adiabatic process, the system is isolated from its
surroundings in terms of heat exchange. The term "adiabatic" comes from the Greek words
"a" (meaning without) and "diabaino" (meaning to pass through). ∆Q = 0, -∆U =∆W
Practical example. Release of air from a punctured tyre, inside the engine a mixture of
petrol and air is adiabatically compressed,the mixture heats up due to compression and
spark plug triggers spark.then it follows adiabatic expansion.

Q.What is adiabatic process ?

Q.What is the equation of adiabatic process?
3. Isothermal process
An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system
remains constant throughout the entire process. The term "isothermal" comes from the
Greek words "iso" (meaning equal) and "therme" (meaning heat). ∆U = 0, ∆Q = ∆W . As
temperature of the system remains constant.

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Practical example. A refrigerator works isothermally,series of changes take place in the
system but inside temperature is maintained at a constant value.

Q.What is isothermal process?

Q.What is it’s equation ?
4. Isobaric process

In simpler terms, during an isobaric process, the system either expands or

compresses, but the pressure is held constant. Common examples of isobaric
processes include heating or cooling a substance in a container that allows the
exchange of heat with the surroundings.
∆w = F.∆Y ,P = F/A, F = PA, ∆W = PA∆Y =P∆V
∆Q = ∆U + P∆V
Practical example.
The process by which water boils and gets converted to steam the pressure of
the atmosphere (atmospheric pressure ) remains the same.

Q. Which process is called isobaric process ?

Q.Which condition is necessary for isobaric process ?
We will discuss these processes in detail during next lecture.
Thank you, The house is open for the questions.
At the end of lecture short assessment will be taken in class.
Assessment and Evaluation.(for reinforcement of concepts).
Q.What is the statement of First law of thermodynamics?
Q.Write down the equation of first law of thermodynamics?
Q.What are the sign conventions?
Q.What is a state variable?
Q.By Definition,Which process is called isochoric process?

References: XI FB (KPK) Text Book, XI Punjab Text Book,

H.W. Learn the topic at home and try to find out some daily life applications. solve example
10.2,solve. numericals 10.2, 10.8.