Page 1

Subject: Physical Science In this unit we will focus on the following concepts and skills:
Grade: 11 - Gases and solutions
Content area: Matter and Materials - Stoichiometric calculations
Topic: Quantitative Aspects of Chemical - Volume relationships in gaseous reactions
Change

In this chapter, we will focus on the chemical formulae and well as the working out of chemical equations.

GASES
Gas – A substance that can freely expand to
fill. No fixed shape and no fixed volume
Molar volumes of gases

The molar volume is the volume of 1 mol of a gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure). Standard
temperature is 273 K and standard pressure is 101,3kPa.

The molar volume of a gas can be easily determined by using an ideal gas law.

Ideal gas law equation: pV = nRT

where:
• Pressure (P) = 101. 3 kPa / 101 300 Pa
• Volume = 22,4 dm3
When n ≠ 1mol, then: 𝐕𝐠 = 22,4𝐧𝐠
• Number of moles (n) = 1 mol
• Gas constant (R) = 8,31J.K −1 . mol−1

Reactions & Gases

Chemical reactions can take place between gases. The volumes of the gases can be determined using the
NUMBER of moles since the volume is proportional to the NUMBER of moles.

VA 𝒂
Equation: =
VB 𝐛
where:
• VA = volume of a
• VB = volume of b Recall from grade 10:
• a = stoichiometric coefficient of a The number/s in front of the reactant/s and product/s
• b = stoichiometric coefficient of b within a balanced chemical reaction is called the
stoichiometric coefficient or the stoichiometric ratio.
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In this unit we will focus on the following concepts and skills:

Subject: Physical Science
- Gases and solutions
Grade: 11
- Stoichiometric calculations
Content area: Matter and Materials
- Volume relationships in gaseous reactions
Topic: Quantitative Aspects of Chemical
Change

SOLUTIONS

Concentration

Molar concentration is the number of moles of

solute per litre of solvent (mol.L-1).

We use molar concentration to make a standard solution. By calculating the molar concentration we
can know how much solute must be added to a given volume of solvent to make a standard solution.

𝒏
Concentration: 𝒄 =
𝑽

where:
• 𝐶 is the molar concentration (mol.dm-3) 1 d𝐦𝟑 = 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 c𝐦𝟑
• 𝑉 is the volume of the solution (dm3)
• 𝑛 is the number of moles (mol)

Titration

Titrations are used to determine the concertation of an unknown solution.

Titration calculation using:

𝒄𝑨 𝑽𝑨 𝒂
=
𝒄𝑩 𝑽𝑩 𝒃

Note:
a & b are coefficients of A & B respectively
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Subject: Physical Science In this unit we will focus on the following concepts and skills:
Grade: 11 - Gases and solutions
Content area: Matter and Materials - Stoichiometric calculations
Topic: Quantitative Aspects of Chemical - Volume relationships in gaseous reactions
Change

STOCHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

Stoichiometric Flow Diagram

Mass Mass
𝒎 𝒎
𝒏= 𝒏=
𝑴 𝑴
Balanced
Reactant Product
Concentration Concentration
𝒏 Moles Moles 𝒏
𝑪= Equation 𝑪=
𝑽 𝑽

Volume Volume
𝒑𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻 𝒑𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻

Limiting and Excess Reagents

Limiting reagents – A reagent that is completely used up during a reaction.

Excess reagents – A reagent that is not completely used up during a reaction.

Example: 𝑨(𝒈) + 𝑩(𝒈) → 𝑨𝑩(𝒂𝒒)

To calculate the number of moles produced for AB(aq), use the following:

𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐁
𝐧𝐀𝐁 = 𝐧𝐀 ×
𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀

𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐁
𝐧𝐀𝐁 = 𝐧𝐁 ×
𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐁
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Subject: Physical Science In this unit we will focus on the following concepts and skills:
Grade: 11 - Gases and solutions
Content area: Matter and Materials - Stoichiometric calculations
Topic: Quantitative Aspects of Chemical - Volume relationships in gaseous reactions
Change

STOCHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
CONTINUED

Percent yield (%):

The ratio between the actual and theoretical yield of a reaction.

Describes the efficiency of a reaction.

Remember your
unit conversions
𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
%yield = x 100
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐘𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝

Application – This is used when making new medicines and pesticides. If the yield is not up to standard, a new
method of doing the reaction will be determined.

Percent purity (%):

The percentage of the desired chemical in a sample.

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝
%purity = x 100
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

When making a sample, there could be small traces of impurities.

This needs to be below a specific level for industrial purposes.

Therefore, we need the %purity of a sample.

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Subject: Physical Science In this unit we will focus on the following concepts and skills:
Grade: 11 - Gases and solutions
Content area: Matter and Materials - Stoichiometric calculations
Topic: Quantitative Aspects of Chemical - Volume relationships in gaseous reactions
Change

MOLECULAR AND EMPIRICAL FORMULAE

A chemical formulas tell you how many atoms of each element are in a compound, and empirical formulas is the
simplest or most reduced ratio of elements in a compound.

The empirical formula will be the same as the chemical formula if a compound’s chemical formula cannot be
reduced anymore.

The molecular formula is the total number of atoms of each element in a compound.

Steps to find the empirical formula: Steps to find the molecular formula:

Step 1:
Step 1:
Find the mass
Use the empirical formula to find the
Convert the % mass into grams
molar mass
by assuming 100g of a given sample

Step 2: Step 2:
Calculate the moles of each element Divide the given molar mass by the
𝐦 molar mass of the empirical formula
by using the formula n =
𝐌 that was calculated

Step 3: Step 3:
Determine the empirical formula Determine the molecular formula
by diving each number of moles by by multiplying all subscripts in the
the smallest number of moles to get empirical formula by the whole
the simplest whole number ratio number that you calculated in step 2
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EXAM QUESTIONS Q5, NOV 2018

A balloon is filled with 160 g of argon gas (Ar).

The pressure of the gas is 120 kPa at a temperature of 15 ℃.

5.1. Calculate the volume of the balloon? (4)

Molar mass of Argon (Ar) = 40 g. mo𝐥−𝟏

Temperature : 15 + 273 K = 288 K
Pressure : 120 kPa × 𝟏𝟎00 = 120 000 Pa

𝐦 𝟏𝟔𝟎
n= = = 4 mol
𝐌 𝟒𝟎

Using pV = nRT

(120 000)V = (4)(8,31)(288)

𝟗 𝟓𝟕𝟑,𝟏𝟐
∴V = = 0,08 𝐦𝟑
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎

5.2. The temperature of the gas is now increased BY 20 ℃ and the initial pressure is
doubled.

Calculate the new volume of the balloon. (4)

Temperature = (20 +15) + 273 K = 308 K

Pressure = (120 kPa × 𝟐) × 𝟏𝟎00 = 240 000 Pa

Using pV = nRT

(240 000)V = (4)(8,31)(308)

𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑𝟕,𝟗𝟐
∴V = = 0,043 𝒎𝟑
𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
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EXAM QUESTIONS Q6, NOV 2018

6.1. In an experiment, a learner added 1,5 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to hydrochloric

acid (HCℓ). A volume of 306 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas was formed and collected
under standard pressure at room temperature. Take the molar gas volume at room
temperature (Vm) as 24,45 dm3.

The unbalanced equation for the reaction is:

Na2CO3(s) + HCℓ(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2 (g)

6.1.1. Define the term one mole of a substance.

One mole is the amount of a substance having the same number of particles as there are
atoms in 12 g carbon-12.

6.1.2. Balance the equation for the reaction.

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2 (g)

6.1.3. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate that reacted.

1 d𝐦𝟑 = 1000 c𝐦𝟑

Volume = 0,306 d𝐦𝟑

𝐕 𝟎,𝟑𝟎𝟔
𝒏= = = 0.0125 mol of C𝐎𝟐
𝐕𝐦 𝟐𝟒.𝟒𝟓

Na2CO3 : CO2

Stoichiometric coefficient ratio 1 : 1

∴n = 0,0125 mol of Na2CO3

The molar mass of Na2CO3 is calculated to be 106 g.mo𝒍−𝟏

𝒎
Therefore 𝒏 =
𝑴

𝐦
𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 =
𝟏𝟎𝟔

𝒎 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝒈
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EXAM QUESTIONS Q6, NOV 2018

6.1.4. Calculate the percentage of sodium carbonate in excess.

Given mass of Na2CO3 = 1,5 g

𝟏,𝟓 −𝟏,𝟑𝟑
% of Na2CO3 unreacted = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏,𝟓
% of Na2CO3 unreacted = 11,33 %

6.2. Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid according to the reaction below.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
The mass of zinc is recorded during the experiment and is shown on the graph
below. The reaction stops after 2 minutes.

Zn(g)
2

1 2 3

6.2.1. Name the substance that is the limiting reagent Sulphuric acid (H2SO4 )

6.2.2. Calculate the initial concentration of the sulphuric acid if 50 cm3 of the acid
was used.
Molar mass of Zinc (Zn) = 65 g.mo𝒍−𝟏 1 d𝒎𝟑 = 1000 c𝒎𝟑
Initial mass of Zinc = 5 g Volume = 0,05 d𝒎𝟑
Final mass of Zinc = 2 g 𝐧
c=
𝐕
𝒎 𝟓 𝟎,𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟏
n= = = 0,0769 mol (initial mole of Zn) =
𝑴 𝟔𝟓 𝟎,𝟎𝟓
𝒎 𝟐 = 0,92 mol.d𝒎−𝟑
n= = = 0,0308 mol (final mole of Zn)
𝑴 𝟔𝟓
∴ 𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 = 0,0769 – 0,030 = 0,0461 mol

Stoichiometric coefficient ratio Zn : H2SO4 is 1:1

∴n = 0,0461 mol of H2SO4

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EXAM QUESTIONS Q6, NOV 2017

Decomposing hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst at a specific pressure and room
temperature is given by the unbalanced chemical equation below:

𝐇𝟐 𝐎𝟐 (aq) → 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 + 𝟎𝟐

Oxygen gas is collected and the volume is recorded over time (T).

The results are then graphed below.

Take the molar gas volume (Vm) to be 24,45 dm3 at room temperature and standard pressure.

6.1 Balance the equation

6.2 How will the catalyst influence the reaction?

6.3 Using the information from the graph, calculate the mass of hydrogen peroxide that
decomposed

In an experiment, a learner adds 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑 of hydrochloric acid (HCℓ)

along with a concentration of 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍. 𝒅𝒎−𝟑 to 1,2 g of magnesium in a test tube.

She records the change in the mass of magnesium as the reaction proceeds at regular intervals.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

𝑴𝒈(𝒔) + 𝟐𝑯𝑪ℓ(𝒂𝒒) → 𝐌𝐠𝐂𝐥𝟐 (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝟐 (g)

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EXAM QUESTIONS Q6, NOV 2017

The mass change of magnesium during the reaction is shown on the graph below.

6.2.1 Identify the limiting agent in the reaction. Give a reason for the answer.

6.2.2 Calculate the number of moles of unreacted hydrochloric acid in the test tube after 3
minutes