PART-2 QUESTION 1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: SKY DIVER

For a large object such as a sky diver of mass m the resistive force of the air is proportional to the
square of the velocity v. Hence the differential equation describing the motion is
d 1 2
m. v = m$g K $C$r$A$v
dt 2
where C is the coefficient of air resistance, r is the density of air and A is the sky diver's surface area.

Investigate the solution to this equation using your ody mass m in kg and other values follow as:
K2 K3 2
g = 9.81 m$s , C = 0.60, r = 1.3 kg$m , A = 0.7 m .

(a) Exact Calculation and Comparison with Data

(i) Solve the equation using Maple syntax (e.g. dsolve) and plot the solution for the range 0 ≤ t ≤ 20s.
Solution:
Let v=y and t=x and mass of body= m =48 kg;

1 2
> dsolve m , diff y x , x = m$g K $C$r$A$y x ;
2
yx
1
xK 2
d_a K _C1 = 0 (1)
RootOf C r A _a K 2 m g C 2 m , _Z

> ics d y 0 = 0;
ics d y 0 = 0 (2)

1 2
> dsolve 48. diff y x , x = 48$9.81 K $0.60$1.3$0.7$y x , ics ;
2
3x 99190
12 99190 tanh
4000
y x = (3)
91
> with plots, odeplot ;
odeplot (4)
1 2
> p d dsolve 48. diff y x , x = 48$9.81 K $0.60$1.3$0.7$y x , ics , type = numeric, range
2
= 0 ..20 :
odeplot p, thickness = 3 ;
 40

30

y
20

10

0
5 10 15 20
x
(ii) Experimentally determined velocities for a sky diver weighing 75 kg are given in table . Plot the
data on the same axes as your exact solution.

> a d Array 1 ..2, 1 ..20, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 , 9.4,
18.5, 26.9, 33.9, 39.0, 42.5, 45.4, 47.9, 49.4, 50.6, 51.5, 51.9, 51.9, 51.9, 51.9, 51.9, 51.9,
51.9, 51.9, 51.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …
ad 9.4 18.5 26.9 33.9 39.0 42.5 45.4 47.9 49.4 50.6 … (5)
2 # 20 Array

> plot seq i, a i , i = 1 .. 20 , style = point, type = numeric, range = 0 .. 20 ;

40

30

20

10

0
5 10 15 20
x
>
We can observe a slight change on the graph due to different body masses used, i.e, when the body
mass is 48 kg ,we can observe steadiness in the velocity y after 40 whereas when the body mass is
increaased to 75 kgs the body tends to steadiness but at slow rate.
(b) Numerical Approximation
Generate an approximate solution using Euler and modified euler methods with the time step h=0.5.
Error approximate velocity at t=5.

> restart;
> with plots :
1 2
> IVP d 48. diff y x , x = 48$9.81 K $0.60$1.3$0.7$y x , y 0 = 0 ;
2
d 2
IVP d 48. y x = 470.88 K 0.2730000000 y x , y 0 = 0 (6)
dx
> Soln d dsolve IVP, y x ;
3x 99190
12 99190 tanh
4000
Soln d y x = (7)
91

> plot rhs Soln , x = 0 ..20, thickness = 3 ;

40

30

20

10

0
5 10 15 20
x
> NumericSoln d dsolve IVP, numeric, stepsize = 0.5,
method = classical foreuler ,
output = Array 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ;

(8)
 x y x

1. 9.74158214765625
2. 18.6939402774229
3. 26.0570174524262
4. 31.5394588942032
5. 35.3071981790811
NumericSoln d (8)
6. 37.7488125610199
7. 39.2691328534430
8. 40.1917877631197
9. 40.7428876010024
10. 41.0689025881543
« «
20 # 2 Matrix

> FunctionSoln d dsolve IVP, numeric, stepsize = 0.5,

method = classical foreuler , output = listprocedure ;
FunctionSoln d x = proc x ... end proc, y x = proc x ... end proc (9)
> fy2 d eval y x , FunctionSoln
fy2 d proc x ... end proc (10)
> seq fy2 i , i = 0 ..20 ;
0., 9.74158214765625, 18.6939402774229, 26.0570174524262, 31.5394588942032, (11)
35.3071981790811, 37.7488125610199, 39.2691328534430, 40.1917877631197,
40.7428876010024, 41.0689025881543, 41.2606591132418, 41.3730648365941,
41.4388245702071, 41.4772504498935, 41.4996887809292, 41.5127861399257,
41.5204293461202, 41.5248890730966, 41.5274910680632, 41.5290091125281

3x 99190
12 99190 tanh
4000
> actual_y2 d x→evalf
91
3$x$ 99190
12$ 99190 $tanh
4000
actual_y2 d x ↦ evalf (12)
91

>
> seq actual_y2 i , i = 0 ..20 ;
0., 9.631534291, 18.27992325, 25.32626232, 30.62651380, 34.37863389, 36.92216845, (13)
38.59615705, 39.67652149, 40.36499185, 40.80018836, 41.07387935, 41.24544681,
41.35277922, 41.41984128, 41.46170901, 41.48783466, 41.50413217, 41.51429681,
41.52063565, 41.52458837
 > Array x, Numerical_y x , Actual_y x , P ercent_Error ,
seq i, fy2 i , evalf actual_y2 i ,
evalf 100 , abs fy2 i Kactual_y2 i / actual_y2 i , i = 0 ..20
x Numerical_y x Actual_y x P ercent_Error
0 0. 0. Float undefined
1 9.74158214765625 9.631534291 1.14257867263248
2 18.6939402774229 18.27992325 2.26487289777278
3 26.0570174524262 25.32626232 2.88536509332900
4 31.5394588942032 30.62651380 2.98089785917203
(14)
5 35.3071981790811 34.37863389 2.70099240142044
6 37.7488125610199 36.92216845 2.23888288722637
7 39.2691328534430 38.59615705 1.74363422392345
8 40.1917877631197 39.67652149 1.29866796223437
« « « «
22 # 4 Array

From the table we can say that there is not a symmetrical relationship between value.The percentage
error increases or decreases at some point value of x.

Graphical Comparison

> curve d plot actual_y2 x , x = 0 ..20, thickness = 2 ;

40

30

20

10

0 5 10 15 20
x

1 2
> IVP d 75. diff y x , x = 48$9.81 K $0.60$1.3$0.7$y x , y 0 = 0 :
2

> Soln d dsolve IVP, y x :

> plot rhs Soln , x = 0 ..20, thickness = 3, color = blue ;
 40

30

20

10

0
5 10 15 20
x
1 2
> IVP1 d 48. diff y x , x = 48$9.81 K $0.60$1.3$0.7$y x , y 0 = 0 :
2
> Soln1 d dsolve IVP1, y x :

> plot rhs Soln , rhs Soln1 , x = 0 ..20, thickness = 3

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
x

We can conclude from the graphs that their is only a slight difference in velocities due to change in mass
of body, which is represented by blue and brown color in the graph.

Table for Exact velocities

>
Steplength Exact Euler Method Modified Euler Method
h velocity Velocity Error Velocity Error
1.0 9.7415 9.6315 1.1425 9.6225 1.1332
0.5 18.6939 18.2799 2.26487 18.3423 2.1113 (15)
0.25 26.0570 25.3262 2.8853 25.601 2.9632
0.125 31.5394 30.6265 2.9808 30.8111 2.9961
0.0625 35.3071 34.3786 2.7009 34.435 2.8611

We can conclude from the above table that the Modified Euler Method provides us with more accurate
velocities compared to Euler Method solutions.