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Class 10 - 2 Lecture Slides

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50 views19 pages

Class 10 - 2 Lecture Slides

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syahadah
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Science of Thinking and Ethics

(SGDN1043)
MORAL JUDGEMENT
 Moral judgment refers to the process of evaluating and making
decisions about what is morally right or wrong, good or bad, or just or
unjust.
 It involves applying moral principles, values, and standards to assess
the ethical implications and consequences of actions, behaviors, or
situations.
 Moral judgments are influenced by individual beliefs, cultural norms,
personal values, and ethical frameworks.
 They play a crucial role in guiding human behavior, promoting moral
responsibility, and shaping ethical decision-making in various
contexts, such as personal relationships, professional settings, and
societal issues.
MORAL JUDGMENT ENCOMPASSES SEVERAL KEY ASPECTS

1. Subjectivity: Moral judgment is inherently subjective, as


it involves personal beliefs, values, and perspectives.
Different individuals may have different moral
judgments based on their unique experiences and cultural
backgrounds.
2. Normativity: Moral judgment is concerned with
assessing actions or behaviors in terms of their moral
rightness or wrongness, based on established moral
norms, principles, or ethical frameworks. It involves
making evaluations and applying moral standards.
MORAL JUDGMENT ENCOMPASSES SEVERAL KEY ASPECTS

3. Contextuality: Moral judgment is influenced by the


specific context in which it occurs. The circumstances,
consequences, intentions, and cultural factors surrounding an
action can affect how it is morally evaluated.
4. Reflective Thinking: Moral judgment often requires
thoughtful reflection and deliberation. It involves
considering different ethical principles, potential
consequences, and conflicting values before arriving at a
judgment.
MORAL JUDGMENT ENCOMPASSES SEVERAL KEY ASPECTS

5. Emotional Influence: Moral judgment is not solely a


rational process but can also be influenced by emotions.
Emotions such as empathy, compassion, guilt, or moral
outrage can impact the way individuals perceive and evaluate
moral situations.
6. Developmental Aspect: Moral judgment develops and
evolves over time. It is influenced by cognitive and moral
development, education, socialization, and exposure to
different moral perspectives. Individuals may refine and
revise their moral judgments as they gain more knowledge
and experience.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG AND MORAL JUDGMENT

 Lawrence Kohlberg was a renowned psychologist who


made significant contributions to the field of moral
development and moral judgment.
 He proposed a theory of moral development that outlined
stages through which individuals progress in their moral
reasoning.
 According to Kohlberg's theory, moral judgment evolves
through six sequential stages, grouped into three levels:
pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG AND MORAL JUDGMENT

Pre-conventional Level:
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation:
Individuals focus on avoiding punishment and obeying
authority.
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange:
Moral judgments are based on self-interest and the idea
of reciprocity.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG AND MORAL JUDGMENT
Conventional Level:
Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships:
Individuals value conformity, seek approval from others,
and make moral judgments based on maintaining social
relationships.
Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order:
Moral judgments are guided by a sense of duty, respect
for authority, and adherence to laws and societal norms.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG AND MORAL JUDGMENT
Post-conventional Level:
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights:
Individuals recognize the importance of social contracts,
democratic principles, and individual rights when making
moral judgments.
Stage 6: Universal Principles:
Moral judgments are based on universal ethical principles,
such as justice, equality, and human rights. Individuals
develop their own moral compass guided by these principles.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG AND MORAL JUDGMENT

 Kohlberg's theory suggests that individuals progress


through these stages as their cognitive abilities develop
and they encounter more complex moral dilemmas.
 However, not everyone reaches the highest stages of
moral reasoning, and progression through the stages
can be influenced by various factors such as culture,
education, and life experiences.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG AND MORAL JUDGMENT

 Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been


widely influential in the field of psychology and has
provided valuable insights into the understanding of
moral judgment and ethical decision-making.
 It highlights the importance of cognitive processes,
perspective-taking, and the development of moral
reasoning abilities in individuals.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT BY CAROL GILLIGAN
 Carol Gilligan, a psychologist and scholar, expanded
upon Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral
development by focusing on gender differences and the
role of relationships in moral reasoning.
 Gilligan's
theory emphasizes the importance of care
and interpersonal relationships in ethical decision-
making. She proposed three levels of moral
development:
MORAL DEVELOPMENT BY CAROL GILLIGAN
Level 1: Orientation to Individual Survival:
 In this stage, individuals prioritize their own self-interests and
survival.
 Moral judgments are based on personal needs and desires.

Level 2: Orientation to Care and Responsibility:


 At this stage, individuals begin to consider the needs and
perspectives of others.
 Moral judgments are guided by a sense of care, empathy, and
responsibility towards others.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT BY CAROL GILLIGAN
 Level 3: Orientation to Universal Principles:
 In this stage, individuals develop a more abstract and
principled approach to moral reasoning.
 Moral judgments are based on principles of justice,
equality, and human rights.

 Gilligan argued that traditional theories of moral


development, such as Kohlberg's, predominantly focused
on male perspectives and neglected the unique ethical
concerns and relational aspects often prioritized by
women.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT BY CAROL GILLIGAN
 She highlighted the importance of an ethic of care, which
emphasizes empathy, compassion, and nurturing relationships,
as integral to moral development.
 Gilligan's work has had a significant impact on feminist ethics
and the understanding of moral reasoning.
 It has drawn attention to the importance of diverse perspectives
in ethical decision-making and challenged the notion that moral
development follows a universal and linear trajectory.
 Her theory recognizes the value of relational ethics and the
interconnectedness of individuals within social contexts.
FACTORS AFFECTING MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN

 Several factors can influence the moral development of


children. Here are some key factors:
 Parental Influence: Parents play a crucial role in shaping
children's moral development through their values,
behaviors, and parenting style. Children observe and
internalize moral norms and values from their parents'
actions and interactions.
 Peer Influence: Peers also have a significant impact on
children's moral development. Interactions with peers can
reinforce or challenge moral values and behaviors, shaping
children's understanding of right and wrong.
FACTORS AFFECTING MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN

 Cultural and Religious Beliefs: Cultural and religious


values and beliefs provide a framework for moral
development. Children learn societal norms and ethical
principles from their cultural and religious communities,
which shape their moral reasoning.
 Education and School Environment: Schools and
educational institutions can contribute to moral
development by promoting values such as honesty,
fairness, and respect. Ethical education programs and a
supportive school environment can foster moral growth in
children.
FACTORS AFFECTING MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN

 Media and Technology: Media exposure, including


television, movies, and the internet, can influence
children's moral development. Media messages and role
models can shape their understanding of moral behavior
and values.
 Personal Experiences: Personal experiences, such as
facing moral dilemmas or witnessing acts of kindness or
injustice, can significantly impact children's moral
development. These experiences provide opportunities for
reflection, empathy, and the formation of moral judgments.
FACTORS AFFECTING MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN

 Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic factors, such as


poverty, inequality, and access to resources, can influence
moral development. These factors can affect children's
understanding of fairness, empathy, and social
responsibility.
 It's
important to note that the influence of these factors can
vary based on individual differences and interactions
between them. Children's moral development is a complex
and ongoing process influenced by multiple factors
working together.

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