LUDO-BOARD GAME

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Computer Graphics

To draw a picture say, fish moving inside the water. Suddenly will get an idea to use
paint, but the degree of accuracy, quality of image is not satisfied and become very sad.
There is no need to worry, for every problem there will be a solution, so this problem of
creating fish moving inside the water can be solved using COMPUTER GRAPHICS without
any difficulties.
Computer Graphics become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of
pictures. There is virtually no area in which Graphical displays cannot be used to some
advantage so it is not surprising to find the use of CG so widespread.

Although early application in engineering & science had to rely on expensive &
cumbersome equipments, advances in computer technology have made interactive computer
graphics a practical tool.

Computer Graphics in a diverse area such as science, engineering, medicine, business,

industry, government, art, entertainment, education and training.

Now it can be answered about computer graphics as generalized tool for drawing and
creating pictures and simulates the real world situations within a small computer window.

1.2 History

William fetter was credited with coning the term Computer Graphics in 1960, to
describe his work at Boeng. One of the first displays of computer animation was future world
(1976), which included an animation of a human face and hand-produced by Carmull and
Fred Parkle at the University of Utah.

There are several international conferences and journals where the most significant
results in computer-graphics are published. Among them are the SIGGRAPH and Euro
graphics conferences and the association for computing machinery (ACM) transaction on
Graphics journals.
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1.3 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Nowadays Computer Graphics used in almost all the areas ranges from science,
engineering, medicine, business, industry, government, art, entertainment, education and
training.

1.3.1 CG in the field of CAD

Computer Aided Design methods are routinely used in the design of buildings,
automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft computers, textiles and many other applications.

1.3.2 CG in presentation Graphics

Another major application area presentation graphics used to produce illustrations for
reports or generate slides. Presentation graphics is commonly used to summarize financial,
statistical, mathematical, scientific data for research reports and other types of reports.2D and
3D bar chart to illustrate some mathematical or statistical report.

1.3.3 CG in computer Art

CG methods are widely used in both fine art and commercial art applications. Artists
use a variety of computer methods including special purpose hardware, artist’s paintbrush
program (lumena), other pain packages, desktop packages, maths packages, animation
packages that provide facility for designing object motion. Ex: cartoons design is an example
of computer art which uses CG.

1.3.4 Entertainment

Computer graphics methods are now commonly used in making motion pictures,
music, videos, games and sounds. Sometimes graphics objects are combined with the actors
and live scenes.

1.3.5 Education and Training

Computer generated models of physical financial, economic system is often as

education aids. For some training application special systems are designed. Ex: specialized
system is simulator for practice sessions or training of ship captain, aircraft pilots and traffic
control.
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1.3.6 Image Processing

Although the methods used in CG image processing overlap, the 2 areas are
concerned with fundamentally different operations. In CG a computer is used to create
picture. Image processing on the other hand applies techniques to modify existing pictures
such as photo scans, TV scans.

1.3.7 User Interface

It is common for software packages to provide a graphical interface. A major

component of a graphical interface is a window manager that allows a user to display
multiple window area. Interface also displays menus, icons for fast selection and processing.

1.4 Statement of the Problem

It’s a computer version of the simple board game usually play in daily life. About the
dice rolling, coins moving as per the numbers indicated by the dice. Whoever first reaches
all his coins on to HOME area is the winner. Here the implementation is done for a version
of 2 players and 2 coins.

1.5 Objectives

 The interactive demo of Ludo – Board Game.

 Graphical approach towards understanding the Ludo Game design.

1.6 Organization of the Report

Chapter 1 introduces the computer graphics and its applications. Introductions to

OpenGL, Chapter 2 deals with the rules and procedure of the game, Chapter 3 deals with
design and implementation inbuilt graphics functions and hardware and software
requirement with results obtained, Chapter 4 concludes the project and also mentions the
future scope, at the end the references used for the project are listed.

Introduction to OpenGL
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Most of the application will be designed to access OpenGL directly through functions
in three libraries. Functions in the main GL (or OpenGL in windows) library have names that
begin with the letters gl and are stored in a library usually referred to as GL (or OpenGL in
windows). The second is the OpenGL Utility Library (GLU). This library uses only GL
functions but contains code for creating common objects and simplifying viewing. All
functions in GLU can be created from the core GL library but application programmers prefer
not to write the code repeatedly. The GLU library is available in all OpenGL
implementations; functions in the GLU library begin with letters glu.

To interface with the window system and to get input from external devices into the
programs, need at least one more system-specific library that provides the “glue” between the
window system and OpenGL. For the X window system, this library is functionality that
should be expected in any modern windowing system.

Fig 2.1 shows the organization of the libraries for an X Window System environment.
For this window system, GLUT will use GLX and the X libraries. The application program,
however, can use only GLUT functions and thus can be recompiled with the GLUT library
for other window systems.

GLU

GL Frame
OpenGL Buffer
application Xlib, Xtk
Program
GLUT

GLX

Fig 1.1 Library organization of OpenGL

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CHAPTER 2

GAME RULES AND PROCEDURE TO PLAY

2.1 Game Rules

 At the start of the game, the player's four pieces are placed in the start area of their
colour.
 Players take it in turn to throw a single die. A player must first throw a six to be able
to move a piece from the starting area onto the starting square.
 In each subsequent turn the player moves a piece forward 1 to 6 squares as indicated
by the die.
 When a player throws a 6 the player may bring a new piece onto the starting square,
or may choose to move a piece already in play. Any throw of a six results in another
turn.
 If a player cannot make a valid move they must pass the die to the next player.
 If a player's piece lands on a square containing an opponent's piece, the opponent's
piece is captured and returns to the starting area.
 A piece may not land on a square that already contains a piece of the same colour
(unless playing doubling rules).
 Once a piece has completed a circuit of the board it moves up the home column of its
own colour. The player must throw the exact number to advance to the home square.
 The winner is the first player to get all four of their pieces onto the home square.

2.2 Procedure to Play

 A ludo board is normally a square marked with a cross. Each arm of the cross is
divided into three columns, with the columns divided into usually six squares.
 The centre of the cross is the finishing square which is often divided into four colored
triangles. Each colored triangle is combined with a colored middle column appears as
an arrow pointing to the finish.
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 The shaft of each arrow is a player's "home column" and is five squares long. To the
left of each home column, one square from the edge of the board is a starting square,
also colored.
 During game play a piece moves from its starting square, clockwise around the
perimeter of the board, and up the player's home column to the finishing square.
 In the space to the left of each arm is a circle or square to hold a player's pieces
before they are allowed into play. There are no resting squares, but the colored home
column may only be entered by its own player's tokens.
 The special areas on the board are typically brightly colored with yellow, green, red,
and blue. Each player uses cardboard or plastic tokens of matching color.

CHAPTER 3
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Graphic functions

3.1.1 void glBegin(glEnum mode);

Initiates a new primitive of type mode and starts the collection of vertices. Values of
mode include GL_POINTS, GL_LINES and GL_POLYGON.

3.1.2 void glEnd( );

Terminates a list of vertices.

3.1.3 void glColor3f[ i f d ] (TYPE r, TYPE g, TYPE b);

Sets the present RGB colors. Valid types are int ( i ), float ( f ) and double ( d ). The
maximum and minimum values of the floating-point types are 1.0 and 0.0,
respectively.

3.1.4 void glClearColor(GLclampf r,GLclampf g,GLclampf

b,GLclampf a);

Sets the present RGBA clear color used when clearing the color buffer. Variables of
GLclampf are floating-point numbers between 0.0 and 1.0.

3.1.5 int glutCreateWindow(char *title);

Creates a window on the display. The string title can be used to label the window. The
return value provides a reference to the window that can be used where there are
multiple windows.

3.1.6 void glutInitWindowSize(int width, int height);

Specifies the initial height and width of the window in pixels.

3.1.7 void glutInitWindowPosition(int x, int y);

 LUDO-BOARD GAME

Specifies the initial position of the top-left corner of the window in pixels.

3.1.8 void glutInitDisplayMode(unsigned int mode);

Request a display with the properties in mode. The value of mode is determined by
the logical OR of operation including the color model (GLUT_RGB, GLUT_INDEX)
and buffering (GLUT_SINGLE, GLUT_DOUBLE);

3.1.9 void glFlush( );

Forces any buffered any OpenGL commands to execute.

3.1.10 void glutInit (int argc, char **argv);

Initializes GLUT. The arguments from main are passed in and can be used by the
application.

3.1.11 void glutMainLoop( );

Cause the program to enter an event processing loop. It should be the last statement in
main.

3.1.12 void glutDisplayFunc(void (*func) (void));

Registers the display function func that is executed when the window needs to be
redrawn.

3.1.13 gluOrtho2D(GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble

bottom, GLdouble top);

Defines a two-dimensional viewing rectangle in the plane Z=0;

3.1.14 void glutBitmapCharacter(void *font, int char);

Renders the character with ASCII code char at the current raster position using the
raster font given by font. Fonts include GLUT_BITMAP_TIMES_ROMAN_10 and
GLUT_BITMAP_TIMES_ROMAN_8_Y_13. The raster position is incremented by
the width of the character.
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3.1.15 void glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

To make the screen solid and white.

3.1.16 void MouseFunc(myMouse);

It is used for the implementation of mouse interface.

Passing the control to

void myMouse(int button,int state,int x,int y);

3.1.17 void KeyboardFunc(key);

It is used for the implementation of keyboard interface.

Passing control to

void key(unsigned char key,int x,int y);

3.1.18 void translate[fd](TYPE x,TYPE y,TYPE z);

Alters the current matrix by displacement of (x,y,z).Type is either GLfloat or

GLdouble.

3.1.19 void glPushMatrix(); void glPopMatrix();

Pushes to and pops from the matrix stack corresponding to current matrix mode.

3.1.20 void glLoadMatrix[fd](TYPE *m);

Loads the 16 element array of TYPE GLfloat or GLdouble as a current matrix.

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3.2 Hardware and Software requirements:

Hardware Requirements:

 Processor of 2.2G Hz or higher speed

 20MB Hard Disk Space
 1GB RAM
 Keyboard
 Mouse

Software Requirement:

 Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0

 Windows-98/xp/vista/win7 Operating System
 MS-Office
 Graphics package available in Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0
 LUDO-BOARD GAME

3.3 Game Design

The main functions used in the game design are:

 CHECK_COND ();

Checking condition for 2 players and initializing there corresponding position. At the
win condition DRAW(); PLY1WIN(); PLY2WIN(); functions are called to end the game
and restart.

 DICE ();

Rolling of the dice and displaying the dice.

 DISPLAY ();

Display’s board, coins position and moves the coin of the player as per the condition
checked in CHECK_COND(); function, changing the chances from player 1 to player
2 alternatively. Displays the game playing instructions and rules of playing game.
Capturing of the one player coin to the other player coin and return the hit coin to the
start position. The capturing coin can enter the home column. The player moving all
his coins through this home region is considered the winner. If none of the player
coins are hit then the game is drawn.

 MYMOUSE ();

Select’s the players coin, roll the dice for the player, increments the coins position of
the selected players coin. Traversing from one screen of detail to other, Restart of the
game. The control is passed to the DISPLAY(); function sending the selected coin
data which result in the traversing and display of that particular coin.

The game moves are explained in the flow charts. Explaining the step by step
execution of main and game play.
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3.4 FLOW CHART

Start

Mouse func or
key func

If( bt
==LEF
n or T Roll the dice & Move coin A
key)
==RIG
HT
Show menu options

==‘q’||’
Q’ Exit(0);
Fig 3.1: Flow chart for main()
 LUDO-BOARD GAME

A
Dice value is 6 0r 1 B
Move coin outside or
change its positi
If its pos =
Dice
opponent posye
=6 Roll the
s
dice

rep
eat
n Hit
oppon
o ent Return opponent to
ye
initial & play again
s
al
o
g

Change
player B Enter
Home

Fig 3.2: Flow chart of playing game

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3.5 RESULTS

Fig 3.3: Loaded Game

Fig 3.4: Player1’s Coin move out

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Fig 3.5: Both players coin in the game

Fig 3.6: Both players coin after capturing returned back

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Fig 3.7: Player2 about to win on next move

Fig 3.8: Player2 won the game

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CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

4.1 CONCLUSION

 The new interactive way of playing this game on the computer is displayed.
 The demo is made more interactive with a keyboard and mouse interaction module in
the program.

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE

 Even though demo designed is enriched with many options, it is a two dimensional
demo, in future it can be re designed with 3D animation and sound effects.
 By using this demo further for four coins and four players can be implemented.
 LUDO-BOARD GAME

REFERENCES
I. Edward Angel-Interactive Computer Graphics: A Top-Down Approach using
OpenGL Fifth Edition, Published by Pearson Education, 2009
II. The OpenGL Programming Guide, 5th Edition. The Official guide to learning OpenGL
Version 2.1 by OpenGL Architecture Review Board.
III. en.wikipedia.org/ludo_board_game.html